Abstract
In nature, the intensity of light, or photon flux density (PFD), shows great variation, both temporally and spatially. For example, a leaf in the under-story can experience changes in the incident PFD up to 100-fold within a few seconds (Chazdon and Pearcy 1991). Large changes in PFD are also experienced by exposed leaves when intermittent clouds obscure the sun. In addition, the total daily integrated photon flux varies greatly among habitats as well as within the canopy of a given plant stand. Plants on the floor of a tropical rainforest (Björkman and Ludlow 1972) or redwood forest (Björkman and Powles 1981) may receive as little as 1% of the daily photon flux above the plant canopy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams WW III, Demmig-Adams B (1992) Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in higher plants in response to diurnal changes in incident sunlight. Planta 186: 390–398
Adams WW III, Smith SD, Osmond CB (1987) Photoinhibition of the CAM succulent Opuntia basilaris growing in Death Valley: evidence from 77K fluorescence and quantum yield. Oecologia 71: 221–228
Adams WW III, Díaz M, Winter K (1989) Diurnal changes in photochemical efficiency, the reduction state of Q, radiationless energy dissipation, and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching in cacti exposed to natural sunlight in northern Venezuela. Oecologia 80: 553–561
Adams WW III, Demmig-Adams B, Winter K (1990) Relative contributions of zeaxanthin-related and zeaxanthin-unrelated types of “high-energy-state” quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in spinach leaves exposed to various environmental conditions. Plant Physiol 92: 302–309
Adams WW III, Volk M, Hoehn A, Demmig-Adams B (1992) Leaf orientation and the response of the xanthophyll cycle to incident light. Oecologia 90: 404–410
Anderson JM, Chow WS, Goodchild DJ (1988) Thylakoid membrane organisation in sun/shade acclimation. Aust J Plant Physiol 15: 11–26
Begg JE (1980) Morphological adaptations of leaves to water stress. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp 33–42
Begg JE, Torsseil BWR (1974) Diaphotonastic and parahelionastic leaf movements in Stylosanthes humilis HBK (Townsville Stylo). R Soc N Z Bull 12: 277–283
Bilger W, Björkman O (1990) Role of the xanthophyll cycle in photoprotection elucidated by measurements of light-induced absorbance changes, fluorescence and photosynthesis in leaves of Hedera canariensis. Photosynth Res 25: 173–185
Bilger W. Björkman O (1991) Temperature dependence of violaxanthin de-epoxidation and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching in intact leaves of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Malva parviflora L. Planta 184: 226–234
Bilger W, Björkman O, Thayer SS (1989) Light-induced spectral absorbance changes in relation to photosynthesis and the epoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle components in cotton leaves. Plant Physiol 91: 542–551
Björkman O (1981) Responses to different quantum flux densities. In: Lange OL, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H (eds) Physiological plant ecology I. Encyclopedia of plant physiology, NS, vol 12A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 57–107
Björkman O, Demmig B (1987) Photon yield of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins. Planta 170: 489–504
Björkman O, Ludlow MM (1972) Characterization of the light climate on the floor of a Queensland rainforest. Carnegie Inst Wash Yearb 71: 85–94
Björkman O, Powles SB (1981) Leaf movement in the shade species Oxalis oregana. I. Response to light level and light quality. Carnegie Inst Wash Yearb 80: 59–62
Björkman O, Schäfer C (1989) A gas exchange-fluorescence analysis of photosynthetic performance of a cotton crop under high-irradiance stress [Extended abstract.] Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 323: 309–311
Björkman O, Demmig B, Andrews TJ (1988) Mangrove photosynthesis: response to high-irradiance stress. Aust J Plant Physiol 15: 43–61
Brugnoli E, Björkman O (1992) Chloroplast movement in leaves: influence on chlorophyll fluorescence and measurements of light-induced absorbance changes related to ApH and zeaxanthin formation. Photosynth Res 32: 23–35
Chazdon RL, Pearcy RW (1991) The importance of sunflecks for forest understory plants. BioScience 41: 760–766
Demmig-Adams B (1990) Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants. A role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1020: 1–24
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW III (1992a) Photoprotection and other responses of plants to high light stress. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 43: 599–626
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW III (1992b) Carotenoid composition in sun and shade leaves of plants with different life forms. Plant Cell Environ 15: 411–419
Demmig B, Winter K, Krüger A, Czygan F-C (1988) Zeaxanthin and the heat dissipation of excess light energy in Nerium oleander exposed to a combination of high light and water stress. Plant Physiol 87: 17–24
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW III, Winter K, Meyer A, Schreiber U, Pereira JS, Krüger A, Czygan F-C, Lange OL (1989a) Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, photon yield of O2 evolution, photosynthetic capacity, and carotenoid composition during the “midday depression” of net CO2 uptake in Arbutus unedo growing in Portugal. Planta 177: 377–387
Demmig-Adams B, Winter K, Krüger A, Czygan F-C (1989b) Zeaxanthin and the induction and relaxation kinetics of the dissipation of excess excitation energy in leaves in 2% O2, 0% CO2. Plant Physiol 90: 887–893
Demmig-Adams B, Winter K, Winkelmann K, Krüger A, Czygan F-C (1989c) Photo-synthetic characteristics and the ratios of chlorophyll, β-carotene, and the components of the xanthophyll cycle upon a sudden increase in growth light regime in several plant species. Bot Acta 102: 319–325
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW III, Heber U, Neimanis S, Winter K, Krüger A, Czygan F-C, Bilger W, Björkman O (1990) Inhibition of zeaxanthin formation and of rapid changes in radiationless energy dissipation by dithiothreitol in spinach leaves and chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 92: 293–301
Ehleringer JR (1982) The influence of water stress and temperature on leaf pubescence development in Encelia farinosa. Am J Bot 69: 670–675
Ehleringer JR (1988) Changes in leaf characteristics of species along elevational gradients in the Wasatch Front, Utah. Am J Bot 75: 680–689
Ehleringer JR, Björkman O (1978) Pubescence and leaf spectral characteristics in a desert shrub, Encelia farinosa. Oecologia 36: 151–162
Ehleringer JR, Forseth I (1980) Solar tracking by plants. Science 210: 1093–1098
Ehleringer JR, Mooney HA, Gulmon SL, Rundel PW (1981) Parallel evolution of leaf pubescence in Encelia in coastal deserts of North and South America. Oecologia 49: 38–41
Forseth I, Ehleringer JR (1980) Solar tracking response to drought in a desert annual. Oecologia 44: 159–163
Gilmore AM, Yamamoto HY (1991) Zeaxanthin formation and energy-dependent fluorescence quenching in pea chloroplasts under artificially-mediated linear and cyclic electron transport. Plant Physiol 96: 635–643
Gilmore AM, Yamamoto HY (1992) Dark induction of zeaxanthin-dependent nonphoto-chemical fluorescence quenching mediated by ATP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 1899–1903
Hager A (1980) The reversible, light-induced conversions of xanthophylls in the chloroplast. In: Czygan F-C (ed) Pigments in plants. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp 57–79
Haupt W, Scheuerlein R (1990) Chloroplast movement. Plant Cell Environ 13: 595–614
Horton P, Ruban AV, Rees D, Pascal AA, Noctor G, Young AJ (1991) Control of the light-harvesting function of chloroplast membranes by aggregation of the LHCII chlorophyll-protein complex. FEBS Lett 292: 1–4
Inoue Y, Shibata K (1974) Comparative examination of terrestrial plants leaves in terms of light-induced absorption changes due to chloroplast rearrangements. Plant Cell Physiol 15: 717–721
Koller D (1990) Light-driven leaf movements. Plant Cell Environ 13: 615–632
Koller D, Shak T (1990) Light-driven movements in the solar-tracking leaf of Lupinus palaestinus Boiss. Photochem Photobiol 52: 187–196
Krause GH, Weis E (1991) Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42: 313–349
Krause GH, Vernotte C, Briantais J-M (1982) Photoinduced quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in intact chloroplasts and algae. Resolution into two components. Biochim Biophys Acta 679: 116–124
Krinsky NI (1979) Carotenoid protection against oxidation. Pure Appl Chem 51: 649–660
Ludlow MM, Björkman O (1984) Paraheliotropic leaf movement in Siratro as a protective mechanism against drought-induced damage to primary photosynthetic reactions: damage by excessive light and heat. Planta 161: 505–518
Mooney HA, Ehleringer JR, Björkman O (1977) The energy balance of leaves of the evergreen desert shrub Atriplex hymenelytra. Oecologia 29: 301–310
Neubauer C, Schreiber U (1989) Photochemical and non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence induced by hydrogen peroxide. Z Naturforsch 44c: 262–270
Neubauer C, Yamamoto HY (1992) Mehler-peroxidase reaction mediates zeaxanthin formation and zeaxanthin-related fluorescence quenching in intact chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 99: 1354–1361
Powles SB, Björkman O (1981) Leaf movement in the shade species Oxalis oregana. II. Role in protection against injury by intense light. Carnegic Inst Wash Yearb 80: 63–66
Schäfer C, Björkman O (1989) Relationship between photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in upland cotton (Gosspyium hirsutum L.). Planta 17: 367–376
Siefermann-Harms D (1987) The light harvesting and protective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. Physiol Plant 69: 561–568
Thayer SS, Björkman O (1990) Leaf xanthophyll content and composition in sun and shade determined by HPLC. Photosynth Res 23: 331–343
Thayer SS, Björkman O (1992) Carotenoid distribution and deepoxidation in thylakoid pigment-protein complexes from cotton leaves and bundle-sheath cells of maize. Photosynth Res 33: 213–225
von Caemmerer S, Farquhar GD (1981) Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves. Planta 153: 376–387
Wainwright CM (1977) Suntracking and related leaf movements in a desert lupin (Lupinus arizonicus). Am J Bot 64: 1032–1041
Winter K, Königer M (1989) Dithiothreitol, an inhibitor of violaxanthin de-epoxidation, increases the susceptibility of leaves of Nerium oleander L. to photoinhibition of photosynthesis. Planta 180: 24–31
Yamamoto HY (1979) Biochemistry of the violaxanthin cycle in higher plants. Pure Appl Chem 5: 639–648
Yamamoto HY, Kamite L (1972) The effects of dithiothreitol on violaxanthin deepoxidation and absorbance changes in the 500-nm region. Biochim Biophys Acta 267: 538–543
Young AJ (1991) The photoprotective role of carotenoids in higher plants. Physiol Plant 83: 702–708
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Björkman, O., Demmig-Adams, B. (1995). Regulation of Photosynthetic Light Energy Capture, Conversion, and Dissipation in Leaves of Higher Plants. In: Schulze, ED., Caldwell, M.M. (eds) Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis. Springer Study Edition, vol 100. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79354-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79354-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-58571-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79354-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive