Abstract
The primary function of the blood platelet is in the process of haemostasis. Platelets respond to vascular injury, firstly, by adhesion to exposed subendothelial structures including collagen fibres and, secondly, by adhesion to each other to form a loose haemostatic plug; the surfaces of the activated platelets then promote the blood coagulation cascade and the formation of fibrin that stabilizes the plug (Mustard and Packham, 1977). Similar processes are involved in arterial thrombosis in which the platelet-fibrin deposits extend into the lumen of the vessel and obstruct blood flow. During the last twenty years our understanding of these processes has expanded rapidly with the recognition that the changes undergone by the platelet in the formation of a haemostatic plug are responses to specific stimuli acting on the platelet membrane. Many of these stimuli have been identified and function via specific receptors in a manner analogous to the effects of conventional pharmacological agonists on smooth muscle or secretory tissues (Mills and Macfarlane, 1976). Thus, most of these stimuli cause platelets to change from a discoid shape to a rounded appearance with numerous pseudopodia, after which the platelets adhere to each other to form large clumps (platelet aggregates). It has been suggested that the ultrastructural reorganisation associated with platelet shape change is contractile in nature (White, 1968). Strong stimuli cause the secretion of the contents of one or more types of platelet granule in a process known as the platelet release reaction (Holmsen, 1977). Some of these secretory products promote further platelet aggregation and secretion, whereas others act on the blood vessel wall: notably a mitogenic factor that may play a role in the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells during the development of atherosclerosis (Ross and Vogel, 1978).
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Abbreviations
- AMP:
-
Adenosine 5′-monophosphate
- ADP:
-
Adenosine 5′-diphosphate
- ATP:
-
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate
- GDP:
-
Guanosine 5′-diphosphate
- GTP:
-
Guanosine 5′-triphosphate
- IDP:
-
Inosine 5′-diphosphate
- ITP:
-
Inosine 5′-triphosphate
- CDP:
-
Cytidine 5′-diphosphate
- CTP:
-
Cytidine 5′-triphosphate
- UDP:
-
Uridine 5′-diphosphate
- UTP:
-
Uridine 5′-triphosphate
- 5-HT:
-
5-Hydroxytryptamine
- PGE1 :
-
Prostaglandin E1
- PGI2 :
-
Prostacyclin
- EDTA:
-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGTA:
-
Ethyleneglycol-bis (α-aminoethylether) N, N, N ‵ , N ‵-tetraacetic acid
- Cyclic AMP:
-
Adenosine cyclic 3′, 5′-monophosphate
- NDPK:
-
Nucleoside diphosphokinase
- Pi :
-
Inorganic phosphate
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Haslam, R.J., Cusack, N.J. (1981). Blood Platelet Receptors for ADP and for Adenosine. In: Burnstock, G. (eds) Purinergic Receptors. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5816-6_7
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