Abstract
At the end of the sixties it became obvious that two-dimensional dynamo models can explain nearly all facts, which had been found morphologically for mean annual Sq-fields. During the recent decade new or improved methods to measure electric fields (e.g. incoherent scatter facilities) and to investigate great data files have been developed. New informations received with these methods about the existence of regular variations of the Sq-field in dependence on season and universal time and about the electric field have been summarized in Section 2. All attempts to describe also these variations with a two-dimensional dynamo model did not lead to any success, but showed a strong theoretical over-estimation of the asymmetries. Therefore, it must be concluded that three-dimensional plasmaspheric current systems, taking into consideration the coupling between both hemispheres along the high-conducting magnetic field lines, are needed in order to explain the regular variations of the Sq -field. The basic equations for two- and three-dimensional dynamo models, different methods for the solution of these equations and the resulting models from different authors are compiled and discussed (Section 3).
Based on all morphological and theoretical results a plasmaspheric-ionospheric current system has been constructed and some properties of the plasmaspheric field-aligned current distribution, have been derived.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Adam, N. V., Benkova, N. P., and Orlov, V. P. et al.: 1964, ‘Geomagnetic Field in Altitudes from 0 to 15 000 km for the Epoch 1955’, Preprint Izmiran, pp. 35–64 (in Russian).
Afraimovitch, E. B., Bazarzhapov, A. D., Mishin, V. M., Nemtsova, E. I., Osipov, N. K., Platanov, M. L., Urbanovitch, V. D.: 1966, Geomagnitnije Issledovanija 8, 31 (in Russian).
Akasofu, S.-I.: 1977, The Physics of Magnetospheric Substorms, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland.
Akasofu, S.-I. and Chapman, S.: 1972, Solar Terrestrial Physics, Oxford Univ. Press, Clarendon, London, New York.
Akopjan, A. V.: 1966, ‘Role of the Daily Precession of the Geomagnetic Dipole for the Generation of Sq-Variation’, in Zemnoj Magnetism, Polarnije Sijanija i UNTch, Irkutsk SibIzmir, pp. 84–89 (in Russian).
Baker, W. G. and Martyn, D. F.: 1953, Phil. Trans Roy. Soc. London A246, 281.
Bazarzhapov, A. D., Levadnij, V. T., and Mishin, V. M.: 1969, Mean Sq-field during solstice of the IGY, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 5, 28 (in Russian).
Bazarzhapov, A. D., Matveev, M. I., and Mishin, V. M.: 1979, Geomagnetic Variations and Storms, Nauka, Novosibirsk (in Russian).
Benkova, N. P.: 1941, Quiet Solar-Daily Geomagnetic Variations, Gidrometeoisdat, Leningrad (in Russian).
Bhargava, B. N. and Jacob, A.: 1971, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 23, 249.
Blanc, M. and Amayenc, P.: 1976, in J. J. Burger, A. Pedersen, and B. Battrick (eds.), Atmospheric Physics from Spacelab, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 61.
Blum, P. W. and Harris, I.: 1972, ‘The Global Wind System in the Thermosphere’, Space Res. XIII, and NASA Doc. X-621-73-25.
Blum, P. W. and Harris, I.: 1975a, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 37, 193.
Blum, P. W. and Harris, I.: 1975b, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 37, 213.
Carpenter, D. L.: 1978, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1558.
Carpenter, L. A. and Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H.: 1975, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 1810.
Chapman, S. and Bartels, J.: 1940, Geomagnetism, Part 1, 2, Oxford Univ. Press, Clarendon, London, New York.
Chapman, S. and Lindzen, R. S.: 1970, Atmospheric Tides, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland.
Cocks, A. C. and Price, A. T.: 1969, Planetary Space Sci. 17, 471.
Cole, K. D. and Thomas, J. A.: 1968, Planetary Space Sci. 16, 1357.
De Witt, R. N.: 1965, ‘Dynamo Action in Ionosphere and Motions of the Magnetospheric Plasma’, Scientif. Rep. NSF GP 2721, Geophys. Inst. Univ. of Alaska.
Dougherty, J. P.: 1963, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 2383.
Dvinskich, R. C.: 1974, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 34, 58 (in Russian).
Fukushima, N. and Kamide, Y.: 1973, Radio Sci. 8, 1013.
Geisler, J. E.: 1966, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 28, 703.
Geisler, J. E.: 1967, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 29, 1469.
Glushakov, M. L. and Samochin, M. V.: 1974, Geomagn. Aeron. 14, 584 (in Russian).
Gringauz, K. I. and Besrukich, V. V.: 1977, Geomagn. Aeron. 5, 784 (in Russian).
Gurnett, D. A.: 1972, ‘Electric Field and Plasma Observations in the Magnetosphere’, Preprint Univ. of Iowa, No. 72-14.
Hasegawa, M.: 1936, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo 12, 88–90, 185–188, 221–224, 225–228, 277–280.
Hasegawa, M.: 1937, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo 13, 65–68, 69–73, 311–315.
Hasegawa, M.: 1938, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo 14, 4–8.
Hasegawa, M.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 65, 1437.
Hasegawa, M. and Ota, M.: 1950, LATME Bull. 13, 426.
Heelis, R. A. et al.: 1973, Planetary Space Sci. 22, 743.
Heppner, J. P.: 1972, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 4877.
Heppner, J. P.: 1977, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 7, 1115.
Hines, C. D.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 177.
Iijima, T. and Potemra, T. A.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2165.
Izmiran, Mesjatchnij prognoz MPTch. M.: 1958, Izmiran, pp. 1–12 (in Russian).
Izmiran, Mesjatchnij prognoz MPTch. M.: 1963, Izmiran, p. 9 (in Russian).
Jacchia, L. G.: 1965, Space Res. 5, 1152.
Kane, R. P.: 1971, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 33, 319.
Kane, R. P.: 1976a, Space Sci. Rev. 18, 413.
Kane, R. P.: 1976b, Ind. J. Radio Space Phys. 5, 6.
Kato, S.: 1956, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 8, 24.
Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H.: 1975, ‘Electric Fields in the Ionosphere’, PSU-IRL-SCI-438, The Pennsylvania State University.
Kohl, H. and King, J. W.: 1967, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 29, 1045.
Lindzen, R. S.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 1591.
Lindzen, R. S.: 1971, Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 2, 89.
Lyatskij, W. B. and Maltsev, J. P.: 1975, Geomagn. Aeron. 15, 118 (in Russian).
Maeda, H.: 1955, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 7, 121.
Maeda, H.: 1957, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. 9, 86.
Maeda, H.: 1966, J. Atmospheric Sci. 23, 363.
Maeda, H.: 1974, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 36, 1395.
Maeda, H. and Murata, H.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 1077.
Maeda, H. et al.: 1979, ‘Electric Fields and Neutral Winds in the Ionospheric Dynamo Region’, WDC-C2 Data Book No. 2.
Maeda, K. and Murata, H.: 1965, Rept. Ionosph. Space Res. Japan 19, 272.
Matsushita, S.: 1969, Radio Sci. 4, 771.
Matsushita, S.: 1971, Radio Sci. 6, 279.
Matsushita, S.: 1975, EOS Trans. AGU 56, 621.
Matsushita, S. and Balsley, B.: 1972, Planetary Space Sci. 20, 1259.
Matsushita, S. and Maeda, H.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 2535.
Matsushita, S. and Tarpley, J. D.: 1970, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 5433.
Matuura, N.: 1974, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 4679.
Matveev, M. I.: 1970a, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 11, 102 (in Russian).
Matveev, M. I.: 1970b, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 11, 116 (in Russian).
Matveev, M. I.: 1971, Gerlands Beitr. Geophys. 80, 155.
Matveev, M. I.: 1974, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 30, 49 (in Russian).
Matveev, M. I.: 1976a, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 39, 112 (in Russian).
Matveev, M. I.: 1976b, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 39, 118 (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M.: 1968, Geomagn. Aeron. 8, 134 (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M.: 1970, ‘Dynamics of Global tSq-Fields and Field-Aligned Current in the Earth's Magnetosphere’, IFZ, AN SSSR and Ph.D. Thesis, Irkutsk (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M.: 1976, Quiet Geomagnetic Variations and Currents in the Magnetosphere, Nauka, Sib. Otdel. Novosibirsk (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M., Bazarzhapov, A. D., Matveev, M. I., Popov, G. V., Tubalova, V. M., and Nemtsova, E. I.: 1971, Gerl. Beitr. Geophys. 80, 171.
Mishin, V. M., Bazarzhapov, A. D., Nemtsova, E. J., and Anistratenko, A. A.: 1975, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 36, 18 (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M., Bazarzhapov, A. D., Nemtsova, E. J., and Sholpo, M. E.: 1966, ‘Mean Maps of Sq-Currents from Data During Solstice of the IGY’, in Zemnoj Magnetism, Polarnije Sijanija i UNTch Irkutsk SibIzmir, pp. 49–61 (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M. and Erushenko, A. I.: 1966, ‘Daily Variation of Electro-Conductivity in the E-Layer of the Ionosphere’, in Zemnoj Magnetism, Polarnije Sijanija i UNTch, Irkutsk SibIzmir, pp. 78–83 (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M., Matveev, M. I., and Bazarzhapov, A. D.: 1970, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 11, 80 (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M. and Nemtsova, E. J.: 1966, ‘The UT-Component of the Sq-Variation with Data II of the IGY’, in Zemnoj Magnetism, Polarnije Sijanija i UNTch, Irkutsk SibImir, pp. 62–77 (in Russian).
Mishin, V. M., Nemtsova, E. J., and Urbanovich, V. D.: 1966, ‘Seasonal Variation of Sq-Currents with Data of the IGY’, in Zemnoj Magnetism, Polarnije Sijanija i UNTch, Irkutsk SibIzmir, pp. 90–101 (in Russian).
Möhlmann, D.: 1971, ‘About the Dynamo Theory of the Geomagnetic Sq-Variations’, Dissertation, Karl-Marx-Univ. Leipzig (in German).
Möhlmann, D.: 1974, Gerlands Beitr. Geophys. 83, 101.
Möhlmann, D.: 1976, Gerlands Beitr. Geophys. 85, 249.
Möhlmann, D.: 1977, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 39, 1325.
Möhlmann, D. and Wagner, C.-U.: 1970, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 32, 445.
Mozer, F. S.: 1973, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 11, 755.
Mozer, F. S. and Lucht, P.: 1974, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1001.
Nagata, T. and Sugiura, M.: 1948, Geophys. Note Univ. Tokyo 36, 15.
Nemtsova, E. J.: 1966, Geomagnitnije Issledovanija 8, 52 (in Russian).
Nemtsova, E. J. and Mishin, V. M.: 1970, Issled. Geomagn. Aeron. Fizike Solntsa, Irkutsk 11, 221 (in Russian).
Nishida, A.: 1971, Cosmic Electrodynamics 2, 350.
Nishida, A. and Fukushima, N.: 1959, Rept. Ionosph. Space Res. Japan 13, 273.
Olson, W. P.: 1970, Planetary Space Sci. 18, 1471.
Price, A. T.: 1968, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 15, 93.
Price, A. T. and Wilkins, G. A.: 1963, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A256, 31.
Richmond, A. D.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1447.
Richmond, A. D., Matsushita, S., and Tarpley, J. D.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 547.
Rishbeth, H.: 1971, Planetary Space Sci. 19, 263.
Sarabhai, V. and Nair, K. N.: 1969, Nature 223, 603.
Schäfer, K.: 1978, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 40, 755.
Schieldge, J. P., Venkateswaran, S. V., and Richmond, A. D.: 1973, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 35, 1045.
Stening, R. J.: 1968, Planetary Space Sci. 16, 717.
Stening, R. J.: 1969, Planetary Space Sci. 17, 889.
Stening, R. J.: 1971, Radio Sci. 6, 133.
Stening, R. J.: 1973, Planetary Space Sci. 21, 1897.
Stening, R. J.: 1977, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 39, 933.
Stern, D. P.: 1977, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 15, 156.
Tarpley, J. D.: 1970, Planetary Space Sci. 18, 1075.
Van Sabben, D.: 1966, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 28, 965.
Van Sabben, D.: 1969, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 31, 469.
Van Sabben, D.: 1970, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 32, 1331.
Vertlib, A. B. and Wagner, C.-U.: 1970, Geomagn. Aeron. 10, 649 (in Russian).
Vertlib, A. B. and Wagner, C.-U.: 1977, Gerlands Beitr. Geophys. 86, 373.
Volland, H. and Mayr, H. G.: 1973, Ann. Geophys. 29, 61.
Volland, H. and Mayr, H. G.: 1974, Radio Sci. 9, 263.
Volland, H.: 1976a, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 38, 869.
Volland, H.: 1976b, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1621.
Wagner, C.-U.: 1968, The Model of the Asymmetric Atmospheric Dynamo and Its Application to the Determination of the Conductivity of the Ionospheric Plasma from Geomagnetic Sq -Variations', Abh. Nr. 37, Geomagn. Inst. Potsdam, Doctor Thesis (in German).
Wagner, C.-U.: 1968, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 30, 579.
Wagner, C.-U.: 1969, Gerlands Beitr. Geophys. 78, 120.
Wagner, C. U.: 1971, J. Atmospheric Terrest. Phys. 33, 751.
Wagner, C.-U.: 1977, Phys. Solariterr. Potsdam 5, 3.
Wagner, C.-U.: 1978, ‘Satellite Measurements Concerning Ionospheric-Magnetospheric Current Systems’, HHI-STP-Report 11, Berlin.
Wagner, C.-U., Schäfer, K.: 1980, ‘Measurements of Ionospheric and Plasmaspheric Electric Fields under Quiet Conditions’, Phys. Solariterr. (in preparation).
Wiese, H.: 1951, Z. Meteorologie 5, 373 (in German).
Yanagihara, K.: 1971, Memo. Kakioka Magn. Obs. 14, 1.
Zaitzev, A. N.: 1968, Geomagn. Aeron. 6, 117 (in Russian).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wagner, C.U., Möhlmann, D., Schäfer, K. et al. Large-scale electric fields and currents and related geomagnetic variations in the quiet plasmasphere. Space Sci Rev 26, 391–446 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00217388
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00217388