Abstract
This feature article summarizes the present art and science of grain boundary segregation from the viewpoint of the authors activities in this field. In the part on equilibrium segregation, fundamental effects on grain boundary segregation are discussed such as the nature of the solute/matrix binary system, presence of additional elements, temperature, grain boundary orientation and type of interface. In addition, the predictive capabilities of grain boundary segregation diagrams are outlined. The present models of segregation kinetics are reviewed and discussed in connection with recent experiments. The last part of the paper is focussed on the most important consequences of grain boundary segregation, i.e., grain boundary cohesion and fracture.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
E.D.Hondros, M.P.Seah, S.Hofmann, and P.Lejček, in Physical Metallurgy, edited by R.W.Cahn and P.Hanson (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1996). 4th ed., p. 1201.
P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, Crit. Rev. Sol. State Mater. Sci. 20, 1 (1995).
D.McLean, Grain Boundaries in Metals (Clarendon, Oxford, 1957).
E.D.Hondros and M.P.Seah, Int. Met. Rev. 22, 867 (1977).
C.J.McMahonJr., and L.Marchut, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 15, 450 (1978).
R.W.Balluffi, in Interfacial Segregation, edited by W.C.Johnson and J.M.Blakely (ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1979), p. 193.
M.Guttmann and D.McLean, in Interfacial Segregation, edited by W.C.Johnson and J.M.Blakely (ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1979), p. 261.
M.P.Seah, J. Phys. F: Metal Phys. 10, 1043 (1980).
E.D.Hondros and M.P.Seah, in Physical Metallurgy, 3rd ed., edited by R.W.Cahn and P.Haasen (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1983), p. 855.
S.Hofmann, Scann. Electr. Microsc. III, 1071 (1985).
H.J.Grabke, in Chemistry and Physics of Fracture, edited by R.M.Latanision and R.H.Jones (Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1987), p. 388.
S.Hofmann, J. Chim. Phys. 84, 141 (1987).
J.Nowotny, in Surfaces and Interfaces of Ceramic Materials, edited by L.-C.Dufour, C.Monty, and G.Petot-Ervas (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1989), p. 205.
M.P.Seah, in Practical Surface Analysis, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., edited by D.Briggs and M.P.Seah (John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1990), p. 311.
S.Hofmann, in Surface Segregation Phenomena, edited by P.A.Dowben and A.Miller (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990), p. 107.
M.Polak, in Surface Segregation Phenomena, edited by P.A.Dowben and A.Miller (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990), p. 291.
J.duPlessis, Sol. State Phenom. 11, 1 (1990).
J.Cabané and F.Cabané, Sol. State Phenom. 15–16, 1 (1991).
C.L.Briant, in Structure and Property Relationships for Interfaces, edited by J.L.Walter, A.H.King, and V.Tangri (ASM, Metals Park, 1991), p. 43.
R.H.Jones, N.T.Saenz, and C.H.Schilling, in Structure and Property Retationships for Interfaces, edited by J.L.Walter, A.H.King, and V.Tangri (ASM, Metals Park, 1991), p. 156.
C.L.Briant, in Materials Interfaces: Atomic-Level Structure and Properties, edited by D.Wolf and S.Yip (Chapman and Hall, London, 1992), p. 463.
C.L.Briant and D.N.Seidman, in Materials Interfaces: Atomic-Level Structure and Properties, edited by D.Wolf and S.Yip (Chapman and Hall, London, 1992), p. 497.
A.P.Sutton and R.W.Balluffi, Interfaces in Crystalline Materials, (Clarendon, Oxford, 1995).
E.D.Hondros and M.P.Seah, Metall. Trans. 8A, 1363 (1977).
P.Lejček, Int. J. Modern Phys. B 7, C1–179 (1990).
K. Lösch, Ph.D. Thesis (University Stuttgart, 1987).
T. Muschik, Ph.D. Thesis (University Stuttgart, 1988).
T.Muschik, W.Gust, S.Hofmann, and B.Predel, Acta Metall. 37, 2917 (1989).
S.Hofmann and P.Lejček, J. Phys. France 51, C1–179 (1990).
M.P.Seah and E.D.Hondros, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 335, 191 (1973).
P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, Interface Sci. 1, 163 (1993).
R.H.Fowler and E.A.Guggenheim, Statistical Thermodynamics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1939).
C.Pichard, M.Guttmann, J.Rieux, and C.Goux, J. Phys. France 36, C4–151 (1975).
M.Menyhard, B.Blum, and C.J.McMahonJr., Acta Metall. 37, 549 (1989).
R.Herschitz and D.N.Seidman, J. Phys. France 46, C4–451 (1985).
M.Militzer and J.Wieting, Acta Metall. 35, 2765 (1987).
S.Hofmann and H.Hofmann, J. Phys. France 46, C4–633 (1985).
U. Otterbein, Ph.D. Thesis (University Stuttgart, 1994).
39.P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, Surf. Interface Anal. 16, 546 (1991).
P.Gas, M.Guttmann, and J.Bernardini, Acta Metall. 30, 1309 (1982).
C.L.Briant, Mater. Sci. Technol. 4, 956 (1988).
C.L.Briant, Metall. Trans. 21A, 2339 (1990).
A.Biedermann, M.Schmid, B.M.Reichl, and P.Varga, Fres. J. Anal. Chim. 353, 259 (1995).
P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, Acta Metall. Mater. 39, 2469 (1991).
P.Lejček, J.Adámek, and S.Hofmann, Surface Sci. 264, 449 (1992).
S.Hofmann, P.Lejček, and J.Adámek, Surf. Interface Anal. 19, 601 (1992).
P.Lejček, Anal. Chim. Acta 297, 165 (1994).
K.Masuda-Jindo, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 134, 545 (1986).
M.P.Seah and C.Lea, Philos. Mag. 31, 627 (1973).
H.Hänsel and H.J.Grabke, Scripta Metall. 20, 1641 (1986).
H.Erhart and H.J.Grabke, Metal Sci. 15, 401 (1981).
K. Tatsumi, N. Okumura, and S. Funaki, in Proc. JIMIS-4 “Grain Boundary Structure and Related Phenomena”. Trans JIM (Suppl.) (1986), p. 427.
P.Lejček, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 185, 109 (1994).
C.L.White and W.A.Coghlan, Metall. Trans. 8A, 1403 (1977).
C.L.White and D.F.Stein, Metall. Trans. 9A, 13 (1978).
M.Menyhard and C.J.McMahonJr., Acta Metall. 37, 2287 (1989).
M.A.Hoffmann and P.Wynblatt, Metall. Trans. A 20, 215 (1989).
V.Paidar, A.Machová, and V.Vejvalková, Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2, 1131 (1994).
P.Lejček, Prog. Surface Sci. 35, 209 (1990).
H.F.Fischmeister, J. Phys. France 46, C4–3 (1985).
W.R.Thomas and B.Chalmers, Acta Metall. 3, 17 (1955).
T.Watanabe, S.Kitamura, and S.Karashima, Acta Metall. 28, 455 (1980).
T.Watanabe, J. Phys. France 46, C4–555 (1985).
M.Biscondi, J. Phys. France 43, C6–293 (1982).
B.W.Krakauer and D.N.Seidman, Mater. Sci. Forum 126–128, 161 (1993).
T.Watanabe, T.Murakami, and S.Karashima, Scripta Metall. 12, 361 (1978).
J.P.Hirth and J.Lothe, Theory of Dislocation (Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 1982).
A.Fraczkiewicz and M.Biscondi, J. Phys. France 46, C4–497 (1985).
J.Stolarz and J.LeCoze, J. Phys. France 51, C1–641 (1990).
D.N.Seidman, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 137, 57 (1991).
J.G.Hu and D.N.Seidman, Scripta Metall. Mater. 27, 693 (1992).
B.W.Krakauer and D.N.Seidman, Mater. Sci. Forum 154–156, 189 (1994).
S.Suzuki, K.Abiko, and H.Kimura, Scripta Metall. 15, 1139 (1981).
D.Bouchet and L.Priester, Scripta Metall. 20, 961 (1986).
D.Bouchet and L.Priester, Scripta Metall. 21, 475 (1987).
D.Wolf, J. Phys. France 46, C1–197 (1985).
S.Hofmann and P.Lejček, Scripta Metall. Mater. 25, 2259 (1991).
P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, Mater. Sci. Forum 126–128, 157 (1993).
V.Paidar, Acta Metall. 35, 2035 (1987).
V.Paidar, Philos. Mag. A 66, 41 (1992).
M.P.Seah and C.Lea, Philos. Mag. 31, 627 (1975).
M.Tvrdý, R.Seidl, L.Hyspecká, and K.Mazanec, Scripta Metall. 19, 51 (1985).
D.Alaoua, A.Larère, S.Lartigue, and L.Priester, Mater. Sci. Forum 126–128, 185 (1993).
J.Bernardini, F.Cabané, and J.Cabané, Surface Sci. 162, 519 (1985).
T.Muschik, S.Hofmann, and W.Gust, Scripta Metall. 22, 349 (1987).
T.Muschik, S.Hofmann, W.Gust, and B.Predel, Appl. Surf. Sci. 37, 449 (1989).
U.Otterbein, S.Hofmann, and M.Rühle, MRS Symp. Proc. 288, 183 (1993).
P.Lejček, A.V.Krajnikov, Yu.N.Ivashchenko, M.Militzer, and J.Adámek, Surface Sci. 280, 325 (1993).
P.Lejček, A.V.Krajnikov, Yu. N.Ivashchenko, and J.Adámek, Surface Sci. 269–270, 1147 (1992).
S.Hofmann and J.Erlewein, Scripta Metall. 10, 857 (1976).
C.Lea and M.P.Seah, Philos. Mag. 35, 213 (1977).
G.Rowlands and D.P.Woodruff, Philos. Mag. A 40, 459 (1979).
S.Hofmann and J.Erlewein, Surface Sci. 77, 591 (1978).
G.L.P.Berning and W.J.Coleman, Surface Sci. 173, 411 (1986).
J.duPlessis and P.E.Viljoen, Surface Sci. 131, 131 (1983).
S.Hofmann, Mater. Sci. Eng. 42, 55 (1980).
K.Henessen, H.Keller, and H.Viefhaus, Scripta Metall. 18, 1319 (1984).
E.C.Viljoen and J.duPlessis, Surf. Interface Anal. 23, 110 (1995).
G.Luckman, in Auger Electron Spectroscopy, edited by C.L.Briant and R.P.Messmer (Academic Press, Boston, 1988), p. 17.
W.R.Tyson, Acta Metall. 26, 1471 (1978).
M.Militzer and J.Wieting, Acta Metall. 34, 1229 (1986).
M.Militzer, Yu.N.Ivashchenko, A.V.Krajnikov, P.Lejček, and J.Wieting, Prog. Surf. Sci. 35, 205 (1991).
M.Militzer, Yu.N.Ivashchenko, A.V.Krajnikov, P.Lejček, J.Wieting, and S.A.Firstov, Surface Sci. 261, 267 (1992).
M.Militzer and S.Hofmann, Scripta Metall. Mater. 31, 1501 (1994).
M.Militzer and S.Hofmann, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 13, 1493 (1995).
M.P.Seah, Acta Metall. 30, 345 (1977).
C.L.Briant and R.P.Messmer, Acta Metall. 30, 1811 (1982).
M.P.Seah, Acta Metall. 28, 955 (1980).
H.Hofmann and S.Hofmann, Scripta Metall. 18, 77 (1984).
J.R.Rice and J.-S.Wang, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 107, 23 (1989).
G.L.Krasko and G.B.Olson, Sol. State Commun. 76, 247 (1990).
R.Wu, A.J.Freeman, and G.B.Olson, J. Mater. Res. 7, 2403 (1992).
W.Losch, in Chemistry and Physics of Fracture, edited by R.M.Latanision and R.H.Jones (Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1987), p. 461.
M.Menyhard, C.J.McMahonJr., P.Lejček, and V.Paidar, in Interfacial Structure, Properties and Design, edited by M.H.Yoo, W.A.T.Clark, and C.L.Briant MRS, Pittsburgh, 1989). MRS Symp. Proc. 122, 255 (1989).
M.Menyhard, B.Rothman, C.J.McMahonJr., P.Lejček, and V.Paidar, Acta Metall. Mater. 39, 1289 (1991).
P.Lejček, J.Brádler, V.Paidar, and M.Koutník, J. Mater. Sci. 22, 3974 (1987).
P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7, 646 (1988).
P.Lejček, J.Brádler, M.Koutník, V.Paidar, and A.Potměšilová, Appl. Surf. Sci. 44, 75 (1990).
P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, Surface Sci. 307–309, 798 (1994).
P.Lejček and S.Hofmann, in Proc. ECASIA'95 (Wiley, Chichester, 1996). In press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hofmann, S., Leiĉek, P. Solute segregation at grain boundaries. Interface Sci 3, 241–267 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194704
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194704