Abstract
The Three Refuges chant that usually begins Buddhist ceremonies reflects the three ultimate components of Buddhism. One becomes a Buddhist by accepting and pursuing the three. The route to enlightenment commences with accepting the Dhamma [dharma] (teachings), starting with the Four Noble Truths, and then following the Noble Eightfold Path (explained below).1
Buddham saranam gacchami. Dhammam saranam gacchami. Sangham saranam gacchami.
In the Buddha I take refuge. In his teaching I take refuge. In the monastic community I take refuge.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliography
Allendorf, Fred W. and Bruce A. Byers. ‘Salmon in the net of Indra: a Buddhist view of nature and communities.’ Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 2(l): 37–52.
Altman, Nathaniel. Sacred Trees. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1994.
Badiner, Allan Hunt, ed. Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology. Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1990.
Barash, David P. ‘The ecologist as Zen master.’ American Midland Naturalist 89: 214–217,1973.
Barber, Richard. Pilgrimages. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer, Ltd., 1991.
Batchelor, Stephen. The Awakening of the West. London: Aquarian, 1994.
Batchelor, Martine and Kerry Brown, eds. Buddhism and Ecology. London: Cassell Publishers, 1992. Bauman, Martin, Martine and Kerry Brown, eds. Buddhism and Ecology. London: Cassell Publishers, 1992.
Bauman, Martin. ‘The Dharma has come West: a survey of recent studies and sources.’ Journal of Buddhist Ethics 4: 1–10, 1997.
Bloom, Alfred. ‘Buddhism, nature and the environment.’ The Eastern Buddhist 5 (1): 115–129, 1972
Bodhi, Bhikkhu. ‘Foreword.’ In Buddhist Perspectives on the Ecocrsis, Klas Sandell, ed. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publications Society, 1987, pp. v–viii.
Bodhi, Bihikkhu. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995.
Brown, Kerry. ‘In the water there were fish and the field were full of rice: reawakening the lostharmony of Thailand.’ In Buddhism and Ecology, Martine Batchelor and Kerry Brown, ed., 1992, pp. 87–99.
Buddhadasa Bhikkhu. Heartwood of the Bodhi Tree. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1994. Buddhadasa Bhikkhu. ‘Conserving the inner ecology.’ Tricycle 8 (2): 73–75, 1998.
Buddhist Institute. Cry from the Forest: A Buddhism and Ecology Community Learning Tool. Phnom Penh: Buddhist Institute, 1999.
Calkowski, Marcia. ‘Buddhism.’ In Religion and Culture: An Anthropological Focus, Raymond Scupin, ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000, pp. 249–274.
Callicott, J. Baird, and Roger T. Ames, eds. Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
Chapple, Christopher Key. Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Chapple, Christopher Key. ‘Animals and environment in the Buddhist birth stories.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 131–148.
Clarke, J.J. Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. New York: Routledge,1997.
Conze, Edward. Buddhist Scriptures. New York: Penguin, 1959.
Cowell, E.B., ed. Jataka Stories. London: Pali Text Society, volumes I–VI, 1895–1905.
Darlington, Susan Marie. ‘The ordination of a tree: the Buddhist ecology movement in Thailand.’ Ethnology 37 (1): 1–15, 1998.
Darlington, Susan Marie. ‘Rethinking Buddhism and development: the emergence of environmental monks in Thailand.’ Journal of Buddhist Ethics 7: 1–14, 2000.
Davies, Shann, ed. Tree of Life: Buddhism and Protection of Nature. Geneva, Switzerland: Buddhist Perception of Nature, 1987.
Dhamma, Rewata. The First Discourse of the Buddha. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1997.
Eckel, Malcolm David. ‘Is there a Buddhist philosophy of nature?’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 327–349.
Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1999.
Erdosy, George. ‘Deforestation in pre-and protohistoric South Asia.’ In Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 51–69.
Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, and Michael S. Diener. The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Boston: Shambhala,1991.
Ford, Brian J. Sensitive Souls: Senses and Communication in Plants, Animals and Microbes. London: Little, Brown, and Company, 1999.
Gadgil, Madhav and Ramachandra Guha. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
Gelbard, Alene. ‘Human population stabilization.’ In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Simon Asher Levin, ed. San Diego, California: San Diego, 2001, vol. 4, pp. 799–810.
Graham, Mark, and Philip Round. Thailand’s Vanishing Flora and Fauna. Bangkok: Finance One Public, 1994.
Gross, Rita M. ‘Buddhist resources for issues of population, consumption, and the environment.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 291–311.
Habito, Ruben L.F. Healing Breath: Zen Spirituality for a Wounded Earth. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1996.
Harris, Ian. ‘How environmentalist is Buddhism?’ Religion 21: 101–114, 1991.
Harris, Ian. ‘Buddhism.’ In Attitudes to Nature, Jean Holm and John Bowker, eds. New York: Pinter Publishers, 1994, pp. 8–27.
Harris, Ian. ‘Buddhist environmental ethics and detraditionalization: the case of ecoBuddhism.’ Religion 25: 199–211, 1995a.
Harris, Ian. ‘Getting to grips with Buddhist environmentalism: a provisional typology.’ Journal of Buddhist Ethics 2: 173–190, 1995b.
Harris, Ian. ‘Buddhism and the discourse of environmental concern: some methodological problems.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 377–402.
Harris, Ian. ‘Buddhism and ecology.’ In Contemporary Buddhist Ethics, Damien Keown, ed. London: Curzon Press, 2000, pp. 113–116.
Holy Places of the Buddha. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing Co., 1994.
Jackson, Peter. Buddhadasa: A Buddhist Thinker for the Modern World. Bangkok: The Siam Society, 1988.
Johnson, Wendy and Stepahnie Kaza. ‘Earth Day at Green Gulch.’ Journal of the Buddhist Peace Fellowship, Summer 1990: 30–33.
Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn. A Cry from the Forest: Buddhist Perception of Nature, A New Perspective for Conservation Education. Bangkok: Wildlife Fund Thailand, 1987.
Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn. ‘Early Buddhist views on nature.’ In Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology, Allan Hunt Badiner, ed. Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1990, pp. 813.
Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn. Buddhism and Nature Conservation. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press, 1998.
Kapleau, Philip. To Cherish All Life: A Buddhist Case for Becoming Vegetarian. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1982.
Kaza, Stephanie. ‘Towards a Buddhist environmental ethic.’ Buddhism at the Crossroads, Fall 1990: 22–25.
Kaza, Stephanie. The Attentive Heart: Conversations with Trees. Boston: Shambhala Press, 1996.
Kaza, Stephanie. ‘American Buddhist response to the land: ecological practice at two West Coast retreat centers.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 219–248.
Kaza, Stephanie. ‘To save all beings: Buddhist environmental activism.’ In Engaged Buddhism in the West, Christopher S. Queen, ed. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000, pp. 159–183.
Kaza, Stephanie, and Kenneth Kraft, eds. Dharma Rain: Sources of Buddhist Environmentalism.
Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2000.
Keown, Damien. Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Ketudat, Sippanondha, and Robert B. Textor. The Middle Path for the Future of Thailand: Technology in Harmony with Culture and Environment. Honolulu: East-West Center and Chiang
Mai, Thailand: Chiang Mai University, 1990.
Khantipalo, Bhikkhu. Dhammapada: Growing the Bodhi Tree. Bangkok: Buddhist Association of Thailand, 1966.
King, Sallie B. Buddha Nature. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Kraft, Kenneth. ‘The greening of Buddhist practice.’ Cross Currents 44 (2): 163–179, 1994.
Kraft, Kenneth. ‘Nuclear ecology as engaged Buddhism.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 269–290.
Kunstadter, Peter. ‘The end of the frontier: culture and environment interactions in Thailand.’ In Culture and Environment in Thailand, Siam Society, ed. Bangkok: Siam Society, 1989, pp. 543–552.
LaFleur, William R. ‘Enlightenment for plants and trees.’ In Dharma Rain: Sources of Buddhist Environmentalism, Stephanie Kaza and Kenneth Kraft, eds. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2000, pp. 109–116.
Lewis, Todd T. ‘Buddhist communities: historical precedents and ethnographic paradigms.’ In Anthropology of Religion: A Handbook, Stephen D. Glazier, ed. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1997, pp. 319–368.
Ling, Trevor. The Buddha: Buddhist Civilization in India and Ceylon. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973.
Loori, John Daido. ‘The precepts and the environment.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 177–184.
Lopez, Donald S., Jr. The Story of Buddhism: A Concise Guide to its History and Teachings. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2001.
Lorie, Peter, and Julie Foakes. The Buddhist Directory. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1997.
Macy, Joanna. World As Lover, World As Self. Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1991.
Martin, Julia, ed. Ecological Responsibility: A Dialogue With Buddhism. Delhi: Tibet House, 1997.
Metzner, Ralph. Green Psychology: Transforming our Relationship to the Earth. Rochester: Park Street Press,1999.
Mills, Laurence-Khantipalo. Buddhism Explained. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 1999. Morgante, Amy. Buddhist Perspectives on the Earth Charter. Boston: Boston Research Center for the 21st Century, 1997. (Also see http://www.brc21.org/bec-toc.html).
Morreale, Don, ed. The Complete Guide to Buddhist America. Boston: Shambhala,1998.
Natadecha-Sponsel, Poranee. ‘Buddhist religion and scientific ecology as convergent perceptions of nature.’ In Essays on Perceiving Nature, Diana MacIntyre Deluca, ed. Honolulu: University of
Hawaii Perceiving Nature Conference Committee, 1988, pp. 113–118.
Nelson, Walter Henry. Buddha: His Life and His Teaching. New York: Penguin Putnam, 1996.
Nhat Hahn, Thich. Being Peace. Berkeley: Parallax Press,1987.
Nhat Hahn, Thich. ‘Earth Gathas.’ In Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology, Allan Hunt Badiner, ed. Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1990, pp. 195–196.
Nisker, Wes. Buddha’s Nature: A Practical Guide to Discovering Your Place in the Cosmos. New York: Bantam Books, 1998.
Norberg-Hodge, Helena. Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991.
Norberg-Hodge, Helena. ‘Economics, engagement, and exploitation in Ladakh.’ Tricycle 10(2): 77–79, 114–117, 2000.
Bhikkhu Nyanasobhano. Landscapes of Wonder: Discovering Buddhist Dhamma in the World Around Us. Boston: Wisdom Publications,1998.
Payutto, P.A. Buddhist Economics: A Middle Way for the Market Place. Bangkok: Buddhadhamma Foundation,1994.
Powers, John. A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Oxford: One World Publications, 2000. Queen, Christopher S., ed. Engaged Buddhism in the West. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000.
Queen, Christopher S. and Sallie B. King, eds. Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia. Albany: State University of New York Press,1996.
Phra Rajavarmuni. Thai Buddhism in the Buddhist World: A Survey of the Buddhist Situation Against a Historical Background. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University Wat Mahadhatu, 1984.
Reynolds, Frank E., and Jason A. Carbine, eds. The Life of Buddhism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
Rhys Davids, Caroline A.F. The Stories of the Buddha: Being Selectionsfrom the Jataka. New York: Dover Publications, 1989.
Robinson, Peter. ‘Some thoughts on Buddhism and the ethics of ecology.’ Proceedings of the New Mexico-West Texas Philosophical Society 7: 71–78, 1972.
Roscoe, Gerald. The Triple Gem: An Introduction to Buddhism. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 1994.
Ryan, P.D. Buddhism and the Natural World. Birmingham: Windhorse Publications,1998. Sadakata, Akira. Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co., 1997. Saddhatissa, Hammalawa. Buddhist Ethics. New York: G. Braziller,1970.
Saddhatissa, Hammalawa. Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha. Berkeley: Ulysses Press/Seastone,1998.
Sandell, Klas, ed. Buddhist Perspectives on the Ecocrisis. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1987.
Santikaro Bhikkhu. ‘Buddhadasa Bhikkhu: life and society through the natural eyes of voidness.’ In Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia, Christopher S. Queen and Sallie B. King, eds. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996, pp. 147–193.
Santikaro Bhikkhu. The Garden of Liberation. http://ksc.goldsite.com/Suanmokkh/archive/ garden1a.htm, pp. 1–15,2001.
Schmithausen, Lambert. Buddhism and Nature. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1991a.
Schmithausen, Lambert. The Problem of the Sentience of Plants in Earliest Buddhism. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1991b.
Schmithausen, Lambert. ‘The early Buddhist tradition and ecological ethics.’ Journal of Buddhist Ethics 4: 1–42, 1997.
Seager, Richard Hughes. Buddhism in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
Silva, Lily de. ‘The Buddhist attitude towards nature.’ In Buddhist Perspectives on the Ecocrisis, Klas Sandell, ed. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1987, pp. 9–29.
Silva, Padmasiri de. Environmental Philosophy and Ethics in Buddhism. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
Sivaraksa, Sulak. Seeds of Peace: A Buddhist Vision for Renewing Society. Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1992.
Sivaraksa, Sulak. Global Healing: Essays and Interviews on Structural Violence, Social Development, and Spiritual Transformation. Bangkok: Thai Inter-Religious Commission for Development and Sathirakoses-Nagapradipa Foundation, 1999.
Sivaraksa, Sulak, Uthai Dulayakasem, Anant Viriyaphinij, Niphon Chamduang, and Jonathan Watts, eds. Buddhist Perception for Desirable Societies in the Future. Bangkok: Thai Inter-Religious Commission for Development and Sathirakoses-Nagapradipa Foundation, 1993.
Sivaraksa, Sulak, Pracha Hutanuvatra, Nibhond Chaemduang, Santisukh Sobhanasiri, and Nicholas P. Kholer, eds. Radical Conservatism: Buddhism in the Contemporary World. Bangkok: The Sathirakoses-Nagapradipa Foundation, 1990.
Skolimowski, Henryk. Eco-Philosophy: Designing New Tactics for Living. Boston: M. Boyars, 1981. Skolimowski, Henryk. ‘Eco-philosophy and Buddhism.’ Buddhism at the Crossroads, Fall 1990: 26–29.
Snelling, John. The Buddhist Handbook. Rochester, New York: Inner Traditions, 1998.
Sponsel, Leslie E. ‘The historical ecology of Thailand: increasing thresholds of human environmental impact from prehistory to the present.’ In Advances in Historical Ecology, William Bale´e, ed.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, pp. 376–404.
Sponsel, Leslie E. ‘Do anthropologists need religion, and vice versa? Adventures and dangers in spiritual ecology.’ In New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections, Carole L. Crumley, ed. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, 2001a, pp. 177–200.
Sponsel, Leslie E. ‘Human impact on biodiversity, overview.’ In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Simon Asher Levin, Editor-in-Chief. Vol. 3, pp. 395–409. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001b.
Sponsel, Leslie E. and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel. ‘Buddhism, ecology and forests in Thailand: past, present and future.’ In Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today’s Challenges in Asia, Australasia and Oceania, John Dargavel, Kay Dixon, and Noel Semple, eds. Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 1988, pp. 305–325.
Sponsel, Leslie E. and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel. ‘The potential contribution of Buddhism in developing an environmental ethic for conservation of biodiversity.’ In Ethics, Religion and Biodiversity: Relations Between Conservation and Cultural Values, Lawrence S. Hamilton, ed. Cambridge, U.K.: The White Horse Press, 1993, pp. 75–97.
Sponsel, Leslie E. and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel. ‘The role of Buddhism in creating a more sustainable society in Thailand.’ In Counting the Costs: Economic Growth and Environmental Change in Thailand, Jonathan Rigg, ed. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995, pp. 27–46.
Sponsel, Leslie E. and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel. ‘A theoretical analysis of the potential contribution of the monastic community in promoting a green society in Thailand.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 41–68.
Sponsel, Leslie E., Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel, Nukul Ruttanadakul, and Somporn Juntadach. ‘Sacred and/or secular approaches to biodiversity conservation in Thailand.’ Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 2 (2): 155–167, 1998.
Sponsel, Leslie E. and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel. ‘Does Buddhism have any future? some thoughts on the possibilities of Buddhist responses to the 21st century.’ Seeds of Peace 16 (1): 36–39, 2000.
Stryk, Lucien. World of the Buddha: A Reader. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1968.
Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro. ‘The role of nature in Zen Buddhism.’ In Zen Buddhism: Selected Writings of D.T. Suzuki, William Barrett, ed. New York: Anchor Books, 1956, pp. 229–258.
Swearer, Donald K. ‘The hermeneutics of Buddhist ecology in contemporary Thailand: Buddhadasa and Dhammapitaka.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 21–44.
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-State: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu. The Buddhist Monastic Code. Valley Center, California: Metta Forest Monastery, 1994.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu. ‘Metta Forest Monastery.’ In The Complete Guide to Buddhist America, Don Morreale, ed. Boston: Shambhala, 1998. pp. 26–28.
Timmerman, Peter. ‘It is dark outside: Western Buddhism from the Enlightenment to the global crisis.’ In Buddhism and Ecology, Martine Batchelor and Kerry Brown, eds. London: Cassell Publishers, 1992, pp. 65–76.
Titmus, Christopher. The Green Budhha. London: Wisdom Publications, 1995.
Tiyavanich, Kamala. Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
Tuan, Yi-Fu. ‘Discrepancies between environmental attitude and behavior: examples from Europe and China.’ Canadian Geographer 12 (3): 176–191, 1968.
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Usher, Ann Danaiya. ‘After the forest: AIDS as ecological collapse in Thailand.’ Thai Development Newsletter 26: 20–32, 1994.
Vitousek, P.M., P.R. Ehrlich, A.H. Ehrlich, and P.A. Matson. ‘Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis.’ BioScience 36 (6): 368–373, 1986.
Waal, Frans de. Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1996.
Walsche, Maurice. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995.
Ward, Tim. What the Buddha Never Taught. Berkeley: Celestial Arts, 1993.
Watson, Burton. The Lotus Sutra. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Yamauchi, Jeff. ‘The greening of Zen Mountain Center: a case study.’ In Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds, Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Ryu:ken Williams, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. 249–265.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sponsel, L.E., Natadecha-Sponsel, P. (2003). Buddhist Views of Nature and the Environment. In: Selin, H. (eds) Nature Across Cultures. Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0149-5_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0149-5_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6271-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0149-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive