Abstract
The influence of current forest management practices on gene pools is discussed. These forest management methods range from natural regeneration to replacing local species with exotics. Genetic changes caused by drift, alterations in the mating system, and directional selection are considered. A baseline is provided by information on genetic variation and demography of natural populations. While biochemical markers are useful for monitoring broad changes in genetic diversity or levels of inbreeding, changes of adaptive characters are likely to go undetected because of the low correlation in level and pattern of variation between biochemical and adaptive characters.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Atipanumpai, L. 1989. Acacia mangium: Studies on the genetic variation in ecological and physiological characteristics of a fast growing plantation tree species. Acta Forestalia Fennica 206: 1–92.
Barbour, R. J. and Kellogg, R. M. 1990. Forest management and end-product quality: a Canadian perspective. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 405–415.
Barrett, J. W., Knowles, P. and Cheliak, W. M. 1987. The mating system in a black spruce clonal seed orchard. Can. J. For. Res. 17: 379–382.
Beekeman, W. B. 1949. Hout in alle tijden. I. Prae-historie en Historie tot en met de Iraniers. Kluwer, Deventer/Batavia/ Bandoeng/Semarang/Soerabaia, 714 pp.
Benzer, B. G., Foster, G. S., Hellberg, A. R. and Podzorski, A. C. 1988. Genotype x environment interaction in Norway spruce involving three levels of genetic control: seed source, clone mixture and clone. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1172–1181.
Bergmann, F. 1978. The allelic distribution at an acid phosphatase locus in Norway spruce (Picea abies) along similar climatic gradients. Theor. Appl. Genet. 52: 57–64.
Booth, T. H., Nix, H. A., Hutchinson, M. F. and Jovanovic, T. 1988. Niche analysis and tree species introduction. For. Ecol. Manage. 23: 47–59.
Burley, F. W. 1988. The tropical forestry action plan: recent progress and new initiatives. pp. 403–408. In: Wilson, E. O. (Ed) Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 521 pp.
Campbell, R. K. 1979. Genecology of Douglas-fir in a watershed in the Oregon Cascades. Ecology 60: 1036–1050.
Cheliak, W. M., Murray, G. and Pitel, J. A. 1988. Genetic effects of phenotypic selection in white spruce. For. Ecol. Manage. 24: 139–149.
Cheliak, W. M. and Rogers, D. L. 1990. Integrating biotechnology into tree improvement programs. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 452–463.
Daniels, J. D. 1984. Role of tree improvement in intensive forest management. For. Ecol. Manage. 8: 161–195.
El-Kassaby, Y. A., Fashler, A. M. K. and Crown, M. 1989. Variation in fruitfulness in a Douglas-fir seed orchard and its effect on crop-management decisions. Silvae Genet. 38: 113–121.
Ellstrand, N. C., Torres, A. M. and Levin, D. A. 1978. Density and the rate of apparent outcrossing in Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot. 3: 403–407.
Epperson, B. K. and Allard, R. W. 1989. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of the distribution of genotypes within populations of lodgepole pine. Genetics 121: 369–377.
Erickson, V. J. and Adams, W. T. 1989. Mating success in a coastal Douglas-fir seed orchard as affected by distance and floral phenology. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 1248–1255.
Eriksson, G., Andersson, S., Eiche, V., Ifver, J. and Persson, A. 1980. Severity index and transfer effects on survival and volume production of Pinus sylvestris in northern Sweden. Studia Forestalia Suecica 156: 1–32.
Eriksson, G., Jonsson, A. and Lindgren, D. 1973. Flowering in a clone trial of Picea abies. Studia Forestalia Suecica 110: 1–44.
Evans, J. 1987. Site and species selection — changing perspectives. For. Ecol. Manage. 21: 299–310.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 1985. Tropical Forestry Action Plan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics, Rome, 159 pp.
Farris, M. A. and Mitton, J. B. 1984. Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38: 1151–1154.
Franklin, J. F. 1988. Structural and functional diversity in temperate forests. pp. 166–175. In: Wilson, E. O. (Ed) Biodiversity 5. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Furnier, G. R., Knowles, P., Clyde, M. A. and Dancik, B. P. 1987. Effects of avian seed dispersal on the genetic structure of whitebark pine populations. Evolution 41: 607–612.
Gladstone, W. T. and Ledig, F. T. 1990. Reducing pressure on natural forests through high yield forestry. For. Ecol. Manage. 35: 69–78.
Hamrick, J. L. 1983. The distribution of genetic variation within and among natural populations. pp. 335–348. In: Scoenewald-Cox, C. M., Chambers, S. M., MacBryde, B. and Thomas, W. L. (Eds) Genetics and conservation. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park.
Harju, A. and Muona, O. 1989. Background pollination in Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Scand. J. For. Res. 4: 513–520.
Hasenkamp, J. G. 1978. Betriebswirtschaftliche Auswirkungen der naturgemässen Waldwirtschaft. Der Forst- und Holzwirt 33: 278–280.
Hattemer, H., Gregorius, H.-R., Ziehe, N. and Müller-Starck, G. 1982. Klonenanzahl forstlichen Samenplantagen und Genetische Vielfalt. Allg. Forst U. J. Ztg 153: 183–191.
Jonsson, A., Ekberg, I. and Eriksson, G. 1976. Flowering in a seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris L. Studia Forestalia Suecica 135: 1–38.
Kitzmiller, J. H. 1990. Managing genetic diversity in a tree improvement program. For. Ecol. Manage. 35: 131–149.
Koski, V. 1970. A study of pollen dispersal as a mechanism of gene flow. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 75(3): 1–30.
Koski, V. and Tallqvist, R. 1978. Tuloksia monivuotisista kukinnan ja siemensadon määrän mittauksista metsäpuilla. Folia Forestalia 364: 1–60.
Kuittinen, H., Muona, O., Kärkkäinen, K. and Borzan, Z. 1991. Serbian spruce, a narrow endemic, contains much genetic variation. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 363–367.
Lagercrantz, U. and Ryman, N. 1990. Genetic structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies): concordance of morphological and allozymic variation. Evolution 44: 38–53.
Lande, R. 1980. Genetic variation and phenotypic evolution during allopatric speciation. Am. Nat. 116: 463–479.
. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241: 1455–1460.
Langner, W. 1959. Selbstfertilität und Inzucht bei Picea omorica (Pancic) Purkyne. Silvae Genet. 8: 84–93.
Ledig, F. T. 1986. Conservation strategies for forest gene resources. For. Ecol. Manage. 14: 77–90.
Ledig, F. T. and Conkle, M. T. 1983. Gene diversity and genetic stucture in a narrow endemic, torrey pine (Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carr.). Evolution 37: 70–85.
Lindquist, B. 1946. Den skogliga rasforskningen och praktiken. Svenska Skogsvårdsföreföreningens förlag. Stockholm, 176 pp.
Loehle, C. and Namkoong, G. 1987. Constraints on tree breeding: growth tradeoffs, growth strategies, and defense investments. Forest Sci. 33: 1089–1097.
Mahlein, D. and Hemstrom, M. 1988. Ecosystem management, a new forestry. Forest Watch 8(8): 8–10.
Makkonen, O. 1967. Ancient forestry. An historical study. Part I. Facts and information on trees. Acta Forestalia Fennica 82.3: 1–84.
Matheson, A. C., Eldridge, K. G., Brown, A. G. and Spencer, D. J. 1986. Wood volume gains from first-generation radiata pine seed orchards. CSIRO Div. For. Res. User Ser no. 4,13 pp.
McDermott, J. M. and Robinson, R. A. 1989. Provenance variation for disease resistance in Pseudotsuga menziesii to the Swiss needle-cast pathogen, Phaeocrytopus gaeumannii. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 244–246.
Mikola, J. 1982. Bud-set phenology as an indicator of climatic adaptation of Scots pine in Finland. Silva Fennica 16: 178–184.
Millar, C. 1989. Allozyme variation of bishop pine associated with pygmy-forest soils in northern California. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 870–879.
Mitton, J. B., Stutz, H. P., Schuster, W. S. and Shea, K. L. 1989. Genotypic differentiation PGM in Engelmann spruce from wet and dry sites. Silvae Genet. 38: 217–221.
Moran, G. F. and Bell, J. C. 1987. The origin and genetic diversity of Pinus radiata in Australia. Theor. Appl. Genet. 73: 616–622.
Moran, G. F., Bell, J. C. and Griffin, A. R. 1989a. Reduction in levels of inbreeding in a seed orchard of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. compared with natural populations. Silvae Genet. 38: 32–36.
Moran, G. F., Muona, O. and Bell, J. C. 1989b. Acacia mangium: a tropical forest tree of the coastal lowlands with low genetic diversity. Evolution 43: 231–235.
Muona, O. 1989. Population genetics in forest tree improvement. pp. 282–298. In: Brown, A. H. D., Clegg, M. T., Kahler, A. L. and Weir, B. S. (Eds) Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
Muona, O. and Harju, A. 1989. Effective population sizes, genetic variability, and mating system in natural stands and seed orchards of Pinus sylvestris. Silvae Genet. 38: 221–228.
Muona, O., Harju, A. and Kärkkäinen, K. 1988. Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scand. J. For. Res. 3: 37–46.
Muona, O. and Kärkkäinen, K. 1989. Reproductive effort and reproductive success in Pinus sylvestris. Abstracts of 2nd European Conference on Evolutionary Biology, Rome, Italy, 1989.
Namkoong, G. 1989. Population genetics and the dynamics of conservation. pp. 161–181. In: Knutson, L. and Stoner A. K. (Eds) Biotic diversity and germplasm preservation, global imperatives. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Neale, D. B. 1985. Genetic implications of shelterwood regeneration of Douglas-fir in Southwest Oregon. Forest Science 31: 995–1005.
—. 1992. Use of DNA markers in forest tree improvement research. This issue (pp. 391–407).
Neale, D. B. and Adams, W. T. 1985a. The mating system in natural and shelterwood stands of Douglas-fir. Theor. Appl. Genet. 71: 201–207.
—. 1985b. Allozyme and mating-system variation in balsam fir (Abies balsamea) across a continuous elevational transect. Can. J. Bot. 2448–2453.
Nikkanen, T. and Velling, P. 1987. Correlations between flowering and some characteristics of grafts of Pinus sylvestris. For. Ecol. Manage. 19: 35–40.
Perry, D. J. and Knowles, P. 1991. Spatial genetic structure within three sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands. Heredity 66: 137–142.
Rehfeldt, G. E. 1988. Ecological genetics of Pinus contorta from the Rocky Mountains (USA): a synthesis. Silvae Genet. 37: 131–135.
. 1989. Ecological adaptations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca): a synthesis. For. Ecol. Manage. 28: 203–215.
Schmidtling, R. C. 1981. The inheritance of precocity and its relationship with growth in loblolly pines. Silvae Genet. 30: 188–192.
Schoen, D. J. and Cheliak, W. M. 1987. Genetics of the polycross. 2. Male fertility variation in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Theor. Appl. Genet. 74: 554–559.
Schoen, D. J. and Stewart, S. C. 1986. Variation in male reproductive investment and male reproductive success in white spruce. Evolution 40: 1109–1120.
Sedgley, M. and Griffin, A. R. 1989. Sexual reproduction of tree crops. Academic Press, London, 378 pp.
Shaw, D. V. and Allard, R. W. 1982. Isozyme heterozygosity in adult and open-pollinated embryo samples of Douglas-fir. Silva Fennica 16: 115–121.
Shea, K. 1987. Effects of population structure and cone production on outcrossing rates in Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. Evolution 41: 124–136.
Sirikul, W. and Luukkanen, O. 1987. Promotion of flowering using exogenous plant hormones in tropical pines. For. Ecol. Manage. 19: 155–161.
Skroppa T. and Tutturen, R. 1985. Flowering in Norway spruce seed orchards. Silvae Genet. 34: 90–95.
Strauss, S. H. and Tsai, C.-H. 1988. Ribosomal gene number variability in Douglas-fir. J. Heredity 79: 453–458.
Szmidt, A. E. and Muona, O. 1985. Genetic effects of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) domestication. pp. 241–252. In: Gregorius H. R. (Ed) Population genetics in Forestry. Lecture notes in biomathematics 60. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Tigerstedt, P. M. A. 1973. Studies on isozyme variation in marginal and central populations of Picea abies. Hereditas 75: 47–60.
Turnbull, J. W. 1987. (Ed) Australian Acacias in developing Countries. ACIAR Proceeding no. 16. 196 pp.
Wheeler, N. 1992. The use of electrophoretic markers in seed orchard research. This issue (pp. 311–328).
Wyant, F. G., Omi, P. N. and Laven, R. D. 1986. Fire induced mortality in Colorado ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stand. Forest Sci. 32: 49–60.
Yazdani, R., Muona, O., Rudin, D. and Szmidt, A. E. 1985. Genetic structure of a Pinus sylvestris seed-tree stand and naturally regenerated understory. Forest Sci. 31: 430–436.
Yearbook of forest statistics 1987. Folia Forestalia 715: 1–245.
Zobel, B. J. and Talbert, J. T. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 505 pp.
Zobel, B. J., van Wyk, G. and Stahl, P. 1987. Growing exotic forests. John Wiley, New York. 508 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Savolainen, O., Kärkkäinen, K. Effect of forest management on gene pools. New Forest 6, 329–345 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120651
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120651