Abstract
Microcalorimetry has been demonstrated to be a suitable on-line method for monitoring the lipid production phase of oleaginous yeasts. The choice of lipid extraction method for the oil accumulated by oleaginous yeasts is highly important both for accuracy when quantifying the lipid level and determining the fatty acid composition. The energy content of Rhodotorula glutinis increased from 23.0 kJ/g to 30.6 kJ/g dry biomass during the lipid-accumulating phase and was directly correlated to the analysed level of lipids, when an alkaline hydrolysis extraction method was used. Consequently, bomb-calorimetric measurements of the energy content were shown to be an indirect method of quantifying the lipid content in oleaginous yeasts. The fatty acid composition remained rather constant during the batch growth of Rh. glutinis with approximately 70% unsaturated C18 fatty acids. The high energy content as well as the fatty acid composition of Rh. glutinis makes this yeast a better candidate for use as aquaculture feed compared with the commonly used Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Andlid T, Vazquez-Juarez R, Gustafsson L (1995) Yeast colonizing the intestine of fish. Microbial Ecology (in press)
Appelbaum S (1977) Geeigneter ersatz für lebendnahrung von karpenbrut? Arch Fischerei Wiss 28:31–43
Bagchi S, Dutta J (1979) Methods for yeast lipid extraction. J Indian Chem Soc 56:726–730
Bligh E G, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917
Blomberg A, Larsson C, Gustafsson L (1988) Microcalorimetric monitoring of growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: osmotolerance in relation to physiological state. J Bacteriol 170:4562–4568
Chapman J D (1988) Probiotics, acidifiers and yeast culture: a place for natural additives in pig and poultry production. In: Lyons TP (ed) Biotechnology in the feed industry, Proceedings of Alltech's 4th Annual Symposium, Nicholasville, Kentucky, pp 219–233
Cole N A, Purdy CW, Hutcheson DP (1992) Influence on feeder calves and lambs. J. Anim Sci 70:1682–1690
Cooksey KE, Guckert JB, Williams SAC, Callis PR (1987) Fluorometric determination of the neutral lipid content of microalgal cells using Nile red. J Microbiol Methods 6:333–345
Coutteau, P, Brendonock L, Lavens P, Sorgeloos P (1992) The use of manipulated bakers yeast as an algal substitute for the laboratory culture of Anostraca. Hydrobiologia 234:25–32
Dendrinos P, Thorpe JP (1987) Experiments on the artificial regulation of the amino acid and fatty acid contents of food organisms to meet the assessed nutritional requirements of larval, post-larval and juvenile Dover sole (Solea solea). Aquaculture 61:121–164
Evans CT, Ratledge C (1983) A comparison of the oleaginous yeast, Candida curvata, grown on different carbon sources in continuous and batch culture. Lipids 18:623–629
Evans CT, Ratledge C (1984) Influence of nitrogen metabolism by Rhodosporidium toruloides CBS 14. J Gen Microbiol 130:1705–1710
Frolov AV, Pankov SL, Geradze KN, Pankova SA, Spektorova LV (1991) Influence of the biochemical composition of food on the biochemical composition of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Aquaculture 97:181–202
Fuller R (1973) History and development of probiotics. In: probiotics: the scientific basis. Fuller R (ed), Chapman & Hall, London, pp 1–8
Gelinas P, Fiset G, Willemot C, Goulet J (1990) Lipid content and cryotolerance of baker's yeast in frozen doughs. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:463–468
Gill CO, Hall MJ, Ratledge C (1977) Lipid accumulation in oleaginous yeast (Candida 107) growing on glucose in single stage continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 33:231–239
Granger, L-M, Perlot P, Goma G, Pareilleux A (1992) Kinetics of growth and fatty acid production of Rhododotorula glutinis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 37:13–17
Gurakan T, Marison IW, Stockar U von, Gustafsson L, Gnaiger E (1990) Proposals for a standardized sample handling procedure for the determination of elemental composition and enthalpy of combustion of biological material. Thermochim Acta 172:251–266
Gustafsson L (1991) Microbial calorimetry. Thermochim Acta 193:145–171
Hansson L, Dostalek M (1986) Effect on culture conditions on fatty acid composition in lipids produced by the yeast Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus. J Am Oil Chem Soc 63:1179–1184
Hove HT, Grahl-Nielsen O (1991) Fatty acid composition of start-feeding salmon (Salmo salar) larvae. Aquaculture 96:305–319
Hunter K, Rose AH (1972) Lipid composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as influenced by growth temperature. Biochim Biophys Acta 260:639–653
Höfer M, Betz A, Kotyk A (1971) Metabolism of the obligatory aerobic yeast Rhodotorula gracilis. IV Induction of an enzyme necessary for d-xylose catabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 252:1–12
Imada O (1979) Development of a new yeast as a culture medium for living feeds used in the production of fish seed. Bull Jnp Soc Sci Fish 45:955–959
Iwasaki H, Kamiyta S (1977) Cultivation of marine copeopod Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato. Bull Plankton Soc Jnp 24:44–54
Johnson V, Singh M, Saini VS (1992) Bioemulsifier production by an oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis IIP-30. Biotechnol Lett 14:487–490
Kadowaki S, Nakazono T, Ioku S, Kasedo T, Hirata H (1980) Seed production of scallop Chlamys nobilis (Reeve). II. Mixture diet of marine yeast and Chlorella sp for the veliger larvae. Mem Fac Fish Kagoshima Univ 29:209–215
Kessel, RHJ (1968) Fatty acids of Rhodotorula gracilis: fat production in submerged culture and the particular effect of pH value. J Appl Bacteriol 31:220–231
Kitajima, C, Arakawa T, Oowa F, Fujita S, Imada O, Watanabe T, Yone Y (1980) Dietary value for red sea bream larvae of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis cultured with a new type of yeast. Bull Jnp Soc Sci Fish 46:43–46
Larsson C, Blomberg A, Gustafsson L (1991) Use of microcalorimetric monitoring in establishing continuous determination of substrate and product concentrations of batch-grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 38:447–458
Larsson C, Gurakan T, Buccino R-M, Marison IW, Stockar U von (1993) Heat of combustion and elemental composition of yeasts: the importance of strain, growth rate, growth phase and environmental conditions in batch and continuous cultures. (in press)
Liljenberg C, Kates M (1985) Changes in lipid composition of oat root membranes as a function of water-deficit stress. Can J Biochem Cell Biol 63:77–84
Lubzens E, Marko A, Tietz A (1985) De novo synthesis of fatty acids in the rotifer, Brachoionus plicatilis. Aquaculture 47:27–37
Mahnken C,. Spinelli J, Waknitz W (1980) Evaluation of an alkane yeast (Candida sp) as a substitute for fish meal in oregon moist pellet: feeding trials with coho salmon and rainbow trout. Aquaculture 20:41–56
Moon NJ, Hammond EG (1978) Oil production by fermentation of lactose and the effect of temperature on the fatty acid composition. J Am Oil Chem Soc 55:683–688
Moore MM, Breedveld W, Autor AP (1988) The role of carotenoids in preventing oxidative damage in the pigmented yeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Arch Biochem Biophys 270:419–431
Moreton RS (1989) Yeast lipid estimation by enzymatic nuclear magnetic resonanse methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:3009–3011
Nagata WD, Whyte JNC (1992) Effects of yeasts and algal diets on the growth and biochemical composition of the rotiferBrachionus plicatilis (Müller) in culture. Aquacult Fish Manage 23:13–21
Nelis HJ, De Leenheer AP (1990) Microbial sources of carotenoid pigments used in foods and feeds. J Appl Bacteriol 70:181–191
Norkrans B (1966) On the occurrence of yeasts in an eustary of the Swedish west coast. Sven Bot Tidskri 60:443–482
Owen JM, Adron JM, Middelton C, Cowey CB (1975) Elongation and desaturation of dietary fatty acids in turbot Scopthalamus maximus L., and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii Rich Lipids 10:528–531
Partali V, Olsen Y, Foss P, LIaaen-Jensen S (1985) Carotenoids in food chain studies. I. Comp Biochem Physiol 82B:767–772
Prapulla SG, Jacob Z, Chand N, Rajalakshmi D, Karanth NG (1992) Maximization of lipid production by Rhodotorula gracilis CFR-1 using response surface methodology. Biotechnol Bioeng 40:965–970
Ratledge C (1988) Biochemistry, stoichiometry, substrates and economics. In: Single cell oil. Moreton RS (ed), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp 3–70
Ratledge C (1989) Lipids and their metabolism. In: Rose AH, Harrison JS, (eds) The yeasts, vol 3. Academic press, London, pp 367–455
Ratledge C, Boulton CA (1985) Fats and oils. In: Drew S, Wang DIC, Blanch H (eds) Comprehensive biotechnology, vol 3. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 983–1003
Rattray JBM, Schibeci A, Kidby DK (1975) Lipids of yeasts. Bacteriol Rev 39:197–231
Sobus MT, Holmlund CE (1975) Extraction of lipids from yeast. Lipids 11:341–348
Suukuusk J, Wadsö I (1982) A multichannel micro-calorimeter system. Chem Scri 20:155–163
Vazquez-Juarez R, Andlid T, Gustafsson L (1994) Cell surface hydrophobicity and its relation to adhesion of yeasts isolated from fish gut. Colloids Surfaces 2:199–208
Vazquez-Juarez R, Ascencio F, Andlid T, Gustafsson L, Wadström T (1993) The expression of potential colonization factors of yeasts isolated from fish different growth conditions. J Can Microbiol 39:1135–1141
Watanabe T, Ohita M, Kitajima C, Fujita S (1982) Improvement of the dietary value of brine shrimp Artemia salina for fish larvae by feeding them on Ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 48:1775–1782
Wilson K, McLeod BJ (1976) The influence of conditions of growth on the endogenous metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effect on protein, carbohydrate, sterol and fatty acid content and on viability. Antonie van Leeuvenhoek 42:397–410
Ykema A, Verbree C, Van Verseveld HW, Smit H (1986) Mathematical modelling of lipid production by oleaginous yeasts in continuous cultures. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 52:491–506
Ykema A, Verbree E C, Kater MM, Smit H (1988) Optimization of lipid production in the oleaginous yeast Apriotrichum curvatum in whey-permeate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 29:211–218
Zhelifonova VP, Krylova NI, Dedyukhina EG, Eroshin VK (1983) Investigation on lipid-forming yeasts growing on a medium with ethanol. Mikrobiologiya 52:219–224
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Andlid, T., Larsson, C., Liljenberg, C. et al. Enthalpy content as a function of lipid accumulation in Rhodotorula glutinis . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42, 818–825 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00191175
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00191175