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Psychische Gesundheit trotz Risikobelastung in der Kindheit: Untersuchungen zur „Invulnerabilität“

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Krankheitsverarbeitung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Part of the book series: Jahrbuch der medizinischen Psychologie ((MEDPSYCHOL,volume 4))

Zusammenfassung

Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit „Invulnerabilität“, „Resilienz“ und ähnlichen Konzepten der neueren Entwicklungspsychopathologie. Nach einer Evaluation des Forschungsstands wird über erste Ergebnisse der Bielefelder Invulnerabilitätsstudie berichtet. Dabei werden Jugendliche aus Einrichtungen der Wohlfahrtspflege untersucht, die unter kumulierten und ernsthaften Belastungen aufgewachsen sind und sich entweder psychisch relativ gesund entwickelt haben („Resilientengruppe“; n = 66) oder risikogemäß Erlebens- und Verhaltensstörungen zeigen („Auffälligengruppe“; n = 80). Mit Hilfe der Child Behavior Checklist von Achenbach und eines Indexes der Risikobelastung werden die Gruppen schrittweise präzisiert. Im Vergleich von personalen und sozialen Ressourcen können eine Reihe von Annahmen über Bedingungen/Korrelate der Resilienz bestätigt werden (z. B. Intelligenz, Copingstil, selbstbezogene Kognitionen, Temperament, soziale Unterstützung, Erziehungsklima). Die Ergebnisse hängen jedoch teilweise von der Art der Gruppendefinition ab und sind nicht so ausgeprägt, daß von einem Typus der „Invulnerabilität“ etc. gesprochen werden sollte.

Summary

In recent years, there has been a change of perspective in developmental psychopathology. Alongside traditional etiological deficit models, concepts of invulnerability, resilience, and the like have increasingly become the focus of attention. This paper briefly discusses some of the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological aspects in the relevant research. First findings from the Bielefeld Project on invulnerability are then reported. In this study, two groups of adolescents from social welfare institutions were compared. Both groups have grown up under long-lasting, multiple, and seriously stressful life events and circumstances. One group, however, up to now shows no significant behavioral or emotional disorders (“resilients”; n = 66), the other has developed manifest disorders according to risk models (“deviants”; n = 80). Starting with a naturalistic diagnosis in case conferences with the institutional staff, a multiple gating procedure for more precise group definitions using the TRF version of Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist and a qualitative risk-level index was carried out. As expected, the groups differed with respect to a series of personal and social resources, which are theoretically discussed as correlates of resiliency (intelligence, coping behavior, self-related cognitions, temperament, social support, and climate). However, the relations were not fully consistent over different levels of group definition and not strong enough to justify a quasi-typological concept of “invulnerability”.

Das Forschungsvorhaben wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen des Sonderforschungsbereichs 227 gefördert.

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  1. F. Lösel
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  2. T. Bliesener
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  3. P. Köferl
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  1. Abt. Entwicklungspsychologie, Psychologisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Römerstr. 164, D-5300, Bonn 1, Germany

    Inge Seiffge-Krenke

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Lösel, F., Bliesener, T., Köferl, P. (1990). Psychische Gesundheit trotz Risikobelastung in der Kindheit: Untersuchungen zur „Invulnerabilität“. In: Seiffge-Krenke, I. (eds) Krankheitsverarbeitung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Jahrbuch der medizinischen Psychologie, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75495-1_6

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