Abstract
Productivity and geographical distribution of plant species are limited as much, if not more, by water stress than by any other environmental factor. Fully one-third of the exposed land mass is classified as arid or semi-arid while the remainder is subjected to seasonal or local variations in water supply. It is hardly surprising that a strong evolutionary impetus toward improved drought-resistance has resulted in a considerable array of adaptations at all levels of organization (ecological, morphological, physiological, and biochemical). Within this variety three basic strategies are recognizable: drought-evasion, drought-avoidance, and drought-tolerance (Cloudsley-Thompson and Chadwick 1964). Drought evasion (or escape) is seen most easily in the ephemeral annuals. Due to an abbreviated life-cycle these plants complete their vegetative growth and reproductive cycle during periods of moisture availability, surviving the intervening dry periods as desiccation-tolerant seeds. Drought-avoidance is achieved primarily through adaptations that retard water loss and/or increase water absorption. Plants in which these features are well-developed effectively forestall internal water deficits when exogenous supplies are scarce. Drought-tolerance is a feature of plants capable of experiencing protoplasmic dehydration without permanent injury. Except for the seed stage, this latter mechanism is poorly developed in the majority of higher plants.
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Bewley, J.D., Krochko, J.E. (1982). Desiccation-Tolerance. In: Lange, O.L., Nobel, P.S., Osmond, C.B., Ziegler, H. (eds) Physiological Plant Ecology II. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 12 / B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68150-9_11
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