Abstract
In this paper we present a review of the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO) observed in the X-ray flux of low-mass X-ray binaries. In Section 1 a general background is given on galactic populations of accretion-driven X-ray sources. Section 2 contains a description of the methods that have been used to analyze these QPO. In Section 3 the QPO observations are described in some detail. Models for the QPO are considered in Section 4. In Section 5 the time lags observed between QPO at different photon energies, and their possible implications for X-ray spectral models, are discussed. Our conclusions are summarized in Section 6.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Alpar, M. A.: 1986, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 223, 469.
Alpar, M. A.: 1987, in F. Pacini (ed.), High-Energy Phenomena Around Collapsed Stars, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 359.
Alpar, M. A. and Shaham, J.: 1985a, IAU Circ., No. 4046.
Alpar, M. A. and Shaham, J.: 1985b, Nature 316, 239.
Alpar, M. A., Cheng, A. F., Ruderman, M. A., and Shaham, J.: 1982, Nature 300, 728.
Andrews, D.: 1984, EXOSAT Express 5, 31.
Andrews, D. and Parmar, A.: 1985, EXOSAT Express 12, 76.
Andrews, D. and Stella, L.: 1984, EXOSAT Express 10, 35.
Angel, J. R. P., Kestenbaum, H., and Novick, R.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, L57.
Argue, A. N., Jauncey, D., Morabito, D. D., and Preston, R. A.: 1984, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 211, 713.
Avni, Y.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 210, 642.
Baan, W. A.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 214, 245.
Baan, W. A.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 227, 987.
Barr, P., White, N. E., Haberl, F., Stella, L., Pollard, G., Gottwald, M., and Parmar, A. N.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 176, 69.
Basinska, E. M., Lewin, W. H. G., Sztajno, M., Cominsky, L. R., and Marshall, F. J.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 281, 337.
Bath, G. T.: 1973, Nature Phys. Sci. 246, 84.
Becker, R. H. and Helfand, D. J.: Nature 313, 115.
Berman, N. and Stollman, G.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 154, L23.
Beskin, V. S., Gurevitch, A. V., and Istomin, Ya. N.: 1983, Astrophys. Space Sci. 102, 301.
Bhattacharya, D. and Srinivasan, G.: 1986, Current Sci. 55, 327.
Blandford, R. D., Applegate, J. H., and Hernquist, L.: 1983, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 204, 1025.
Blondin, J. M. and Freese, K.: 1986, Nature 323, 786.
Boldt, E. A., Holt, S. S., and Serlemitsos, P. J.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 164, L9.
Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M. and Van der Klis, M.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 73, 90.
Boriakoff, V., Buccheri, R., and Fauci, F.: 1983, Nature 304, 417.
Boyle, C. B., Fabian, A. C., and Guilbert, P. W.: 1986, Nature 319, 648.
Bracewell, R.: 1965, The Fourier Transform and its Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bradt, H. V., Braes, L. L. E., Forman, W., Hesser, J. E., Hiltner, W. A., Hjellming, R., Kellogg, E., Kunkel, W. E., Miley, G. K., Moore, G., Pel, J. W., Thomas, J., Vanden Bout, P., Wade, C., and Warner, B.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 197, 443.
Bradt, H., Burnett, B., Mayer, W., Rappaport, S., and Schnopper, H.: 1971, Nature 229, 96.
Braes, L. L. E. and Miley, G. K.: 1973, in H. Bradt and R. Giacconi (eds.), ‘X- and Gamma-Ray Astronomy’, IAU Symp. 55, 86.
Braes, L. L. E., Miley, G. K., and Schoenmakers, A. A.: 1972, Nature 236, 392.
Brainerd, J. and Lamb, F. K.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 317, L33.
Brainerd, J., Lamb, F. K., and Shibazaki, N.: 1986, in M. Ulmer (ed.), Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, p. 504.
Branduardi, G., Kylafis, N. D., Lamb, D. Q., and Mason, K. O.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 235, L153.
Burbidge, E. M., Lynds, C. R., and Stockton, A. N.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 150, L95.
Bussard, R. W., Weisskopf, M. C., Elsner, R. F., and Shibazaki, N.: 1988, preprint.
Candy, B. N. and Blair, D. G.: 1983, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 205, 281.
Candy, B. N. and Blair, D. G.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 307, 535.
Canizares, C. R., Clark, G. W., Li, F. K., Murthy, G. T., Bardas, D., Sprott, G., Spencer, J. H., Mook, D. E., Hiltner, W. A., Williams, W. L., Moffett, T. J., Grupsmith, G., Vanden Bout, P. A., Golson, J. C., Irving, C., Frohlich, A., and Van Genderen, A.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 197, 457.
Celnikier, L. M.: 1977, Astron. Astrophys. 60, 421.
Charles, P. A., Thorstensen, J. R., Bowyer, S., Clark, G. W., Li, F. K., Van Paradijs, J., Remillard, R., Holt, S. S., Kaluzienski, L. J., Junkkarinen, V. T., Puetter, R. C., Smith, H. E., Pollard, G. S., Sanford, P. W., Tapia, S., and Vrba, F. J.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 237, 154.
Chiappetti, L., Ciapi, A. L., Maraschi, L., Stella, L., Tanzi, E. G., and Treves, A.: 1987, Astrophys. Space Sci. 131, 691.
Clark, G. W., Li, F. K. Canizares, C., Hayakawa, S., Jernigan, G., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1977, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 179, 651.
Clark, D. H., Parkinson, J. H., and Caswell, J. L.: 1975, Nature 254, 674.
Cordova, F. A. and Mason, K. O.: 1983, in W. H. G. Lewin and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (eds.), Accretion Driven Stellar X-ray Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 147.
Cowley, A. P. and Crampton, D.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 201, L65.
Cowley, A. P., Crampton, D., and Hutchings, J. B.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 231, 539.
Cowley, A. P., Hutchings, J. B., Crampton, D., and Hartwick, F. D. A.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 320, 296.
Crampton, D., Cowley, A. P., Hutchings, J. B., and Kaat, C.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 207, 907.
Davidsen, A., Malina, R., and Bowyer, S.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 203, 448.
Davidson, K. and Ostriker, J. P.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 179, 585.
Deeter, J. E.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 281, 482.
De Groot, T. and Van Nieuwkoop, J.: 1968, Solar Phys. 4, 332.
De Kool, M. and Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1985, Nature 317, 599.
De Kool, M. and Van Paradijs, J.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 173, 279.
Dower, R. G., Bradt, H. V., and Morgan, E. H.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 261, 228.
Elsner, R. F., Shibazaki, N., and Weisskopf, M. C.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 320, 527.
Elsner, R. F., Weisskopf, M. C., Darbro, W., Ramsey, B. D., Williams, A. C., Sutherland, P. G., and Grindlay, J. E.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 308, 655.
Ercan, E. N. and Cruise, A. M.: 1984, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 209, 271.
Fahlman, G. C. and Gregory, P. C.: 1983, in J. Danziger and P. Gorenstein (eds.), ‘Supernova Remnants and their X-ray Emission’, IAU Symp. 101, 445.
Flowers, E. and Ruderman, M. A.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 215, 302.
Forman, W., Jones, C., Cominsky, L., Julien, P., Murray, S., Peters, G., Tananbaum, H., and Giacconi, R.: 1978, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 38, 357.
Forman, W., Jones, C., and Tananbaum, H.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, 849.
Friedman, H., Fritz, G., Henry, R. C., Hollinger, J. P., Meekins, J. F., and Sadeh, D.: 1969, Nature 221, 345.
Fuerst, E., Reich, W., Reich, P., Sofue, Y., and Handa, T.: 1985, Nature 314, 720.
Geldzahler, B. J.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 264, L49.
Geldzahler, B. J. and Fomalont, E. B.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 311, 805.
Ghosh, P. and Lamb, F. K.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 234, 296.
Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., Gursky, H., and Waters, J. R.: 1967a, Astrophys. J. 148, L119.
Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., Gursky, H., Usher, P. D., Waters, J. R., Sandage, A., Osmer, P., and Peach, J. V.: 1967b, Astrophys. J. 148, L129.
Giacconi, R., Gursky, H., Paolini, F., and Rossi, B.: 1962, Phys. Rev. Letters 9, 439.
Giacconi, R., Murray, S., Gursky, H., Kellogg, E., Schreier, E., Matilsky, T., Koch, D., and Tananbaum, H.: 1974, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 27, 37.
Glass, I. S.: 1978, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 183, 335.
Gorenstein, P.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 198, 95.
Goss, W. M. and Mebold, U.: 1977, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 181, 255.
Gottlieb, E. W., Wright, E. L., and Liller, W.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 195, L33.
Gottwald, M., Stella, L., White, N. E., and Barr, P.: 1987, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 229, 395.
Grindlay, J. E. and Gursky, H.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 218, L117.
Grindlay, J. E., Gursky, H., Schnopper, H., Parsignault, D. R., Heise, J., Brinkman, A. C., and Schrijver, J.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 205, L127.
Grindlay, J. E., Hertz, P., Steiner, J. L., Murray, S. S., and Lightman, A. P.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 282, L13.
Grindlay, J. E. and Seaquist, E. R.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 310, 172.
Haberl, F., Stella, L., White, N. E., Priedhorsky, W. C., and Gottwald, M.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 314, 266.
Hameury, J. M., King, A. R., and Lasota, J. P.: 1985, Nature 317, 597.
Harvey, J. A., Ruderman, M. A., and Shaham, J.: 1986, Phys. Rev. D33, 2084.
Hasinger, G.: 1987a, in D. J. Helfand and J.-H. Huang (eds.), ‘The Origin and Evolution of Neutron Stars’, IAU Symp. 125, 333.
Hasinger, G.: 1987b, Astron. Astrophys. 186, 153.
Hasinger, G.: 1988, in L. Filipov and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Compact Objects: Theory Versus Observations’, COSPAR/IAU Symp., Sofia, July 1987, Pergamon (in press).
Hasinger, G. and Van der Klis, M.: 1987, IAU Circ., No. 4489.
Hasinger, G., Langmeier, A., Sztajno, M., Pietsch, W., and Gottwald, M.: 1988a, in preparation.
Hasinger, G., Priedhorsky, W., and Middleditch, J.: 1988b, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Hasinger, G., Langmeier, A., Pietsch, W., and Sztajno, M.: 1985, Space Sci. Rev. 40, 233.
Hasinger, G., Langmeier, A., Sztajno, M., Trümper, J., Lewin, W. H. G., and White, N. E.: 1986, Nature 319, 469.
Haynes, R. F., Komesaroff, M. M., Little, A. G., Jauncey, D. L., Caswell, J. L., Milne, D. K., Kesteven, M. J., Wellington, K. J., and Preston, R. A.: 1986, Nature 324, 233.
Helfand, D. J. and Becker, R. H.: 1985, Nature 313, 118.
Helfand, D. J., Ruderman, M. A., and Shaham, J.: 1983, Nature 304, 423.
Henrichs, H. F.: 1983, in W. H. G. Lewin and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (eds.), Accretion Driven Stellar X-ray Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 393.
Hertz, P. and Grindlay, J. E.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 282, 118.
Hertz, P. and Wood, K. S.: 1986, in A. Treves (ed.), Variability of Galactic and Extmgalactic X-ray Sources, Associazone per l'Avanzamento dell'Astronomia, Milano-Bologna, p. 221.
Hirano, T., Hayakawa, S., Kunieda, H., Makino, F., Masai, K., Nagase, F., and Yamashita, K.: 1984, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan. 36, 769.
Hjellming, R. M.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 221, 225.
Hjellming, R. M. and Blankenship, L. C.: 1973, Nature Phys. Sci. 243, 81.
Hjellming, R. M. and Wade, C. M.: 1971a, Astrophys. J. 164, L1.
Hjellming, R. M. and Wade, C. M.: 1971b, Astrophys. J. 168, L21.
Hoffman, J. A., Marshall, H. L., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1978, Nature 271, 630.
Holt, S. S.: 1980, in R. Giacconi and G. Setti (eds.), X-ray Astronomy, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 89.
Holt, S. S.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 312, 743.
Holt, S. S., Boldt, E. A., Serlemitsos, P. J., and Kaluzienski, L. J.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 205, L27.
Holt, S. S., Kaluzienski, L. J., Boldt, E. A., and Serlemitsos, P. J.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 233, 344.
Hulse, R. A. and Taylor, J. H.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 195, L51.
Ilovaisky, S. A., Chevalier, C., Motch, C., and Janot-Pacheco, E.: 1979, IAU Circ., No. 3325.
Ilovaisky, S. A., Chevalier, C., White, N. E., Mason, K. O., Sanford, P. W., Delvaille, J. P., and Schnopper, H. W.: 1980, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 191, 81.
Inoue, H., Koyama, K., Makishima, K., Matsuoka, M., Murakami, T., Oda, M., Ogawara, Y., Ohashi, T., Shibazaki, N., Tanaka, Y., Kondo, I., Hayakawa, S., Kunieda, H., Makino, F., Masai, K., Nagase, F., Tawara, Y., Miyamoto, S., Tsunemi, H., and Yamashita, K.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 250, L71.
Isern, J., Hernanz, M., Canal, R., Labay, J., and Mochkovitch, R.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 172, L23.
Jernigan, J. G. and Clark, G. W.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 231, L125.
Jones, C.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 214, 856.
Jones, C., Giacconi, R., Forman, W., and Tananbaum, H.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 191, L71.
Jones, P. B.: 1987, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 228, 513.
Joss, P. C.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 225, L123.
Joss, P. C. and Rappaport, S. A.: 1983, Nature 304, 419.
Joss, P. C., Avni, Y., and Rappaport, S.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 221, 645.
Kahn, S. M. and Grindlay, J. E.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 281, 826.
Kaluzienski, L. J., Holt, S. S., Boldt, E. A., and Serlemitsos, P. J.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, L71.
Kerr, F. J. and Lynden-Bell, D.: 1986, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 221, 1023.
Kleinmann, D. E., Kleinmann, S. G., and Wright, E. L.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 210, L83.
Kraft, R. and Miller, J. S.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 155, L159.
Kristian, J., Sandage, A., and Westphal, J. A.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 150, L99.
Kulkarni, S.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 306, L85.
Kundt, W.: 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 98, 207.
Kylafis, N. D. and Klimis, G. S.: 1988, preprint.
Lamb, F. K.: 1986, in J. Trümper, W. H. G. Lewin, and W. Brinkmann (eds.), The Evolution of Galactic X-ray Binaries, NATO ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 167, p. 151.
Lamb, F. K., Fabian, A. C., Pringle, J. E., and Lamb, D. Q.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 217, 197.
Lamb, F. K., Pethick, C. J., and Pines, D.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 184, 271.
Lamb, F. K., Shibazaki, N., Shaham, J., and Alpar, M. A.: 1985, Nature 317, 681.
Lampton, M., Margon, B., and Bowyer, S.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, 177.
Langmeier, A.: 1988, Thesis, private communication.
Langmeier, A., Hasinger, G., Sztajno, M., Trümper, J., and Pietsch, W.: 1985, IAU Circ., No. 4147.
Langmeier, A., Sztajno, M., Vacca, D., Trümper, J., and Pietsch, W.: 1986, in: J. Trümper, W. H. G. Lewin, and W. Brinkmann (eds.), The Evolution of Galactic X-ray Binaries, NATO ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 167, p. 253.
La Sala, J. and Thorstensen, J. R.: 1985, Astron. J. 90, 2077.
Leahy, D. A., Darbro, W., Elsner, R. F., Weisskopf, M. C., Sutherland, P. G., Kahn, S., and Grindlay, J. E.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 266, 160.
Leahy, D. A.: 1987, IAU Circ., No. 4485.
Lewin, W. H. G.: 1977, Am. Sci. 65, 605.
Lewin, W. H. G.: 1985, in Y. Tanaka and W. H. G. Lewin (eds.), Galactic and Extragalactic Compact X-ray Sources, Inst. of Space and Aeronautical Sciences, Tokyo, p. 89.
Lewin, W. H. G.: 1986, in K. O. Mason, M. G. Watson, and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Accretion onto Compact Objects’, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 266, p. 177.
Lewin, W. H. G.: 1987, in D. J. Helfand and J.-H. Huang (eds.), ‘The Origin and Evolution of Neutron Stars’, IAU Symp. 125, 363.
Lewin, W. H. G. and Joss, P. C.: 1981, Space Sci. Rev. 28, 3.
Lewin, W. H. G. and Joss, P. C.: 1983, in W. H. G. Lewin and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (eds.), Accretion-driven Stellar X-ray Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 41.
Lewin, W. H. G. and Van Paradijs, J.: 1985a, Astron. Astrophys. 142, 361.
Lewin, W. H. G. and Van Paradijs, J.: 1985b, Astron. Astrophys. 149, L27.
Lewin, W. H. G. and Van Paradijs, J.: 1986, Comm. Astrophys. 11, No. 3, 127.
Lewin, W. H. G., Clark, G. W., and Smith, W. B.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, L55.
Lewin, W. H. G., Doty, J., Clark, G. W., Rappaport, S. A., Bradt, H. V. D., Doxsey, R., Hearn, D. R., Hoffman, J. A., Jernigan, J. G., Li, F. K., Mayer, W., McClintock, J., Primini, F., and Richardson, J.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 207, L95.
Lewin, W. H. G., Ricker, G. R. and McClintock, J. E.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, L71.
Lewin, W. H. G., Van Paradijs, J., Van der Klis, M., Jansen, F., Basinska, E. M., Langmeier, A., Sztajno, M., and Trümper, J.: 1986, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (submitted).
Lewin, W. H. G., Van Paradijs, J., Hasinger, G., Penninx, W. H., Langmeier, A., Van der Klis, M., Jansen, F., Basinska, E. M., Sztajno, M., and Trümper, J.: 1987, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 226, 383.
Li, F. K., Joss, P. C., McClintock, J. E., Rappaport, S., and Wright, E. L.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 240, 628.
Liller, W.: 1977: Astrophys. J. 213, L21.
Lynds, C. R.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 149, L41.
Lyne, A. G., Manchester, R. N., and Taylor, J. H.: 1983, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 213, 613.
Maejima, Y., Makishima, K., Matsuoka, M., Ogawara, Y., Oda, M., Tawara, Y., and Doi, K.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 285, 712.
Makishima, K., Mitsuda, K., Inoue, H., Koyama, K., Matsuoka, M., Murakami, T., Oda, M., Ogawara, Y., Ohashi, T., Shibazaki, N., Tanaka, Y., Marshall, F. J., Hayakawa, S., Kunieda, H., Makino, F., Nagase, F., Tawara, Y., Miyamoto, S., Tsunemi, H., Tsuno, K., Yamasjhita, K., and Kondo, I.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 267, 310.
Maraschi, L. and Cavaliere, A.: 1977, in E. A. Mueller (ed.), Highlights of Astronomy, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, Vol. 4, part I, p. 127.
Maraschi, L., Treves, A., and Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1976, Nature 259, 292.
Markert, T. H., Winkler, P. F., Laird, F. N., Clark, G. W., Hearn, D. R., Sprott, G. F., Li, F. K., Bradt, H. V., Lewin, W. H. G., and Schnopper, H. W.: 1979, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 39, 573.
Marshall, N. and Watson, M. G.: 1979, IAU Circ., No. 3318.
Mason, K. O.: 1986, in K. O. Mason, M. G. Watson, and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Accretion onto Compact Objects’ Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 266, p. 29.
Mason, K. O., Charles, P. A., White, N. E., Culhane, J. L., Sanford, P. W., and Strong, K. T.: 1976, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 177, 513.
Matsuoka, M.: 1985, in D. Q. Lamb, and J. Patterson (eds.), Cataclysmic Variables and Low-Mass X-ray Binaries, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 139.
McClintock, J. E.: 1986, in K. O. Mason, M. G. Watson, and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Accretion onto Compact Objects’, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 266, p. 211.
McClintock, J. E., Petro, L. D., Hammerschlag-Hensberge, G. H., Proffitt, C. R., and Remillard, R. A.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 283, 794.
McDermott, P. N., and Taam, R. E.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 318, 278.
Mereghetti, S. and Grindlay, J. E.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 312, 727.
Mészáros, P., Riffert, H., and Berthiaume, G.: 1988, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Michel, F. C.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 216, 838.
Middleditch, J. and Priedhorsky, W.: 1985, IAU Circ., No. 4060.
Middleditch, J. and Priedhorsky, W.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 306, 230.
Milgrom, M.: 1987, Astron. Astrophys. 172, L1.
Mitsuda, K., Inoue, H., Koyama, K., Makishima, K., Matsuoka, M., Ogawara, Y., Shibazaki, N., Suzuki, K., Tanaka, Y., and Hirano, T.: 1984, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 36, 741.
Mitsuda, K., and Ginga Team: 1988, in L. Filipov and N. E. White (eds.), The Physics of Compact Objects: Theory Versus Observations, Pergamon, London (in press).
Miyamoto, S. and Matsuoka, M.: 1977, Space Sci. Rev. 20, 687.
Morfill, G. E. and Trümper, J.: 1986, in J. Trümper, W. H. G. Lewin, and W. Brinkmann (eds.), The Evolution of Galactic X-ray Binaries, NATO ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 167, p. 173.
Morgan, E. H. and Remillard, R. A.: 1988, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Morgan, E. H., Remillard, R. A., Priedhorsky, W., Stella, L., White, N. E., and Garcia, M.: 1986, IAU Circ., No. 4261.
Muchotrzeb, B.: 1983, Acta Astron. 33, 79.
Norris, J. P. and Wood, K. S.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 312, 732.
Oda, M.: 1980, IAU Circ., No. 3506.
Oda, M., Wada, M., Matsuoka, M., Miyamoto, S., Muranaka, N., and Ogawara, Y.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 172, L13.
Ostriker, J. E.: 1977, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 302, 229.
Paczynski, B.: 1983, Nature 304, 421.
Paczynski, B.: 1987, Nature 327, 303.
Page, C. G.: 1985, Space Sci. Rev. 40, 387.
Parsignault, D. and Grindlay, J. E.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 225, 970.
Patterson, J.: 1981, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 45, 517.
Payne, D. G.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 237, 951.
Peacock, A., Andresen, R. D., Manzo, G., Taylor, B. G., Villa, G., Re, S., Ives, J. C., and Kellock, S.: 1981, Space Sci. Rev. 30, 525.
Penninx, W., Hasinger, G., Lewin, W. H. G., Van Paradijs, J., Van der Klis, M.: 1988, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (in press).
Petro, L. D., Bradt, H. V., Kelley, R. L., Horne, K., and Gomer, R.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 251, L7.
Ponman, T.: 1982a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 200, 351.
Ponman, T.: 1982b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 201, 769.
Ponman, T. J., Cooke, B. A., and Stella, L.: 1988, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (in press).
Pozdnyakov, L. A., Sobol, I. M., and Sunyaev, R. A.: 1983, Astrophys. Space Phys. Rev. 2, 189.
Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T.: 1986, Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 381.
Priedhorsky, W.: 1986a, Astrophys. J. 306, L97.
Priedhorsky, W.: 1986b, Astrophys. Space Sci. 126, 89.
Priedhorsky, W. and Terrell, J.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 284, L17.
Priedhorsky, W., Garmire, G. P., Rothschild, R., Boldt, E., Serlemitsos, P., and Holt, S.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 233, 350.
Priedhorsky, W., Hasinger, G., Lewin, W. H. G., Middleditch, J., Parmar, A., Stella, L., and White, N. E.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 306, L91.
Pringle, J. E.: 1981, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 19, 137.
Pringle, J. E. and Rees, M. J.: 1972, Astron. Astrophys. 21, 1.
Radhakrishnan, V.: 1981, in B. Hidayat (ed.), Proceedings of the IAU Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting, Bandung.
Radhakrishnan, V. and Srinivasan, G. M.: 1982, Current Sci. 51, 1096.
Rappaport, S. A. and Joss, P. C.: 1983, in W. H. G. Lewin and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (eds.), Accretion-driven Stellar X-ray Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 1.
Rappaport, S. A. and Joss, P. C.: 1984, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22, 537.
Rappaport, S., Nelson, L. A., Ma, P. C., and Joss, P. C.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 322, 842.
Rappaport, S., Zaumen, W., Doxsey, R., and Mayer, W.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 169, L93.
Robinson, E. L. and Nather, R. E.: 1979, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 39, 461.
Ryter, C., Cesarsky, C. J., and Audouze, J.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 198, 103.
Sandage, A., Osmer, P., Giacconi, R., Gorenstein, P., Gursky, H., Waters, J., Bradt, H., Garmire, G., Sreekantan, B. V., Oda, M., Osawa, K., and Jugaku, J.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 146, 316.
Sang, Y. and Chanmugan, G.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 323, L61.
Savonije, G. J.: 1983a, Nature 304, 422.
Savonije, G. J.: 1983b, in W. H. G. Lewin and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (eds.), Accretion driven Stellar X-ray Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 343.
Shaham, J.: 1987, in D. J. Helfand and J.-H. Huang (eds.), ‘The Origin and Evolution of Neutron Stars’, IAU Symp. 125, 347.
Shapiro, S. L., Lightman, A. P., and Eardley, D. M.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 204, 187.
Shaver, P. A., Salter, C. J., Patniack, A. R., Van Gorkom, J. H., and Hunt, G. C.: 1985, Nature 313, 113.
Shibazaki, N. and Lamb, F. K.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 318, 767.
Shibazaki, N., and Mitsuda, K.: 1984, in S. E. Woosley (ed.), High Energy Transients in Astrophysics, AIP Conference Proc. 115, New York, AIP, p. 63.
Shibazaki, N., Elsner, R. F., Bussard, R. W., Ebisuzaki, T., and Weisskopf, M. C.: 1988a, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Shibazaki, N., Elsner, R. F., and Weisskopf, M. C.: 1988b, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Slettebak, A.: 1987, in: A. Slettebak and T. P. Snow (eds.), Physics of Be Stars, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 24.
Smarr, L. L. and Blandford, R. D.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 207, 574.
Srinivasan, G. and Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1982, Astron. Astrophys. 108, 143.
Stella, L.: 1986, in: N. Kylafis, J. Papamastorakis, and J. Ventura (eds.), Plasma Penetration into Magnetospheres, Crete Univ. Press, p. 199.
Stella, L.: 1988, in L. Filipov and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Compact Objects: Theory Versus Observations’, COSPAR/IAU Symp., Sofia, July 1987, Pergamon, London (in press).
Stella, L., Chiappetti, L., Ciapi, A. L., Maraschi, L., Tanzi, E. Q., and Treves, A.: 1986, in R. Ruffini (ed.), Proc. 4th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, p. 86.
Stella, L., Haberl, F., Lewin, W., Parmar, A., White, N., and Van Paradijs, J.: 1988a, Astrophys. J. 324, 379.
Stella, L., Haberl, F., Lewin, W. H. G., Parmar, A. N., Van der Klis, M., and Van Paradijs, J.: 1988b, Astrophys. J. Letters (in press).
Stella, L., Parmar, A. N., and White, N. E.: 1988c, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Stella, L., Kahn, S. M., and Grindlay, J. E.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 282, 713.
Stella, L., Priedhorsky, W., and White, N. E.: 1987a, Astrophys. J. 312, L17.
Stella, L., White, N. E., and Priedhorsky, W.: 1987b, Astrophys. J. 315, L49.
Stella, L., White, N. E. Davelaar, J., Parmar, A. N., Blissett, R. J., and Van der Klis, M.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 288, L45.
Stella, L., White, N. E., and Rosner, R.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 308, 669.
Stollman, G. M., Hasinger, G., Lewin, W. H. G., Van der Klis, M., and Van Paradijs, J.: 1987, Monthly Notices. Roy. Astron. Soc. 227, 7P.
Sztajno, M., Basinka, E. M., Cominsky, L. R., Marshall, F. J., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 267, 713.
Sztajno, M., Van Paradijs, J., Lewin, W. H. G., Langmeier, A., Trümper, J., and Pietsch, W.: 1986, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 222, 499.
Taam, R. E.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 270, 694.
Taam, R. E. and Lin, D. N. C.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 287, 761.
Taam, R. E. and Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1986, Astrophys. J. 305, 235.
Tarenghi, M. and Reina, C.: 1972, Nature Phys. Sci. 240, 53.
Tawara, Y., Hayakawa, S., Kunieda, H., Makino, F., and Nagase, F.: 1982, Nature 299, 38.
Tawara, Y., Hirano, T., Kii, T., Matsuoka, M., and Murakami, T.: 1984, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 36, 861.
Taylor, B. G., Andresen, R. D., Peacock, A., and Zobl, A.: 1981, Space Sci. Rev. 30, 479.
Tennant, A. F.: 1987a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 226, 963.
Tennant, A. F.: 1987b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 226, 971.
Tennant, A. F.: 1988a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 230, 403.
Tennant, A. F.: 1988b, in L. Filipov and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Compact Objects: Theory Versus Observations’, COSPAR/IAU Symp., Sofia, July 1987, Pergamon, London (in press).
Tennant, A. F., Fabian, A. C., and Shafer, R. A.: 1987a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 219, 871.
Tennant, A. F., Fabian, A. C., and Shafer, R. A.: 1987b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 221, 27P.
Tjemkes, S. A., Zuiderwijk, E. J., and Van Paradijs, J.: 1986, Astron. Astrophys. 154, 77.
Toor, A.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 215, L57.
Turner, M. J. L., Smith, A., and Zimmermann, H. U.: 1981, Space Sci. Rev. 30, 513.
Vacca, W. D., Lewin, W. H. G., and Van Paradijs, J.: 1986, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 220, 339.
Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1975, Astrophys. J. 198, L109.
Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1981, in W. Sieber and R. Wielebinski (eds.), ‘Pulsars — 13 Years of Research on Neutron Stars’, IAU Symp. 95, 379.
Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1983, in W. H. G. Lewin and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (eds.), Accretion-driven Stellar X-ray Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 303.
Van den Heuvel, E. P. J., and Rappaport, S.: 1987, in A. Slettebak and T. P. Snow (eds.), Physics of Be Stars, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 291.
Van den Heuvel, E. P. J., Van Paradijs, J. and Taam, R. E.: 1986, Nature 322, 153.
Van den Heuvel, E. P. J., and Verbunt, F.: 1988, Rev. Mod. Phys. (in preparation).
Van der Klis, M.: 1986a, in K. O. Mason, M. G. Watson, and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Accretion onto Compact Objects’, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 266, p. 157.
Van der Klis, M.: 1986b, in A. Treves (ed.), Variability of Galactic and Extragalactic X-ray Sources, Associazone per l'Avanzamento dell' Astronomia, Milano-Bologna, p. 185.
Van der Klis, M.: 1987, in D. J. Helfand and J.-H. Huang (eds.), ‘The Origin and Evolution of Neutron Stars’, IAU Symp. 125, 321.
Van der Klis, M.: 1988, in L. Filipov and N. E. White (eds.), ‘The Physics of Compact Objects: Theory Versus Observations’, COSPAR/IAU Symp., Sofia, July 1987, Pergamon, London (in press).
Van der Klis, M. and Jansen, F. A.: 1985, Nature 313, 768.
Van der Klis, M. and Jansen, F.: 1986, in: J. Trümper, W. H. G. Lewin and W. Brinkmann (eds.), The Evolution of Galactic X-ray Binaries, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 167, p. 129.
Van der Klis, M. and Rappaport, S.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 121, 119.
Van der Klis, M., Jansen, F., Van Paradijs, J., Lewin, W. H. G., Trümper, J., and Sztajno, M.: 1985a, IAU Circ., No. 4043.
Van der Klis, M., Jansen, F., Van, Paradijs, J., Lewin, W. H. G., Van den Heuvel, E. P. J., Trümper, J. E., and Sztajno, M.: 1985b, Nature 316, 225.
Van der Klis, M., Jansen, F., White, N. E., Stella, L., and Peacock, A.: 1985c, IAU Circ., No. 4068.
Van der Klis, M., Jansen, F., Van Paradijs, J., Lewin, W. H. G., Sztajno, M., and Trümper, J.: 1987a, Astrophys. J. 313, L19.
Van der Klis, M., Stella, L., White, N. E., Jansen, F., and Parmar, A. N.: 1987b, Astrophys. J. 316, 517.
Van der Klis, M., Hasinger, G., Stella, L., Langmeier, A., Van Paradijs, J., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1987c, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Van Paradijs, J.: 1983, in W. H. G. Lewin and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (eds.), Accretion-driven Stellar X-ray Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 189.
Van Paradijs, J., and Verbunt, F.: 1984, in S. E. Woosley (ed.), High Energy Transients in Astrophysics, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 115, p. 49.
Van Paradijs, J., Cominsky, L., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1979, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 189, 387.
Van Paradijs, J., Hasinger, G., Lewin, W. H. G., Van der Klis, M., Sztajno, M., Schulz, N., and Jansen, F.: 1988a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (in press).
Van Paradijs, J., Penninx, W., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1988b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (in press).
Van Paradijs, J., Joss, P. C., Cominsky, L., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1979, Nature 280, 375.
Van Paradijs, J., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1986, in: J. Trümper, W. H. G. Lewin, and W. Brinkmann (eds), The Evolution of Galactic X-ray Binaries, NATO ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 167, p. 187.
Verbunt, F.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 312, L23.
Vrtilek, S. D., Swank, J. H., and Kallman, T. R.: 1988, Astrophys. J. (in press).
Wang, Y.-M. and Schlickheiser, R.: 1987, Astrophys. J. 313, 200.
Warner, B.: 1983, in: M. Livio and G. Shaviv (eds.), Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 155.
Warwick, R. S., Marshall, N., Fraser, G. W., Watson, M. G., Lawrence, A., Page, C. G., Pounds, K. A., Ricketts, M. J., Sims, M. R., and Smith, A.: 1981, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 197, 865.
Webbink, R. F., Rappaport, S. A., and Savonije, G. J.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 270, 678.
Wesselink, T.: 1987, Ph.D. thesis, University of Nijmegen.
Whelan, J. A. J., Mayo, S. K., Wickramasinghe, D. T., Murdin, P. G., Peterson, B. A., Hawarden, T. G., Longmore, A. J., Haynes, R. F., Goss, W. M., Simons, L. W., Caswell, J. L., Little, A. G., and McAdam, W. B.: 1977, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 181, 259.
White, N. E., Charles, P. A., and Thorstensen, J. R.: 1980, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 193, 731.
White, N. E., Kaluzienski, J. L., and Swank, J. H.: 1984, in: S. E. Woosley (ed.), High Energy Transients in Astrophysics, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 115, p. 31.
White, N. E., Mason, K. O., Sanford, P. W., Ilovaisky, S. A., and Chevalier, C.: 1976a, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 176, 91.
White, N. E., Mason, K. O., Huckle, H. E., Charles, P. A., and Sanford, P. W.: 1976b, Astrophys. J. 209, L119.
White, N. E., Mason, K. O., Sanford, P. W., Johnson, H. M., and Catura, R. C.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 220, 600.
White, N. E., Peacock, A., Hasinger, G., Mason, K. O., Manzo, G., Taylor, B. G., Branduardi-Raymont, G. A.: 1986, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 218, 129.
White, N. E., Peacock, A., and Taylor, B. G.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 296, 475.
White, N. E. and Stella, L.: 1988, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. (in press).
White, N. E., Stella, L., and Parmar, A. N.: 1988, Astrophys. J. 234, 363.
White, N. E., Swank, J. H., and Holt, S. S.: 1983, Astrophys. J. 270, 711.
Wijers, R. A. M. J., Van Paradijs, J., and Lewin, W. H. G.: 1987, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 228, 17P.
Wood, K. S., Meekins, J. F., Yentis, D. J., Smathers, H. W., McNutt, D. P., Bleach, R. D., Byram, E. T., Chubb, T. A., Friedman, H., and Meidav, M.: 1984, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 56, 507.
Woosley, S. E. and Taam, R. E.: 1976, Nature 263, 101.
Wright, G. A. and Low, E. D.: 1986, Nature 324, 127.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lewin, W.H.G., Van Paradijs, J. & Van der Klis, M. A review of quasi-periodic oscillations in low-mass X-ray binaries. Space Sci Rev 46, 273–377 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212242
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212242