Skip to main content

Pollen viability and longevity: practical, ecological and evolutionary implications

  • Chapter
Pollen and Pollination

Abstract

The present article reviews the various definitions and terminology of pollen viability and longevity as well as the various tests of its assessment. We compare the advantages and the disadvantages of each method and suggest some practical implications as revealed by the extensive data. We recognize eight main hypotheses concerning the ecology and the evolution of pollen longevity and critically evaluated them according to the literature. The hypotheses are grouped as follows: (1) Desiccation risk-carbohydrate content; (2) Pollen packaging; (3) Pollen competitive ability; (4) Pollinator activity-stigma receptivity duration; (5) Self-pollination chance; (6) Pollen exposure schedule; (7) Pollen travel distance, and (8) Pollen removal chance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdul-Baki A.A.(1992) Determination of pollen viability in tomatoes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117: 473–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackerman J. D. (1986) Mechanisms and evolution of food-deceptive pollination systems in orchids. Lindleyana 1: 108–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adhikaire K. N., Campbell C. G. (1998) Natural outcrossing in buckwheat. Euphytica 102: 233–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander M. P. (1969) Differential staining of aborted and non-aborted pollen. Stain Technol. 62: 107–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson N. O., Ascher P. D. (1993) Male and female fertility in loosestrife (Lythrum) cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 118: 851–858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asham M., Brown M. S., Kohel R.J.(1965) Evaluation of seven tetrazolium salts as vital pollen stains in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. Crop. Sci. 4: 508–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Athwal R. S., Kimber G. (1970) Anther size and pollen longevity in wheat/rye addition lines. Wheat Infor. Ser. 30: 30–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassani M., Pacini E., Franchi G.G. (1994) Humidity stress in pollen of anemophilous and entomophilous species. Grana 33: 146–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardsell D. V., Knox R. B., Williams E. G. (1993) Breeding system and reproductive success of Thryptomene calycina (Myrtaceae). Aust. J. Bot. 41: 333–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker W. A., Ewart L. C. (1990) Pollination, seed set, and pollen tube growth investigation in Viola odorata L. Acta Hort. 272: 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt P., Knox R. B., Calder D. M. (1980) Floral biology and self-incompatibility in some Australian mistletoes of the genus Amyema (Loranthaceae). Aust. J. Bot. 28: 437–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertin R. I. (1988) Paternity in plants. In: Lovett-Doust L., Lovett-Doust, L. (eds.) Plant reproductive ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 30–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brantjes N. B. M. (1983) Regulated pollen issue in Isotoma, Campanulaceae, and evolution of secondary pollen presentation. Acta Bot. Neerl. 32: 213–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buitink J., Walters B., Hoekstra F. A., Crane J. (1996) Storage behavior of Typha latifolia pollen at low water content: interpretation on the basis of water activity and glass concept. Physiol. Plant 103: 145–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole F. R., Firmage D. H. (1984) The floral biology of Platanthera blephariglottis. Amer. J. Bot. 79: 7–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge G., Duval M. F., Van Miegroet F. (1993) Fertility and self-incompatibility in the genus Ananas. Acta Hort. 334: 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruzan M. B. (1990) Variation in pollen size, fertilization inability, and post-fertilization siring ability in Erythronium grandiflorum. Evolution 44: 843–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dafni A. (1984) Mimicry and deception in pollination. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 259–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dafni A. (1992) Pollination ecology: A practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demchik S., Day T. A. (1996) Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on pollen quantity, quality, and seed yield in Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 83: 573–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisikowitch D., Kevan P. G., Fowle S., Thomas K. (1987) The significance of pollen longevity in Asclepias syriaca under natural conditions. Pollen et Spore 29: 121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eti S., Paydas S., Kiiden A. B., Kaska N., Kurnaz S., Ilgin M. (1994) Investigations on the pollen viability, germination capability and the growth of pollen tubes in some selected almond types under Cukurova conditions. Acta Hort. 373: 225–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernando D. D., Cass D. D. (1997) Development assessment of sexual reproduction in Butomus umbellatus (Butomaceae): male reproduction component. Ann. Bot. 80: 449–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firmage D. H., Cole F. R. (1998) Reproductive success and inflorescence size of Calopogon tuberosus (Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 75: 1371–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franchini G. G., Bellani L., Nepi M., Pacini E. (1966) Types of carbohydrates reserves in pollen: Localization, systematic distribution and ecophysiological significance. Flora 191: 143–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz S. E., Lukaszewski A. J. (1989) Pollen longevity in wheat rye and Triticale. Plant Breed. 102: 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgieva L. D., Kureleva M. M. (1994) Cytochemical investigation of long-term stored maize pollen. Euphytica 72: 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grilli-Caiola M., Brandizzi F. (1997) Pollen-pistil interaction in Hermodactylus tuberosus Mill. (Iridaceae). Plant Biosyst. 131: 197–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gudin S., Arene L., Pellegrino C. (1991) Influence of temperature and hygrometry on rose pollen germination. Adv. Hort. Sci. 5: 96–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna W. W., Towill L. E. (1995) Long-term pollen storage. Plant Breed. Rev. 13: 179–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harder L. W., Wilson W. G. (1994) Floral evolution and male reproductive success: Optimal dispensing schedule for pollen dispersal by animal-pollinated plants. Evol. Ecol. 8: 542–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser E. J. P., Morrison, J. H. (1964) The cytochemical reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as an index of pollen viability. Amer. J. Bot. 51: 748–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera C. M. (1982) Seasonal variation in quality of fruits and diffuse coevolution between plants and avian dispensers. Ecology 63: 773–775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison J. (1979) An interpretation of the hydrodynamics of pollen. Amer. J. Bot. 66: 737–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison J. S. (1992) Pollen capture, adhesion and hydration. In: Cresti M., Tiezzi A. (eds.) Sexual plant reproduction. Springer, Berlin, pp. 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison J. S., Heslop-Harrison Y. (1970) Evaluation of pollen viability by enzymatically induced fluorescence; intracellular hydrolysis of fluoresceine diacetate. Stain Technol. 45: 115–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison J. S., Heslop-Harrison Y., Shivanna K. R. (1984) The evaluation of pollen quality and a further appraisal of the flourochromatic (FCR) test procedure. Theor. Appl. Gen. 67: 367–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison J., Heslop-Harrison Y. (1992) Germination of Monocolpate angiosperm pollen: effects of inhibitory factors and the Ca2+-channel blocker, nifedipine. Ann. Bot. 69: 395–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoc S. P., Agullo M. A., Palacios R. A. (1994) Stylar trimorphism in four functionally andromonoecious Prosopis species (Mimosaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 190: 143–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra F. A. (1975) Viability of Compositae pollen: Germination in vitro and influence of climatic conditions during dehiscence. Z. Planzenphysiol. 765: 36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra F. A., Crowe L. M., Crowe J. H. (1989) Differential dessiccation sensitivity of corn and Pennisetum pollen linked to sucrose content. Pl. Cell Env. 12: 83–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra F. A., Crowe J. H., Crowe L. M. (1991) Effect of sucrose on phase behavior of membranes in intact pollen of Typha latifolia L. as measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Pl. Physiol. 97: 1073–1079.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra F. A., Roekel van T. (1988) Desiccation tolerance of Papaver dubium L. pollen during its development in the anther. Pl. Physiol. 88: 626–632.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn S. P., Clark L. G. (1992) Pollen visibility in Chusquea subtessellata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Biotropica 4: 577–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • James E. A., Knox R. B. (1993) Reproductive biology of the Australian species of the genus Pandorea (Bignoniaceae). Aust. J. Bot. 341: 611–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri B. M., Vasil I. K. (1961) Physiology of pollen. Bot. Rev. 27: 325–375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones M. D., Newell L.C. (1948) Longevity of pollen and stigmas of grasses: Buffalo-grass (Buchloe dactyloides Nutt). Engelm, and corn (Zea mays L). J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 40: 195–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juncosa M. A., Webster B. D. (1989) Pollination in Lupinus nanus ssp latifolius (Leguminosae). Am. J. Bot. 76: 59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Käpylä M. (1991) Testing the age and viability of airborne pollen. Grana 29: 430–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katiyar R. K., Gupta V. K. (1985) Pollen grain and stigma longevity in turnip rape. Crop. Improv. 12: 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearns C. A., Inouye D. W. (1993) Techniques for pollination biologists. Niwot. University Press of Colorado, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khatun S., Flowers T. J. (1995) The estimation of pollen viability in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 46: 151–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King J. R. (1960) The peroxidase reaction as an indicator of pollen viability. Stain Tech. 36: 225–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox R. B., Williams E. G., Dumas C. (1986) Pollen, pistil and reproductive function in crop plants. Pl. Breed. Rev. 5: 14–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koga Y., Akihama T., Fujimaki H., Yokoo M. (1971) Studies on longevity of pollen grains of rice, Oriza sativa L. 1 Morphological change of pollen grains after shedding. Cytologia 36: 104–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A., Chowdhury R. K., Dahiya O. S. (1995) Pollen viability and stigma receptivity in relation to meteorological parameters in pearl millet. Seed Sci. Tech. 23: 147–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lansac A. R., Sullivan C. Y., Johnson B. E., Lee K. W. (1994) Viability and germination of the pollen of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench. Ann. Bot. 74: 27–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Porta N., Roselli G. (1991) Relationship between pollen germination in vitro and fluochromatic reaction in cherry clone F12/1 (Prunus avium L) and some of its mutants. J. Hort. Sci. 56: 171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavi V., Sahar N., Barcucis I., Gaash D., Kadman A. (1996) The effect of pollen donors and pollen viability on fruitlet drop in Macadamia integrifolia. Trop. Agric. 73: 249–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd D. G., Yates J. M. A. (1982) Intrasexual selection and the segregation of pollen and Stigmas in hermaphrodite plants, exemplified by Wahlenbergia albomarginata (Campanualacea). Evolution 36: 903–913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln R. J., Boxshall G. A., Clark P. F. (1982) A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics. Cambridge University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren K., Lindgren D. (1996) Germinability of Norway spruce and Scots pine pollen exposed to open air. Silva Fenn 30: 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren D., Paule L., Xihuan S., Yuazdani R., Segerstörm O., Wallin J-E., Lezbro M.L. (1995) Can viable pollen carry Scots pine genes over long distances. Grana 34: 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisci M., Tanda C., Pacini E. (1994) Pollination ecophysiology of Mercurialis annua L (Euphorbiaceae), an anemophilous species flowering all year around. Ann. Bot. 74: 125–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord E. M. (1980) Cleistogamy: a tool for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution. Bot. Rev. 47: 421–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire T. L., Sedgley A. (1997) Genetic diversity in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) with emphasis on Banksia cuneata, a rare and endangered species. Heredity 79: 394–401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcellan O. N., Camadro E. L. (1996) The viability of asparagus pollen after storage at low temperatures. Sci. Hort. 67: 101–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKellar M. A., Quesenberry K. H. (1992) Chromosome pairing and pollen viability in Desmodium ovalifolium Wall x Desmodium herterocarpon (L) DC Hybrids. Aust. J. Bot. 40: 243–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mione T., Anderson G. J. (1992) Pollen-ovule ratios and breeding system evolution in Solanum section Basar thrum (Solanaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 79: 279–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse D. H. (1987) Roles of pollen and ovary age in follicle production of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca. Amer. J. Bot. 74: 851–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulugeta D., Maxwell B. D., Dyer W.D. (1994) Kochia (Kochia scoparia) pollen dispersion, viability and germination. Weed. Sci. 42: 548–552.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neiland M. R. M., Wilcock C. C. (1995) Maximisation of reproductive success by European Orchideae under conditions of infrequent pollination. Protoplasma 187: 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepi M., Pacini E. (1993) Pollination, pollen viability and pistil receptivity in Cucurbita pepo. Ann. Bot. 72: 527–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niesenbaum R. A. (1992) Sex ratio, components of reproduction and pollen deposition in Lindem benzoin (Lauraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 79: 495–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nybom H. (1986) Active self-pollination and pollen stainability in some Rubus cultivars. J. Hort. Sci. 69: 49–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyman I. (1992) Pollination mechanisms in six Campanula species (Campanulaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 188: 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberle G. D., Watson R. (1952) The use of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride in viability tests of fruit pollens. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 61: 299–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ockendon D. J., Gates P. J. (1976) Reduced pollen viability in the onion (Allium cepa). New Phytol. 76: 511–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacini E. (1996) Types and meaning of pollen carbohydrate reserves. Sex. Pl. Rep. 9: 362–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacini E., Franchi G. (1996) Some cytological, ecological and evolutionary aspects of pollination. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 65: 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacini E., Franchi G. G., Lisci M., Nepi M. (1997) Pollen viability related to type of pollination in six angiosperm species. Ann. Bot. 80: 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacini E., Viegi L. (1995) Total Polysaccharide content of developing pollen in two angiosperm species. Grana 39: 237–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palfi G., Gulyas S., Rajki E. S., Cseuz L. (1988) The Proline test—a method to the demonstration of the tolerance of water deficiency and of frost—and to the qualification of pollens. Acta Univ. Szeged. Acta Biol. 34: 11–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palfi G., Koves E. (1984) Determination of vitality of pollen on the basis of its amino acid content. Bioch. Physiol. Pfl. 179: 237–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer M., Travis J., Antonovics J. (1989) Temporal mechanisms influencing gender expression and pollen flow within a self-compatible perennial, Amianthium muscaetoxicum (Liliaceae). Oecologia 78: 231–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt D. E., Ganeshan S. (1989) Comparison of procedures for estimating viability of Prunus pollen. Hort. Sci. 24: 354–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinney K., Polito V. S. (1990) Olive pollen storage and in vitro germination. Acta Hort. 286: 207–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polito V. S., Luza J. G. (1988) Longevity of pistachio pollen determined by in vitro germination. J. Amer. Hort. Soc. 113: 214–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston R. E. (1991) The intrafloral phenology of Streptantus tortuosus (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1044–1053.

    Google Scholar 

  • Proctor H. C. (1998) Effect of pollen age on fruit set, fruit weight, and seed set in three orchid specides. Can. J. Bot. 76: 420–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey M. (1988) Differences in pollinator effectiveness of birds and insects visiting Banksia menziesii (Proteaceae). Oecologia 76: 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey M., Vaughlon G. (1991) Self incompatibility, protandry, pollen production and pollen longevity in Banksia menziesii. Aust. J. Bot. 39: 497–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao G. U., Jain A., Shivanna K. R. (1992) Effects of high temperature stress on Brassica pollen: Viability, germination and ability to set fruits and seeds. Ann. Bot. 68: 193–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Riano T., Dafni A. (2000) A new procedure to assess pollen viability. Sex. Pl. Rep. 12: 242–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roubik D. W. (1989) Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarvella P. (1964) Vital-stain testing of pollen viability in cotton. J. Hered. 55: 154–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato S., Katho N., Iwai S., Hagimori M. (1998) Establishment of reliable method of in vitro pollen germination and pollen preservation of Brassica rapa (syn B campestris). Euphytica 103: 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedgley M., Harbard J. (1993) Pollen storage and breeding system in relation to controlled pollination of four species of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Aust. J. Bot. 41: 601–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedgley M., Griffin A. R. (1989) Sexual reproduction of tree crops. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shchori Y., Goren T., Ben-Jaacov J. (1992) Pollen germination and storage in Banksia and some other proteaceae plants. Acta Hort. 316: 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shivanna K. R., Heslop-Harrison J. (1981) Membrane state and pollen viability. Ann. Bot. 47: 759–770.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shivanna K. R., Johri B. M. (1989) The angiosperm pollen structure and function. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shivanna K. R., Rangaswamy N. S. (1992) Pollen biology—a laboratory manual. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukhvibul N., Considine J. A. (1993) Medium and long storage of Anigozanthos manglesii (D Don) pollen. NZ J. Crop. Hort. Sci. 21: 343–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui B. A. (1983) Studies on the floral biology and morphology of Raphanus sativus L. Acta Bot. Ind. 11: 150–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh M. B., O’Neil P. M., Knox B. (1985) Initiation of postmeiotic β-galactosidase synthesis during microsporogenesis in oilseed rape. Plant Physiol. 77: 225–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Huerta N. L., Vasek F. C. (1984) Pollen longevity and stigma-pre-emption in Clarkia. Amer. J. Bot. 71: 1183–1191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow A. A., Spira T. P. (1993) Individual variation in vigor of self pollen and selfed progeny in Hibiscus moscheutos (Malvaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 80: 160–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speranza A., Calzoni G. L., Pacini E. L. (1997) Occurrence of mono-or disaccharides and Polysaccharides reserve in mature pollen grain. Sex. Pl. Rep. 10: 110–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley R. G., Linskens H. F. (1974) Pollen: biology, biochemistry and management. Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson A. G., Beritn R. I. (1983) Male competition, female choice, and sexual selection in plants. In: Real L. (ed.) Pollination biology. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 109–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone J. L., Thomson J. D., Dent-Acosta S. J. (1995) Assessment of pollen viability in hand-pollination experiments: A review. Amer. J. Bot. 82: 1186–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swartz-Tzachor R. (1999) Pollination and seed production in two populations of Cyclamen persicum. MSc Thesis, Dep. of Botany. Tel-Aviv University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangmitcharoen S., Owens J. N. (1997) Pollen viability and pollen-tube growth following controlled pollination and their relation to low fruit production in teak (Tectona grandis Linn f). Ann. Bot. 80: 401–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson J. D., Barrett S. C. H. (1981) Temporal variation of gender in Aralia hispida Vent (Araliaceae). Evolution 35: 1094–1107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson J. D., Rigney L. P., Karoly K. M., Thomson B. A. (1994) Pollen viability, vigor, and competitive ability in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 81: 1257–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson J. D., Thomson B. A. (1992) Pollen presentation and viability schedules in animal-pollinated plants: Consequences for reproductive success. In: Wyatt R. (ed.) Ecology and evolution of plant reproduction: New approaches. Chapman and Hill, New York, pp. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trognitz B. R. (1991) Comparison of different pollen viability assays to evaluate pollen fertility of potato dihaploids. Euphytica 56: 143–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaknin Y., Gan-Mor S., Bechar A., Ronen B., Eisikowitch D. (1999) Effect of dilution and desiccation of almond pollen on its viability: implications for pollen supplementation for cultivated crop plants. J. Hort. Biotech. 74: 321–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallania R., Caramiello R., Miaza L. M., Me G., Gianotti C. (1988) Pollen morphology and viability of three Vitis vinifera L cultivaro (Dolcetto, Delight, Queen of the Vineyard) and of two Queens of the Vineyards mutants. Contribution No 334 of Centra Miglioramento Genetico e Biologia delia Vite, pp. 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vassileva R., Lidanski T., Tseckova Z. (1991) Acetocarmine test and pollen vitality in the genus Helianthus. Compt. Rend, de l’Acad. Bulg. Sci. 44: 71–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughton G., Ramsey M. (1991) Floral biology and inefficient pollen removal in Banksia spinulosa var neoangelica (Proteaceae). Aust. J. Bot. 39: 167–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vergano G., Mizja M. L., Me G., Gianotti C., Vallania R. (1994) Vitalita e germinabilita di pollini di diversi fruttiferi dopo crioconservazione. Ital. Hort. 1: 24–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser T. (1955) Germination and storage of pollen. Meded Landbouwshogesch Wageningen/Nederland 55: 1–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walt van der I. D., Littlejohn G. M. (1996) Storage and viability testing of Protea pollen. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121: 804–809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt R., Brouyles S. B. (1990) Reproductive biology of milkweeds (Asclepias) recent advances. In: Kawano S. (ed.) Biological approaches and evolutionary trends in plants. Academic Press, London, pp. 255–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeo P. Y. (1993) Secondary pollen presentation: form, function and evolution. Plant Syst. Evol. [Suppl.] 6, Springer, Wien.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziestsman P. C. (1991) Reproductive biology of Grevia occidentalis L (Tiliaceae). S. Afr. J. Bot. 57: 348–351.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dafni, A., Firmage, D. (2000). Pollen viability and longevity: practical, ecological and evolutionary implications. In: Dafni, A., Hesse, M., Pacini, E. (eds) Pollen and Pollination. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6306-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6306-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7248-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6306-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics