Abstract
Biological control agents add another dimension to the familiar disease triangle. Interactions among the plant, pathogen, biocontrol agent, and environment must be considered in development of management systems for soilborne pathogens. The most successful systems exploit aspects of each member of the tetrad resulting in the maximum benefit to crop production with a minimum expenditure of resources. Knowledge of ecology and epidemiology is particularly helpful in determining when and where the biocontrol agent is most likely to function, when and where the pathogen may be diverted from causing disease, and in rational screening for new biocontrol agents. Timing and placement of the biocontrol agent are often more important to the success of control than the population size of the biocontrol agent. Thus, temporal and spatial relationships among plant, pathogen, and biocontrol agent, as well as how environment modifies these interactions, must be explored.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams PB (1986) Production of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor on lettuce in the field and their distribution in soil after disking. Plant Dis 70: 1043–1046
Adams PB, Fravel DR (1990) Economical control of Sclerotinia lettuce drop by Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. Phytopathology 80: 1120–1124
Adams PB, Wong JA-L (1991) The effect of chemical pesticides on the infection of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor by the biocontrol agent Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. Phytopathology 81: 1340–1343
Afek U, Menge JA, Johnson ELV (1991) Interactions among mycorrhizae, soil solarization, metalaxyl, and plants in the field. Plant Dis 75: 665–671
Ahmad JS, Baker R (1987) Rhizosphere competence of Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathology 77: 182–189
Alabouvette C (1986) Fusarium-wilt suppressive soils from the Châteaurenard region: review of a 10-year study. Agronomie 6: 273–284
Alabouvette C (1990) Biological control of Fusarium wilt pathogens in suppressive soil. In: Hornby D (ed) Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 27–44
Baker KP, Cook RJ (1974) Biological control of plant pathogens. Freeman, San Francisco, 433 pp
Bakker AW, Schippers B (1987) Microbial cyanide production in the rhizosphere in relation to potato yield reduction and Pseudomonas spp.-mediated plant growth stimulation. Soil Biol Biochem 19: 451–457
Beale RE, Pitt D (1990) Biological and integrated control of Fusarium basal rot of Narcissus using Minimedusa polyspora and other micro-organisms. Plant Pathol 39: 477–488
Bliss DE (1951) The destruction of Armillaria mellea in citrus soils. Phytopathology 41: 665–683
Bruehl GW (1975) Systems and mechanisms of residue possession by pioneer fungal colonists. In: Bruehl GW (ed) Biology and control of soil-borne plant pathogens. Am Phytopathol Soc, St Paul, MN, pp 77–83
Bull CT, Weiler DM, Thomashow LS (1991) Relationship between root colonization and suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2-79. Phytopathology 81: 954–959
Burr TJ, Schroth MN, Suslow TV (1978) Increased potato yield by treatment of seedpieces with specific strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida. Phytopathology 68: 1377–1383
Chao WL, Nelson EB, Harman GE, Hoch H (1986) Colonization of the rhizosphere by biological control agents applied to seeds. Phytopathology 76: 60–65
Deacon JW (1991) Significance of ecology in the development of biocontrol agents against soil-borne plant pathogens. Biocontr Sci Technol 1: 5–20
Dééfago G, Haas D (1990) Pseudomonads as antagonists of soilborne plant pathogens: modes of action and genetic analysis. In: Bollag JM, Stotzky G (eds) Soil biochemistry, vol 6. Marcel Dekker, New York, 565 pp
Elad Y, Katan J, Chet I (1980) Physical, biological, and chemical control integrated for soilborne diseases in potatoes. Phytopathology 70: 418–422
Fahima T, Henis Y (1990) Interactions between pathogen, host and biocontrol agent: multiplication of Trichoderma hamatum and Talaromyces flavus on roots of diseases and healthy hosts. In: Hornby D (ed) Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 165–180
Fravel DR, Lewis JA (1990) Production, formulation and delivery of beneficial microbes for biocontrol of plant pathogens. In: Chasin DG, Bode LE (eds) Pesticide formulation and application systems, vol 11, ASTM STP 1112. Available from American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia
Fravel DR, Marois JJ, Dunn MT, Papavizas GC (1985) Compatibility of Talaromyces flavus with potato seedpiece fungicides. Soil Biol Biochem 17: 163–166
Fravel DR, Adams PB, Potts W (1992) Use of disease progress curves to study the effects of the biocontrol agent Sporidesmium sclerotivorum on lettuce drop. Biocontr Sci Technol 2: 339–349
Fravel DR, Roberts DP (1991) In situ evidence for the role of glucose oxidase in the biocontrol of Verticillium wilt by Talaromyces flavus. Biocontr Sci Technol 1: 91–99
Freeman S, Katan J (1988) Weakening effect on propagules of Fusarium by sublethal heating. Phytopathology 78: 1656–1661
Garrett SD (1970) Pathogenic root-infecting fungi. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, 294 pp
Harman GE, Taylor AG (1990) Development of an effective seed treatment system. In: Hornby D (ed) Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 416–426
Henis Y, Papavizas GC (1983) Factors affecting germinability and susceptibility to attack of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii by Trichoderma harzianum in field soil. Phytopathology 73: 1469–1474
Howell CR (1987) Relevance of mycoparasitism in the biological control of Rhizoctonia solani by Gliocladium virens. Phytopathology 77: 992–994
Katan J (1981) Solar heating (solarization) of soil for control of soilborne pests. Annu Rev Phytopathol 19: 211–236
Kerr A (1980) Biological control of crown gall through production of Agrocin 84. Plant Dis 64: 25–30
Kim KK, Fravel DR, Papavizas GC (1990) Glucose oxidase as the antifungal principle of talaron from Talaromyces flavus. Can J Microbiol 36: 760–764
Kloepper JW, Schroth MN (1978) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on radishes. In: Station de Pathologie Végétale et Phytobactériologie (ed) Proc 4th Int Conf Plant Pathogenic Bact, vol 2. Gibert-Clarey, Tours, Angers, France, pp 879–882
Ko WH (1971) Biological control of seedling root rot of papaya caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Phytopathology 61: 780–782
Lemanceau P, Alabouvette C (1991) Biological control of Fusarium diseases by fluorescent Pseudomonas and non-pathogenic Fusarium. Crop Prot 10: 279–286
Leong J (1986) Siderophores: their biochemistry and possible role in the biocontrol of plant pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 24: 187–209
Lewis JA, Papavizas GC (1991) Biocontrol of cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in the field with formulations of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens. Crop Prot 10: 396–402
Lifshitz R, Tabachnik M, Katan J, Chet I (1983) The effect of sublethal heating on sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii. Can J Microbiol 29: 1607–1610
Locke JC, Marois JJ, Papavizas GC (1985) Biological control of Fusarium wilt of greenhouse grown chrysanthemums. Plant Dis 69: 167–169
Lockwood JL (1986) Soilborne plant pathogens: concepts and connections. Phytopathology 76: 20–27
Loper JE (1988) Role of fluorescent siderophore production in biological control of Pythium ultimum by a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain. Phytopathology 78: 166–172
Lumsden RD, Locke JC (1989) Biological control of damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani with Gliocladium virens in soilless mix. Phytopathology 79: 361–366
Lumsden RD, Locke JC, Adkins ST, Ridout CJ (1992) Isolation and localization of the antibiotic gliotoxin produced by Gliocladium virens from alginate prill in soil and soilless mix. Phytopathology 82: 230–235
Lumsden RD, Locke JC, Walter JF (1991) Approval of Gliocladium virens by the U.S. EPA for biological control of Pythium and Rhizoctonia damping-off. Petria 1: 138
Marois JJ, English JT (1989) Integration of biological control of plant pathogens into IPM programs. In: Proc Natl Integrated Pest Management Symp/Worksh, 25–28 April 1989. National IPM Coordinating Committee, Las Vegas, NV, pp 33–40
Marois JJ, Johnston SA, Dunn MT, Papavizas GC (1982) Biological control of Verticillium wilt of eggplant in the field. Plant Dis 66: 1166–1168
Marois JJ, Mitchell DJ (1981) Effects of fumigation and fungal antagonists on the relationships of inoculum density to infection incidence and disease severity in Fusarium crown rot of tomato. Phytopathology 71: 167–170
Marx DH (1972) Ectomycorrhizae as biological deterrents to pathogenic root infections. Annu Rev Phytopathol 10: 429–454
Munnecke DE, Wilbur W, Darley EF (1976) Effect of heating or drying on Armillaria mellea or Trichoderma viride and the relation to survival of A. mellea in soil. Phytopathology 66: 1363–1368
Nelson EB (1991) Exudate molecules initiating fungal responses to seeds and roots. In: Keister DL, Cregan PB (eds) Beltsville symposia in agricultural research 14. The rhizosphere and plant growth. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 197–209
Nelson EB (1991) Current limits to biological control of fungal phytopathogens. In: Arora DK (ed) Handbook of applied mycology, vol 1. Soil and plants. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 327–357
Nelson EB, Chao WL, Norton JM, Nash GT, Harman GE (1986) Attachment of Enterobacter cloacae to hyphae of Pythium ultimum: possible role in the biological control of Pythium preemergence damping-off. Phytopathology 76: 327–335
Papavizas GC (1985) Trichoderma and Gliocladium: biology, ecology, and potential for biocontrol. Annu Rev Phytopathol 23: 23–54
Papavizas GC, Dunn MT, Beagle-Ristaino J (1984) Liquid fermentation technology for experimental production of biocontrol fungi. Phytopathology 74: 1171–1175
Park CS, Paulitz TC, Baker R (1988) Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of cucumber resulting from interactions between Pseudomonas putida and non-pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology 78: 190–194
Paulitz TC (1990) The stimulation of Pythium ultimum by seed volatiles and the interaction of Pseudomonas putida. Phytopathology 80: 994–995 (Abstr)
Paulitz TC, Loper JE (1991) Lack of a role for fluorescent siderophore production in the biological control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber by a strain of Pseudomonas putida. Phytopathology 81: 930–935
Roberts DP (1991) Role of carbohydrates in spermosphere proliferation by Enterobacter cloacae EcCT501. Phytopathology 81: 1215 (Abstr)
Rishbeth J (1975) Stump inoculation: a biological control of Fomes annosus. In: Bruehl GW (ed) Biology and control of soil-borne pathogens. Am Phytopathol Soc, St Paul, MN, pp 158–162
Rouxel F, Alabouvette C, Louvet J (1979) Recherches sur la résistance des sols aux maladies. IV. Mise en évidence due rôle des Fusarium autochtones dans la résistance d’un sol à la fusariose vasculaire du melon. Ann Phytopathol 11: 199–207
Scher FM, Castagno JR (1986) Biocontrol: a view from industry. Can J Plant Pathol 8: 222–224
Schippers B, Bakker AW, Bakker PAHM (1987a) Interactions of deleterious and beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms and the effect of cropping practices. Annu Rev Phytopathol 25: 339–358
Schippers B, Lugtenberg B, Weisbeek PJ (1987b) Plant growth control by fluorescent pseudomonads. In: Chet I (ed) Innovative approaches to plant disease control. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 19–39
Schneider RW (ed) (1982) Suppressive soils and plant disease. Am Phytopathol Soc, St Paul, MN, 88 pp
Schroth MN, Hancock JC (1981) Selected topics in biological control. Annu Rev Microbiol 35: 453–476
Sivan A, Chet I (1989) The possible role of competition between Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium oxysporum on rhizosphere colonization. Phytopathology 79: 198–203
Sivan A, Harman GE (1991) Improved competence in a protoplast fusion progeny of Trichoderma harzianum. J Gen Microbiol 137: 23–29
Smith AM (1972) Nutrient leakage promotes biological control of dried sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Soil Biol Biochem 4: 125–129
Suslow TV, Schroth MN (1982) Role of deleterious rhizobacteria as minor pathogens in reducing crop growth. Phytopathology 72: 111–115
Sztejnberg A, Freeman S, Chet I, Katan J (1987) Control of Rosellinia necatrix in soil and in apple orchard by solarization and Trichoderma harzianum. Plant Dis 71: 365–369
Thomashow LS, Weiler DM (1988) Role of a phenazine antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens in biological control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. J Bacteriol 170: 3499–3508
Thomashow LS, Weiler DM, Bonsall RF, Pherson LS III (1990) Production of the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid by fluorescent Pseudomonas species in the rhizosphere of wheat. Appl Envion Microbiol 56: 908–912
Tjamos EC, Biris DA, Paplomatas EJ (1991) Recovery of olive trees with Verticil-Hum wilt after individual application of soil solarization in established olive orchards. Plant Dis 75: 557–562
Tjamos EC, Paplomatas EJ (1988) Long-term effect of soil solarization in controlling Verticillium wilt of artichokes in Greece. Plant Pathol 37: 507–515
van der Plank JE (1963) Plant diseases: epidemics and control. Academic Press, New York
van Peer R, Niemann GJ, Schippers B (1991) Induced resistance and phytoalexin accumulation in biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r. Phytopathology 81: 728–734
Voisard C, Keel C, Haas D, Défago G (1989) Cyanide production by Pseudomonas fluorescens helps suppress black root rot of tobacco under gnotobiotic conditions. EMBO J 8: 351–358
Waksman SA (1952) Soil microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 356 pp
Weiler DM, Cook RJ (1983) Suppression of take-all of wheat by seed treatments with fluorescent pseudomonads. Phytopathology 73: 463–469
Weiler DM, Thomashow LS (1990) Antibiotics: evidence for their production and sites where they are produced. In: Baker RR, Dunn PE (eds) New directions in biological control: alternatives for suppressing agricultural pests and diseases. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 703–711
Wei G, Kloepper JW, Tuzun S (1991) Induction of systemic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum orbiculare by selected strains of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria. Phytopathology 81: 1508–1512
Windeis CE, Kommedahl T (1982) Rhizosphere effects of pea seed treatment with Penicillium oxalicum. Phytopathology 72: 190–194
Yuen GY, Schroth MN, McCain AH (1985) Reduction in Fusarium wilt of carnation with suppressive soils and antagonistic bacteria. Plant Dis 69: 1071–1075
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fravel, D.R., Engelkes, C.A. (1994). Biological Management. In: Epidemiology and Management of Root Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85063-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85063-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85065-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85063-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive