Abstract
Epidemiology is broadly defined as the study of disease in host populations. Basic epidemiological concepts and principles in relation to some of the most important areas of study are reviewed in this chapter, with particular reference to tropical virus diseases. One of the main aims is to show the role of epidemiology in developing and evaluating control measures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abo, M.E., Alegbejo, M.D., Sy, A.A., and Misari, S.M. (2000) An overview of the mode of transmission, host plants and methods of detection of rice yellow mottle viruses. J. Sustainable Agric. 17: 19–36.
A’Brook, J. (1964) The effect of planting date and spacing on the incidence of groundnut rosette disease and of the vector, Aphis craccivora Koch, at Mokwa, northern Nigeria. Ann. Appl, Biol. 54: 199–208.
Azzam, O., and Chancellor T.C.B., (2002) The biology, epidemiology and management of rice tungro disease in Asia. Plant Dis. 86: 88–100.
Bakker, W. (1974) Characterisation and ecological aspects of rice yellow mottle virus in Kenya. Agric. Res. Rept. No. 829. Wageningen: Pudoc.
Banks, G.K., Colvin, J., Chowda Reddy, R.V., Maruthi, M.N., Muniyappa, V., Venkatesh, H.M., Kiran Kumar, M., Padmaja, A.S., Beitia, F.J., and Seal, S.E. (2001) First report of the Bemisia tabaci B biotype in India and an associated Tomato leaf curl virus disease epidemic. Plant Dis. 85: 231.
Beemster, A.B.R. (1957) Some aspects of mature plant resistance to viruses in the potato. In: Proc. Third Conf. Potato Virus Dis. Lisse-Wageningen, 24-28 June 1957. pp. 212–217.
Bosque-Pérez, N.A., Olojede, S.O., and Buddenhagen, I.W. (1998) Effect of maize streak virus disease on the growth and yield of maize as influenced by varietal resistance levels and plant stage at time of challenge. Euphytica 101: 307–317
Brown, J.K. (1994) The status of Bemisia tabaci Genn. as a plant pest and virus vector in agro-ecosystems worldwide. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 42: 3–32.
Buddenhagen, I.W. (1977) Resistance and vulnerability of tropical crops in relation to their evolution and breeding. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc. 287: 309–326.
Castro, V., Rivera, C., Isard, S.A., Gámez, R., Fletcher, J., and Irwin, M.E. (1992) The influence of weather and microclimate on Dalbulbus maidis (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) flight activity and the incidence of diseases within maize and bean monocultures and bicultures in Tropical America. Ann. Appl. Biol. 121: 469–482.
Chan, M.S., and Jeger M.J. (1994) An analytical model of plant virus disease dynamics with roguing and replanting. J. Appl. Ecol. 31: 413–427.
Cornwell, P.B. (1958) Movements of the vectors of virus diseases of cacao in Ghana I. Canopy movement in and between trees. Bull. Ent. Res. 49: 613–630.
Davies, J.C. (1976) The incidence of rosette disease in groundnut in relation to plant density and its effect on yield. Ann. Appl. Biol. 82: 489–501.
Diekmann, M., and Putter, C.A.J. (1996). FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm No. 15 Musa spp. 2nd Edition. FAO/IPGRI, Rome.
Drijfhout, E. (1978) Genetic interaction between Phaseolus vulgaris and bean common mosaic virus with implications for strain identification and breeding for resistance. Agricultural Research Report 872. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen. 90pp.
Fargette, D., and Fauquet, C. (1988) A preliminary study on the influence of intercropping maize and cassava on the spread of African cassava mosaic virus by whiteflies. Asp. Appl. Biol. 17: 195–202.
Fargette, D., Fauquet, C., and Thouvenel, J.-C. (1988) Yield losses induced by African cassava mosaic virus in relation to the mode and the date of infection. Trop. Pest Man. 34:89–91.
Fargette, D., Jeger, M., Fauquet, C., and Fishpool, L.D.C. (1994) Analysis of temporal disease progress of African cassava mosaic virus. Phytopathology 84: 91–98.
Fargette, D., Muniyappa, V., Fauquet, C.M., N’Guessan, P., and Thouvenel, J.-C. (1993) Comparative epidemiology of three tropical whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Biochimie 75: 547–554.
Farrell, J.A.K. (1976) Effects of intersowing with beans on the spread of groundnut rosette virus by Aphid craccivora Koch (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Malawi. Bull. Entomol. Res. 66: 331–333.
Fauquet, C.M., and Stanley, J. (2003) Geminivirus classification and nomenclature: progress and problems. Ann. Appl. Biol. 102: 165–189.
Fondong, V.N., Thresh, J.M., and Zok, S. (2002) Spatial and temporal spread of cassava mosaic virus disease in cassava grown alone and when intercropped with maize and/or cowpea. J. Phytopathol. 150: 365–374.
Garcia-Arenal, F., Escru, F., Aranda, M.A., Alonso-Prados, J.L., Malpica, J.M., and Fraile, A. (2000) Molecular epidemiology of Cucumber mosaic virus and its satellite RNA. Virus Res. 71: 1–8.
Gaunt, M., Sall, A., Lamballerie, X., Falconar, A., Dzhivanian, I., and Gould, E. (2001) Phylognetic relations of flaviviruses correlate with the epidemiology, disease association and biogeography. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 1867–1876.
Gibbs, A.J., Keese, P.L., Gibbs, M.J., and Garcia-Arenal, F. (1999) Plant virus evolution: past, present and future, In: E. Domingo, R.W. Webster and J. Holland (eds.) ‘Origin and evolution of viruses’, pp. 263–285. Academic Press.
Gregory, P.H. (1968) Interpreting plant disease dispersal gradients. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 6: 189–212.
Harrison, B.D., and Robinson, D.J. (1988) Molecular variation in vector-borne plant viruses: epidemiological significance. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. B London 321: 447–462.
Harvey, P.H., Leigh Brown, A.J., Maynard Smith, J., and Nee, S. (1996) New uses for new phylogenies. Oxford University Press, 349 pp.
Hayes, T.R. (1932) Groundnut rosette disease in the Gambia. Trop. Agric., Trin. 19: 211–217.
Holt, J., and Chancellor, T.C.B. (1996) Simulation modelling of the spread of rice tungro virus disease. The potential for management by roguing. J. Appl. Ecol. 33: 927–936.
Holt, J., and Chancellor, T.C.B. (1999) Modelling the spatio-temporal deployment of resistant varieties to reduce the incidence of rice tungro disease in a dynamic cropping system. Plant Pathol. 48: 453–461.
Holt, J., Colvin, J., and Muniyappa, V. (1999) Identifying control strategies for tomato leaf curl virus using an epidemiological model. J. Appl. Ecol. 36: 625–633.
Holt, J., Jeger, M.J, Thresh, J.M., and Otim-Nape, G.W. (1997) An epidemiological model incorporating vector population dynamics applied to African cassava mosaic virus disease. J. Appl. Ecol. 34: 793–806.
Hong, Y.G., Robinson, D.J., and Harrison, B.D. (1993) Nucleotide sequence evidence for the occurrence of three distinct whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in cassava. J. Gen. Virol. 74: 2437–2443.
Hughes, G. (1988) Modelling the effect of spatially heterogeneous pest injury on crop yields. Crop Res. 28: 137–144.
Jeger, M.J. (1999) Improved understanding of dispersal in crop pest and disease management: current status and future directions. Agric and Forest Meteorol. 97: 331–349.
Jeger, M.J., and Thresh, J.M. (1993) Modelling reinfection of replanted cocoa by swollen shoot virus in pandemically disease areas. J. Appl. Ecol. 30: 187–196.
Jeger, M.J., VandenBosch, F., Madden L.V., and Holt, J. (1998) A model for analysing plant virus transmission characteristics and epidemic development. IMA J. Math Appl. Mod 15: 1–18.
Jones, R.A.C. (1981) The ecology of viruses infecting wild and cultivated potatoes in the Andean region of South America. In: J.M. Thresh (ed.) Pests, Pathogens and Vegetation, pp. 89–107. Pitman, London.
Legg, J.P. (1999) Emergence, spread and strategies for controlling the pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in east and central Africa. Crop Prot. 18: 627–637.
Legg, J.P., French, R., Rogan, D., Okao-Okuja, G., and Brown, J.K. (2002) A distinct Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) genotype cluster is associated with the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda. Mol. Ecol. 11: 1219–1229.
Lockhart, B.E.L., and Olszewski, N.E. (1993) Serological and genomic heterogeneity of banana streak badnavirus: implications for virus detection in Musa germplasm. In: J. Ganry (ed.) Breeding Banana and Plantain for Resistance to Diseases and Pests, pp. 105–113. CIRAD-INIBAP, Montpellier.
Madden, L.V., Jeger, M.J., and Vandenbosch, F. (2000) A theoretical assessment of the effects of vector-virus transmission mechanism on plant virus disease epidemics. Phytopathology 90: 576–594.
Maruthi, M.N., Colvin, J., Seal, S., and Thresh, J.M. (2002) First report of a distinct begomovirus infecting cassava from Zanzibar. Plant Dis. 86: 187.
Morales, F.J., and Anderson, P.K. (2001) The emergence and dissemination of whiteflytransmitted geminiviruses in Latin America. Arch. Virol. 146: 415–441.
Naidu, R.A., Bottenberg, H.H., Subrahmanyam, P., Kimmins, F.M., Robinson, D.J. and Thresh, J.M. (1998) Epidemiology of groundnut rosette virus disease: current status and future research needs. Ann. Appl. Biol. 132: 525–548.
Ndowora, T., Dahal, G., LaFleur, D., Harper, G., Hull R., Olszewski, N.E., and Lockhart, B. (1999) Evidence that badnavirus infection in Musa can originate from integrated pararetroviral sequences. Virology 255: 214–220.
N’Guessan, P., Pinel, A., Caruana, M.L., Frutos, R., Sy, A., Ghesquière, A., and Fargette, D. (2000) Evidence of the presence of two serotypes of rice yellow mottle sobemovirus in Côte d’Ivoire. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106: 167–178.
Nutter, F.W. (1997) Quantifying the temporal dynamics of plant virus epidemics: a review. CropProt. 16: 603–618.
Otim-Nape, G.W., Alicai, T., and Thresh, J.M. (2001) Changes in the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic virus disease, varietal diversity and cassava production in Uganda. Ann. Appl. Biol. 138: 313–327.
Otim-Nape, G.W., Thresh, J.M., and Shaw, M.W. (1997) The effects of cassava mosaic virus disease on yield and compensation in mixed stands of healthy and infected cassava. Ann. Appl. Biol. 130: 503–521.
Page, W.W., Smith, M.C., Holt, J., and Kyetere, D. (1999) Intercrops, Cicadulina spp. and maize streak virus disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 135: 385–393.
Posnette, A.F., and Todd, J. McA. (1955) Virus diseases of cacao in West Africa IX. Strain variation and interference in virus 1 A. Ann. Appl. Biol. 43: 433–453.
Power, A.G. (1991) Virus spread and vector dynamics in genetically diverse plant populations. Ecology 72: 232–241.
Power, A.G. (1992) Patterns of virulence and benevolence in insect-borne pathogens of plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 11: 351–372.
Putter, C.A.J. (1980) The management of epidemic levels of endemic diseases under tropical subsistence farming conditions. In: J. Palti and J. Kranz: (eds.) Comparative Epidemiology, pp. 93–103. Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands. 122pp.
Rèal, P. (1955) Le cycle annuel du puceron de l’arachide (Arachis leguminosae Theob.) en Afrique noire Francaise et son déterminisme. Review Pathologie Végétale 34: 3–122.
Rose, D.J.W. (1972) Dispersal and quality in populations of Cicadulina species (Cicadellidae). J. Animal Ecol. 41: 589–609.
Rose, D.J.W. (1973) Distances flown by Cicadulina spp. (Hem., Cicadellidae) in relation to distribution of maize streak disease in Rhodesia. Bull. Entomol. Res. 62: 497–505.
Rose, D.J. (1978) Epidemiology of maize streak disease. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 23: 259–282.
Smithson, J.B., and Lenné, J.M. (1996) Varietal mixtures: a viable strategy for sustainable productivity in subsistence agriculture. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128: 127–158.
Spence, N.J., and Walkey, D.G.A. (1994) Bean common mosaic virus and related viruses in Africa. NRI Bulletin 63, Chatham, U.K. Natural Resources Institute.
Sserubombwe, W.S., Thresh, J.M., Otim-Nape, G.W., and Osiru, D.O.S. (2001) Progress of cassava mosaic virus disease and whitefly vector populations in single and mixed stands of four cassava varieties grown under epidemic conditions in Uganda. Ann. Appl. Biol. 138: 161–170.
Storey, H.H., and Bottomley, A.M. (1928) The rosette disease of peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.). Ann. Appl. Biol. 15: 26–45.
Swanson, M.M., and Harrison, B.D. (1994) Properties, relationships and distribution of cassava mosaic geminiviruses. Trop. Sci. 34: 15–25.
Theuri, J.M., Bock, K.R., and Woods, R.D. (1987) Distribution, host range and some properties of a virus disease of sunflower. Trop. Pest Man. 33: 202–206.
Thresh, J.M. (1974) Vector relationships and the development of epidemics: the epidemiology of plant viruses. Phytopathology 64: 1050–1056.
Thresh, J.M. (1976) Gradients of plant virus diseases. Ann. Appl. Biol. 82: 381–406.
Thresh, J.M. (1980) An ecological approach to the epidemiology of plant virus diseases. In: J. Palti and J. Kranz (eds.) Comparative Epidemiology, pp. 57–70. Pudoc, Netherlands.
Thresh, J.M. (1982) Cropping practices and virus spread. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 20: 193–218.
Thresh, J.M. (1983a) Progress curves of plant virus disease. Adv. Appl. Biol. 8: 1–8.
Thresh, J.M. (1983b) The long-range dispersal of plant viruses by arthropod vectors. Phil. Trans. Roy Soc. London B. 302: 497–528.
Thresh, J.M. (1985) Plant virus dispersal. In: D.R. MacKenzie, C.S. Barfield, G.G. Kennedy, R.D. Berger, and D.J. Taranto (eds.) The Movement and Dispersal of Agriculturally Important Biotic Agents, pp. 51–106. Claistors Publishing, Baton Rouge, Louisana.
Thresh, J.M. (1986) Plant virus disease forecasting. In: G.D. McLean, R.G. Garrett and W.G. Ruesink (eds.) Plant Virus Epidemics: Monitoring, Modelling and Predicting Outbreaks, pp. 359–386. Academic Press, Sydney.
Thresh, J.M. (1988) Eradication as a virus disease control measure. In: B.C. Clifford and E. Lester (eds.) Control of Plant Diseases: Costs and Benefits. pp. 155–194. Blackwell, Oxford.
Thresh, J.M. (1989) Plant virus epidemiology: the battle of the genes. In: R.S.S. Fraser (ed.) Recognition and Response in Plant-Virus Interactions. NATO ASI Series. Series H: Cell Biol. 41: 93–121.
Thresh, J.M. (1991) The ecology of tropical plant viruses. Plant Pathol. 40: 324–339.
Thresh, J.M., and Lister, R.M. (1960) Coppicing experiments on the spread and control of cacao swollen-shoot disease in Nigeria. Ann. Appl. Biol. 48: 65–74.
Thresh, J.M., and Owusu, G.K. (1986) The control of cocoa swollen shoot disease in Ghana: an evaluation of eradication procedures. Crop Prot. 5: 41–52.
Thresh, J.M., Fargette, D., and Otim-Nape, G.W. (1994) Effects of African cassava mosaic geminivirus on the yield of cassava. Trop. Sci. 34: 26–42.
Thresh, J.M., Otim-Nape, G.W., and Fargette, D. (1998a) The components and deployment of resistance to cassava mosaic virus disease. Int. Pest Man. Rev. 3: 209–224.
Thresh, J.M., Owusu, G.K., Boamah, A., and Lockwood, G. (1988) Ghanaian cocoa varieties and swollen shoot virus. Crop Prot. 7: 219–231.
Thresh, J.M., Otim-Nape, G.W., Legg, J.P., and Fargette, D. (1997) African cassava mosaic virus disease: the magnitude of the problem. African J. Root and Tuber Crops 2: 13–19.
Thresh, J.M., Otim-Nape, G.W., Thankappan, M., and Muniyappa, V. (1998b) The mosaic diseases of cassava in Africa and India caused by whitefly-borne geminiviruses. Rev. Plant Pathol. 77: 935–945.
Tinsley, T.W. (1964) The ecological approach to pest and disease problems of cocoa in West Africa. Trop. Sci. 6: 38–46.
Vanderplank, J.P. (1963) Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New York and London.
Vanderplank, J.E., and Anderssen, E.E. (1944) Kromnek disease of tobacco; a mathematical solution to a problem of disease. Science Bulletin, Department of Agriculture, South Africa. No. 240. 6pp.
Van Rheenan, H.A., Hasselbach, O.E., and Muigai, S.G.S. (1981) The effect of growing beans together with maize on the incidence of bean diseases and pests. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 87: 193–199.
Van Vuuren, S.P., Collins, R.P., and Da Graça, J.V. (1993) Evaluation of citrus tristeza virus isolates for cross protection of grapefruit in South Africa. Plant Dis. 77: 24–28.
Way, M.J., and Heong, K.L. (1994) The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice — a review. Bull. Entomol. Res. 84: 567–587.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thresh, J.M., Fargette, D., Jeger, M.J. (2003). Epidemiology of tropical plant viruses. In: Loebenstein, G., Thottappilly, G. (eds) Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3729-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0791-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive