Abstract
“Every facies of a deposition shows well-defined petrographic, geognostic and paleontological properties which can be clearly differentiated from the properties of other facies in the same geological period.” The necessity for interdisciplinary studies is clearly expressed in this definition given by Amanz Gressly in 1838. In facies analysis paleontological, sedimentological, geological, and geochemical data provide the basic information about the sedimentary environment, the lithogenesis, and the biotopes of organisms preserved as fossils.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
References: Microfacies Concept
Ailing, H. L. (1945): Use of microlithologies as illustrated by some New York sedimentary rocks. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 56, 737–757, 6 Figs., New York
Bornemann, I. G. (1886): Beiträge zur Geologie des Muschelkalkes, insbesondere der Schichtenfolge und Gesteine des Unteren Muschelkalkes in Thüringen, Jb. preuß. geol. Landesanst. 1885, 267–321, 8 Pls., Berlin
Brown, J. S. (1943): Suggested use of the word microfacies. Econ. Geol. 38, 325, New Haven
Calkins, F. C. (1943): The word “Microfacies”. Econ. Geol. 38, 608–609, New Haven
Campbell, I. (1944): The word “Microfacies”. Econ. Geol. 39, 70–71, New Haven
Chrobok, S., Kautzsch, E., Meier, R. (1968): Fazies und Milieu — Grundprobleme ihrer Individualisierung und Typisierung. XXIII Internat. Geol. Congr. 8, 137–146, Prague
Cloud, P. E. Jr., Barnes, V. E. (1957): The Ellenberger Group of Central Texas. Univ. Texas Publ. 4621, 473 pp.
Cuvillier, J. (1952): La notion de “microfacies” et ses applications. VIII Congr. Naz. Metano e Petrolio, sect. I, 1–7
Cuvillier, J. (1958): Micropaléontologie moderne. Rev. Micropaléont. 1/1, 5–8, Paris
Cuvillier, J. (1961): Etude et utilisation rationelle de microfacies. Rev. Micropaléont. 4/1, 3–6, Paris
Dunham, R. J. (1962): see 6.4
Fairbridge, R. W. (1954): Stratigraphie correlation by microfacies. Amer. J. Sci. 252/11, 683–694, 1 Fig., New Haven
Folk, R. L. (1959): see 6.4
Franke, D. (1963): Zu Fragen geologischer Terminologie und Klassifikation (II). Der Begriff der Fazies (3. Teil). Z. angew. Geol. 1963/3, 153–157, Berlin
Gressly, A. (1838): Observations géologiques sur le Jura Soleurois. N. Denkschr. allgem. schweiz. Ges. Naturwiss. 2, Neuchâtel
Gubler, Y., Bertrand, P., Mattavelli, L., Rizzini, A., Passega, R. (1967): Petrology and petrography of carbonate rocks. In: Chilingar, G. V., Bissel, H. J., Fairbridge, R. W. (eds.): Carbonate Rocks. Dev. Sediment. 9 A, 51–86, 13 Figs., 1 Tab., Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier
Gümbel, C. W. (1873): Mikroskopische Untersuchungen alpiner Triaskalke und Dolomite. Verh. geol. Reichsanstalt 7 (8), 141–144, Vienna
Ham, W. E. (ed., 1962): see 1.4.1
Hovelacque, M., Kilian, C. C. W. (1900): Album de microphotographies de roches sédimentaires, d’après les échantillons recueillis et choisis par W. Kilian. 14 pp. 69 Pls., Paris (Gauthier-Villars)
Lützner et al. (1974): see 1.3.2.1
Ostry, R. C., Deane, R. E. (1963): Microfacies analyses of till. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 74, 165–168, New York
Peters, K. (1863): Über Foraminiferen im Dachsteinkalk. Jb. geol. Reichsanst. Wien 13, 293–298, Vienna Pia, J. (1933): see 2.4.2
Rey, M. (1954): Sur l’emploi des photo-logs de microfacies dans les séries indurées sédimentaires traversées par les sondages. Rev. inst. Franç. Petrol. et Ann. Combustibles liquides 9/2, Paris
Sander, B. (1936): see 1.4.1
Schäfer, W. (1962): see 1.4.1
Shaw, Ch. E. Jr., Walton, M. (1963): Stress-controlled microfacies in a metamorphosed conglomerate. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. 1962, 239, Houston
Sorby, H. C. (1879): The structure and origin of limestones. Geol. Soc. London Proc. 35, 56–95, 11 Figs., 2 Tabs., London
Teichert, C. (1958): Concept of facies. Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 42/11, 2718–2744, 1 Fig., Tulsa
Udden, J. A., Waite, V. V. (1927): Some microscopic characteristics of the Bend and Ellenburger limestones. Texas Univ. Bull. 2703, 8 pp, 9 Pls., Austin
Wilson, J. L. (1975): see 1.4.1
References: Methods of Facies Analysis
Banks, J. E. (1950): Particle-types well logging. Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 34, 1729–1739, Tulsa
Bouma, A. H. (1962): Sedimentology of some flysch deposits. A graphic approach to facies pattern. 168 pp., 31 Figs., 3 supps., 17 Tab., 8 Pls., Amsterdam—New York: Elsevier Bouma, A. H. (1969): see 1.3.2.3
Bouma, A. H., Nota, D. J. G. (1961): Detailed graphic logs of sedimentary formations. Intern. Geol. Congress, Report 21st Sess., Norden 23, 52–74, 6 Pls., Copenhagen
Dunham, R. J. (1962): see 6.4
Falke, H. (1975): Anlegung und Ausdeutung einer geologischen Karte. 210 pp., 120 Figs., Berlin: de Gruyter
Folk, R. L. (1969): Toward greater precision in rock-color terminology. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 80, 725–728, New York
Forgotson, J. Jr. (1960): Review and classification of quantitative mapping techniques. Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 44/1, 83–100, 7 Figs., Tulsa
Füchtbauer, H. (1974): see 1.4.1
Geyer, O. F. (1973): see 1.4.1
Ginsburg, R. N. (1975): see 1.4.1
Ingram, R. L. (1954): Terminology for the thickness of stratification and parting units in sedimentary rocks. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 65, 937–938, New York
Kelleÿ, V. C. (1956): Thickness of strata. J. Sed. Petrol. 26, 289–300, Tulsa
Krumbein, W. C., Sloss, L. L. (1963): see 1.4.1
Krynine, P. P. (1948): The megascopic study and field classification of sedimentary rocks. J. Geol. 56, 130–165, Chicago
Leighton, M. M., Pendexter, C. (1962): see 6.4
Lützner, H. (1968): Tabellarische Dokumentation von Sedimentgesteinen auf feldgeologischer Grundlage. Z. Angew. Geol. 13, 11/12, 635–642, 3 Figs., Berlin
Lützner, H., Falk, F., Ellenberg, J., Grumbt, E. (1974): Tabellarische Dokumentation klastischer Sedimente. Akad. Wiss. DDR, Forschungsbereich Geo-und Kosmowiss., Zentralinst. Phys. Erde 20, 153 pp., 7 ends., 36 Figs., Potsdam
Müller, G. (1967): A pocket microscope for grain size measurement in the field. J. Sed. Petrol. 37/2, 703–704, 2 Figs., Tulsa
Müller-Jungbluth, W. V., Toschek, P. H. (1969): see 6.4
Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E. (1964): see 1.4.1
Potter, P. E., Pettijohn, F. J.: (1963): see 1.4.1
Reineck, H. E. (1963): Parameter von Schichtung und Bioturbation. Geol: Rdsch. 56, 420–438, Stuttgart
Reineck, H. E., Singh, I. B. (1973): see 1.4.1
Ricchi Lucchi, F. (1970): see 1.4.1
Rizzini, A., Mattavelli, I. (1964): Logs pétrographiques et cartes de lithofacies pratiques des roches carbonatées. Rev. Inst. franç. Pétrole 19/5, 720–728
Shrock, R. R. (1948): see 1.4.1
Vossmerbäumer, H. (1976): see 1.4.1
Wilson, J. L. (1975): see 1.4.1
Apfel, E. T. (1938): Phase sampling of sediments. J. Sed. Petrol. 8, 67–78, Tulsa
Cadigan, R. A. (1962): A method for determining the randomness of regionally distributed quantitative geologic data. J. Sed. Petrol. 32/4, 813–818, 1 Fig., Tulsa
Cochran, W. G. (1963): Sampling technique. 2nd ed., 333 pp., New York: Wiley & Sons
Dennison, J. M. (1962): Graphical aids for determining reliability of sample means and an adequate sample size. J. Sed. Petrol. 32/4, 734–750, 5 Figs., Tulsa
De Vries, N. (1970): On the accuracy of bed-material sampling. J. Hydraul. Res., 8, 523–534
Eltgen, H. (1969): see 7.3.2
Flügel, E., Hötzl, H. (1976): Palökologische und statistische Untersuchungen in mitteldevonischen Schelf-Kalken (Schwelmer Kalk, Givet, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Bayer. Akad.
Wiss. Math.-naturwiss. Kl. Abh., N. F. 156, 70 pp., 29 Figs., 17 Tabs., München
Griffith, J. C. (1967): Scientific Methods in Analysis of Sediments. 508 pp., New York: McGraw Hill Int. Ser. Earth and Planetary Sci.
Gubler, Y., et al. (1967): see 1.3.1
Jopling, A. V. (1966): Some applications of theory and experiment to the study of bedding genesis. Sedimentology 7, 71–102, 3 Pls., 5 Figs., Amsterdam
Kasig, W. (1974): Eine Methode der Probeentnahme aus massigen Sedimentgesteinen. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh. 1974/2, 65–71, 3 Figs., Stuttgart
Krumbein, W. C. (1965): Sampling in paleontology. In: Kummel, B., Raup, D. (eds.): Handbook of Paleontological Techniques, 137–150, 1 Fig., San Francisco-London: Freeman
Krumbein, W. C., Graybill, F. A. (1965): An Introduction to Statistical Models in Geology. 475 pp., New York: McGraw Hill
McCammon, R. B. (1975): see 7.3.2
Marsal, D. (1967): see 7.3.2
Nowak, F. J., Carozzi, A. V. (1973): see 7.3.2
Otto, G. H. (1938): The sedimentation unit and its use in field sampling. J. Geology 46, 569–582, Chicago
Tietz, G. F. (1976): Petrographische und geochemische Untersuchungen an einer kondensierten Kalkbank des unteren Silurs der Karnischen Alpen (Österreich). Verh. Geol. Bundesanst. 1976/2, 207–242, 7 Figs., 1 Tab., Wien
Walger, E. (1961): Die Korngrößenverteilung von Einzellagen sandiger Sedimente und ihre genetische Bedeutung. Geol. Rundsch. 51/2, 494–507, 8 Figs., Stuttgart
Ayan, T. (1965): Chemical staining methods used in the identification of carbonate minerals. Bull. Min. Res. Explor. Inst. Turkey 65, 133–147, Ankara
Bissell, H. (1957): Combined preferential staining and cellulose peel technique. J. Sed. Petrol. 27, 417–420, Tulsa
Bouma, A. H. (1969): Methods for the Study of Sedimentary Rocks. 458 pp., New YorkLondon-Sidney-Toronto: Wiley
Davies, P. J., Till, R. (1968): Stained dry cellulose peels of ancient and recent impregnated carbonate sediments. J. Sed. Petrol. 38/1, 234–237, 1 Tab., Tulsa
Dickson, J. A. D. (1966): Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining. J. Sed. Petrol. 36/2, 491–505, 10 Figs., Tulsa
Evamy, B. D. (1963): The application of a chemical staining technique to a study of dedolomitization. Sed. 2, 164–170, Amsterdam
Feigl, F. (1960): Tüpfelanalysen. 1. Anorganischer Teil. 4. deutsche Auflage, 594 pp., Frankfurt/M.
Fenninger, A. (1968): Das Kalzitgefüge der sparitischen Kalke des Plassen (Tithonium, nördliche Kalkalpen, Oberösterreich). Sed. 10/4, 273–291, 9 Figs., 3 Tab., Amsterdam
Frank, R. M. (1965): An improved carbonate peel technique for high-powered studies. J. Sed. Petrol. 35/2, 1 Fig., Tulsa
Friedman, G. M. (1959): Identification of carbonate minerals by staining methods. J. Sed. Petrol. 29/2, 87–97, 2 Figs., 4 Tab., Tulsa
Gensmer, R. P., Weiss, M. P. (1980): Accuracy of calcite/dolomite ratios by X-ray diffraction and comparison with results from staining techniques. J. Sed. Petrol. 50/2, 626–629, 2 Figs., Tulsa
Germann, K. (1965): Die Technik des Folienabzuges und ihre Ergänzung durch Anfärbemethoden. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 121, 293–306, Stuttgart
Gwinner, M. P. (1963): Lackfilme als Hilfsmittel bei der Herstellung von Gesteinsschnittbildern, Photographische Korrespondenz 99, 188–190, 4 Figs.
Darmstadt-WienHedberg, R. M. (1963): Dip determination in carbonate cores. J. Sed. Petrol. 33, 680–693, Tulsa
Honjo, S., Fischer, A. G. (1965): Thin section and peels for high-magnification study and phase-contrast microscopy. In: Kummel, B., Raup, D. (eds.): Handbook of Palaeontological Techniques, 241–247, 1 Fig., San Francisco-London: Freeman
Kampa, E. (1967): Ein neues Nitrocellulosefilm-Verfahren in der Paläontologie. Der Präparator 13/3, 205–206, Bonn
Katz, A., Friedman, G. M. (1965): The preparation of stained acetate peels for the study of carbonate rocks. J. Sed. Petrol. 35, 248–249, Tulsa
Kummel, B., Raup, D. (eds.) (1965): Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. 852 pp., San Francisco-London: Freeman
Lees, A. (1958): Etching techniques for use on thin sections of limestones. J. Sed. Petrol. 28/2, 100–202, 3 Figs., Tulsa
Lindholm, R. C., Dean, D. A. (1973): Ultra-thin sections in carbonate petrology: a valuable tool. J. Sed. Petrol. 43/1, 295–297, 1 Fig., Tulsa
McCrone, A. W. (1963): Quick preparation of peel-prints for sedimentary petrography. J. Sed, Petrol. 33/1, 228–230, Tulsa
Moussa, M. T. (1976): Plastic spray thin-section cover. J. Sed. Petrol. 46/1, 252–253, Tulsa
Müller, G. (1964): Methoden der Sedimentuntersuchung. 303 pp., 91 Figs., 29 Tab., 3 Suppl., Stuttgart: Schweizerbart
Müller, G., Raith, M. (1976): Methoden der Dünnschliffmikroskopie. 2. Auflage. Clausthaler Tektonische Hefte 14, 151 p., 38 Figs., 6 Tables, Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Sainsbury, C. L. (1965): Improved method for studying carbonate rocks in thin sections. J. Sed. Petrol. 35/2, 491–494, 3 Figs., Tulsa
Schneidermann, N., Sandberg, P. A. (1971): Calcite-Aragonite differentiation by selective staining and scanning electron microscopy. Transact. Gulf Coast Ass. Geol. Soc. 21, 4 pp., 6 Figs., New Orleans
Schnitzer, W. A. (1958): Eine anwendbare Methode quantitativer Dolomitbestimmung in Weißjura-Kalken mittels Tüpfelreaktion. Geol. Bl. NO-Bayern 8, 53–112
Erlangen Schnitzer, W. A. (1967): Bromphenolblau zur Unterscheidung von Kalkstein und Dolomit. Zement-Kalk-Gips 1967/1, 31–32
Sternberg, R. M., Belding, H. (1942): The dry-peel technique. J. Paleont. 16, 135–136
Tulsa Swarbrick, E. E. (1964): A peel technique for the study of sedimentary structures. Sedimentology 3/1, 75–78, 1 Pl., Amsterdam
Voigt, E. (1949): Die Anwendung der Lackfilmmethode. Mitt. geol. Staatsinst. 19, 111–129, Hamburg
Völkel, H. (1967): Allgemeines über die Anfertigung von Dünnschliffen und Anschliffen. Der Präparator 13, 155–169, 7 Figs., Bonn
Warne, J. (1962): A quick field or laboratory staining scheme for the differentiation of the major carbonate minerals. J. Sed. Petrol. 32/1, 29–38, 2 Pls., 3 Figs., Tulsa
Warth, M. (1969): Selektive Anfärbung von Gesteinsoberflächen. Der Präparator 15/1, 11–17, Bochum
Wolf, K. H., Easton, A. J., Warne, S. (1967): Techniques of examining and analyzing carbonate skeletons, minerals and rocks. Dev. Sedimentology 9 B, Carbonates 253–341, 21 Figs., Amsterdam: Elsevier
References: Sedimentary Structures in Carbonate Rocks
Bacelle Scudeler, L. (1968): Strutture torbitiche e frane sottomarine nel “S. Cassiano” di Carbonin (Dolomiti nord-orientali). Accad. Naz. Lincei, Rend. Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Naturali, Fasc. 6, Ser. 8, 44, 821–826, Pl. 1, 1 Fig., Roma
Ball, M. M. (1967): Carbonate sand bodies of Florida and Bahamas, J. Sed. Petrol. 37, 556–591, Tulsa
Bouma, A. H. (1972): Fossils contourites in lower Niesenflysch, Switzerland. J. Sed. Petrol. 42/4, 917–921, 3 Figs., Tulsa
Broadhurst, F. M. (1968): Large scale ripples in Silurian limestones. Lethaia 1, 28–38, 6 Figs., Oslo
Campbell, Ch. V. (1967): Lamina, laminaset, bed and bedset. Sedimentology 8, 7–26, 4 Figs., Amsterdam
Carozzi, A. V. (1960): Microscope arched flow structures and spiral structures in sedimentary rocks. Bull. Inst. Nat. Genevois 60, 4–23, Geneva
Davies, D. K. (1968): Carbonate turbidites, Gulf of Mexico. J. Sed. Petrol. 38, 1100–1109, 8 Figs., Tulsa
Dott, R. H. Jr. (1958): Cyclic patterns in mechanically deposited Pennsylvanian limestones of northeastern Nevada. J. Sed. Petrol. 28/1, 3–14, 3 Figs., 1 Pl., Tulsa
Engel, W. (1970): Die Nummuliten-Breccien im Flyschbecken von Ajdovscina in Slowenien als Beispiel karbonatischer Turbidite. Verh. geol. Bundesanst. 1970/4, 570–582, 5 Figs., Wien
Grunau, H. (1959): see 5.5
Gwinner, M. P. (1962): Subaquatische Gleitungen und resedimentäre Breccien im Weißen Jura der schwäbischen Alb (Württemberg). Z. dtsch. geol. Ges. 113, 2/3, 571–590, 6 Figs., Pls. 7–10, Stuttgart
Hamblin, W. K. (1969): Marine paleocurrent directions in limestones of the Kansas City Group (Upper Pennsylvanian) in Eastern Kansas. State Geol. Surv. Kansas Bull 194/2, 24 pp., 19 Figs., Lawrence
Harbaugh, J. W. (1959): Small scale cross-lamination in limestones. J. Sed. Petrol. 29/1, 30–37, 6 Figs., Tulsa
Imbrie, J., Buchanan, H. (1965): Sedimentary structure in modern carbonate sands of the Bahamas. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Min. Spec, Publ. 12, 149–172, Tulsa
Kuenen, P. H., ten Haaf, E. (1956): Graded bedding in limestones. Proc. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Ser. B. 59, 314–317, Amsterdam
Lindström, M. (1963): Sedimentary folds and the development of limestone in early Ordovician Sea. Sedimentology 2/3, 243–292, 15 Figs., Amsterdam
Lumsden, D. N. (1971): Facies and bed thickness distributions of limestones. J. Sed. Petrol 41/2, 593–598, 4 Figs., Tulsa
MacKenzie, F. T. (1964): Bermuda Pleistocene eolianites and paleowinds. Sedimentology 3, 52–64, 6 Figs., Amsterdam
Marcinowski, R. (1970): Turbidites in the Upper Oxfordian Limestones at Jaskrow in the Polish Jura Chain. Bull. Acad. Polonaise Scien. Ser. sci. geol. 18/4, 219–225, Pls. 1–6, 2 Figs., Warsaw
Meischner, K. D. (1964): Allodapische Kalke, Turbidite in riffnahen Sedimentations-Becken. Dev. Sediment. 3, 156–191, 3 Pls., 5 Figs., Amsterdam
Radwânski, A., Roniewicz, P. (1962): Submarine slumping in the Famennian of the Holy Cross Mts. (Central Poland). Acta Geol. Polonica 12/2, 295–305 , Pls. 12–15, Warsaw
Remane, J. (1970): Die Entstehung der resedimentären Breccien im Obertithon der subalpinen Ketten Frankreichs. Eclogae geol. Helvetiae 63/3, 685–740, 20 Figs., 6 Pls., Basel
Rigby, K. J. (1958): Mass movements in Permian rocks of Trans-Pecos Texas. J. Sed. Petrol. 28/3, 298–315, 14 Figs., Tulsa
Roehl, P. O. (1967): Stony mountains (Ordovician) and interlake (Silurian) facies analogs of recent low energy marine and subaerial carbonates, Bahamas. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 51/10, 1979–2032, 48 Figs., Tulsa
Schuler, G. (1967): Zur Kalk-Mergel-Sedimentation stromatometrisch vergleichbarer Profile im Malm Alpha in der mittleren Frankenalb. Geol. Bl. NO-Bayern 17/3, 127–136, 1 Tab., 4 Figs., Erlangen
Schwarz, H.-U. (1970): Zur Sedimentologie und Fazies des unteren Muschelkalkes in Süd- westdeutschland und angrenzenden Gebieten. Diss. Univ. Tübingen, 267 pp., Tübingen
Schwarz, H.-U. (1975): Sedimentary structures and facies analysis of shallow marine carbonates (Lower Muschelkalk, Middle Triassic, Southwestern Germany). Contrib. Sed. 3, 100 pp., 11 Pls., 35 Figs., 1 Tab., Stuttgart: Schweizerbart
Sedimentation Seminar (1966): Cross-bedding in the Salem limestone of Central Indiana. Sedimentology 6, 95–114, 12 Figs., Amsterdam
Seibold, E. (1952): Chemische Untersuchungen zur Bankung im unteren Malm Schwabens. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 95, 337–370, Stuttgart
Sorauf, J. E. (1965): Flow rolls of Upper Devonian rocks of south-central New York State. J. Sed. Petrol. 35, 553–563, Tulsa
Swinchatt, J. P. (1967): Formation of large scale cross-bedding in a carbonate unit. Sedimentology 8, 93–120, 18 Figs., 1 Tab., Amsterdam
Szulczewski, M. (1968): Slump structures and turbidites in Upper Devonian limestones of the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geol. Polonica 18/2, 303–324, Pls. 1–6, 8 Figs., Warsaw
Vortisch, W. (1964): Die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über nichttektonische Verformung der Sedimente. Geol. Rdsch. 53/2, 650–679 , Stuttgart
Wendt, J. (1971): Genese und Fauna submariner sedimentärer Spaltenfüllungen im mediterranen Jura. Palaeontographica, A, 136, 121–192, Pls. 15–18, 20 Figs., 7 Tab., Stuttgart
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Flügel, E. (1982). Introduction to Facies Analysis. In: Microfacies Analysis of Limestones. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68423-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68423-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68425-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68423-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive