Skip to main content

Interaction Between Iron-Regulatory Proteins and Their RNA Target Sequences, Iron-Responsive Elements

  • Chapter
Cytoplasmic fate of messenger RNA

Part of the book series: Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology ((PMSB,volume 18))

Abstract

Iron is perhaps the most essential inorganic element necessary for cell growth, and, acting as both donor and acceptor of electrons, has evolved as an integral cofactor and component of many proteins (Crichton and Ward 1992; Aisen 1994). Indeed, variability in the protein ligands coordinating iron can evoke a wide-ranging flexibility in redox potentials. Regulation of the amount of free intracellular iron is critical, and in mammals is mediated at several steps, including the uptake of iron by endocytosis of receptor-bound transferrin, and the storage of iron by ferritin within the cell (Baker and Morgan 1994). Insufficient iron will prevent cell division, whereas iron overload is toxic, due in large part to the potential for oxidative damage (Crichton 1991).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aisen P (1994) Iron metabolism: an evolutionary perspective. In: Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW (ed) Iron metabolism in health and disease. Saunders, London, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz N, Munro HN (1987) Iron regulates ferritin mRNA translation through a segment of its 5´ untranslated region. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 8478–8482

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker E, Morgan EH (1994) Iron transport. In: Brock JH, Halliday JW, Pippard MJ, Powell LW (ed) Iron metabolism in health and disease. Saunders, London, p 63

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton HA, Eisenstein RS, Bomford A, Munro HN (1990) Determinants of the interaction between the iron-responsive element-binding protein and its binding site in rat L-ferritin mRNA. J Biol Chem 265: 7000–7008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basilion JP, Rouault TA, Massinople CM, Klausner RD, Burgess WH (1994a) The iron-responsive element-binding protein: localization of the RNA-binding site to the aconitase active-site cleft. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 574–578

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basilion JP, Kennedy MC, Beinert H, Massinople CM, Klausner RD, Rouault TA (1994b) Overexpression of iron-responsive element-binding protein and its analytical characterization as the RNA-binding form, devoid of an iron-sulfur cluster. Arch Biochem Biophys 311: 517–522

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battiste JL, Tan R, Frankel AD, Williamson JR (1994) Binding of an HIV rev peptide to rev responsive element RNA induces formation of purine-purine base pairs. Biochemistry 33: 2741–2747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont C, Leneuve P, Devaux I, Scoazec J-Y, Berthier M, Loiseau M-N, Grandchamp B, Bonneau D (1995) Mutation in the iron responsive element of the L Ferritin mRNA in a family with dominant hyperferritinaemia and cataract. Nature Genet 11: 444–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beinert H, Kennedy MC (1993) Aconitase, a two-faced protein: enzyme and iron regulatory factor. FASEB J 7: 1442–1449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bettany AJE, Eisenstein RS, Munro HN (1992) Mutagenesis of the iron-regulatory element further defines a role for RNA secondary structure in the regulation of ferritin and transferrin receptor expression. J Biol Chem 267: 16531–16537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burd CG, Drey fuss G (1994) Conserved structures and diversity of functions of RNA-binding proteins. Science 265: 615–621

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairo G, Pietrangelo A (1994) Transferrin receptor gene expression during rat liver regeneration: evidence for post-transcriptional regulation by iron regulatory factorB, a second iron-responsive element binding protein. J Biol Chem 269: 6405–6409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairo G, Tacchini L, Pogliaghi G, Anzon E, Tornasi A, Bernelli-Zazzera A (1995) Induction of ferritin synthesis by oxidative stress: transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation by expansion of the free iron pool. J Biol Chem 270: 700–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey JL, Hentze MW, Koeller DM, Caughman SW, Rouault TA, Klausner RD, Harford JB (1988) Iron-responsive elements: regulatory RNA sequences that control mRNA levels and translation. Science 240: 924–928

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey JL, Koeller DM, Ramin VC, Klausner RD, Harford JB (1989) Iron regulation of transferrin receptor mRNA levels requires iron-responsive elements and a rapid turnover determinant in the 3´ untranslated region of the mRNA. EMBO J 8: 3693–3699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavarelli J, Rees B, Ruif M, Thierry J-C, Moras D (1993) Yeast tRNAAsp recognition by its cognate class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Nature 362: 181–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu E, Koeller DM, Casey JL, Drake JC, Chabner BA, Elwood PC, Zinn S, Allegra CJ (1991) Autoregulation of human thymidylate synthase messenger RNA translation by thymidylate synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8977–8981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu E, Takimoto CH, Voeller D, Grem JL, Allegra CJ (1993) Specific binding of human dihy-dofolate reductase protein to dihydrofolate reductase messenger RNA in vitro. Biochemistry 32: 4756–4760

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu E, Voeller DM, Morrison PF, Jones KL, Takechi T, Maley GF, Maley F, Allegra CJ (1994) The effect of reducing reagents on binding of thymidylate synthase protein to thymidylate synthase messenger RNA. J Biol Chem 269: 20289–20293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu E, Takechi T, Jones KL, Voeller DM, Copur SM, Maley GF, Maley FM, Segal S, Allegra CJ (1995) Thymidylate synthase binds to c-myc RNA in human colon cancer cells and in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 15: 179–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colvin RA, Garcia-Blanco MA (1992) Unusual structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans -activation response element. J Virol 66: 930–935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colvin RA, White SW, Garcia-Blanco MA, Hoffman DW (1993) Structural features of an RNA containing the CUGGGA loop of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans -activation response element. Biochemistry 32: 1105–1112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constable A, Quick S, Gray NK, Hentze MW (1992) Modulation of the RNA-binding activity of a regulatory protein by iron in vitro: switching between enzymatic and genetic function? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 4554–4558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox TC, Bawden MJ, Martin A, May BK (1991) Human erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase: promoter analysis and identification of an iron-responsive element in the mRNA. EMBO J 10: 1891–1902

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crichton RR (1991) Iron homeostasis and cellular iron release. In: Crichton RR (ed) Inorganic biochemistry of iron metabolism. Horwood, New York, p 163

    Google Scholar 

  • Crichton RR, Ward RJ (1992) Iron metabolism — new perspectives in view. Biochemistry 31: 11255–11264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dandekar T, Stripecke R, Gray NK, Goossen B, Constable A, Johansson HE, Hentze MW (1991) Identification of a novel iron-responsive element in murine and human erythroid 5-aminole-vulinic acid synthase mRNA. EMBO J 10: 1903–1909

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeRusso P, Philpott CC, Iwai K, Mostowski HS, Klausner RD, Rouault TA (1995) Expression of a constitutive mutant of iron regulatory protein 1 abolishes iron homeostasis in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 270: 15451–15454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dix DJ, Lin PN, McKenzie AR, Walden WE, Theil EC (1993) The influence of the base-paired flanking region on structure and function of the ferritin mRNA iron regulatory element. J Mol Biol 231: 230–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drapier J-C, Hiding H, Wietzerbin J, Kaldy P, Kühn LC (1993) Biosynthesis of nitric oxide activates iron regulatory factor in macrophages. EMBO J 12: 3643–3649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein RS, Tuazon PT, Schalinske KL, Anderson SA, Traugh JA (1993) Iron-responsive element binding protein: phosphorylation by protein kinase C. J. Biol Chem 268: 27363–27370

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emery-Goodman A, Hiding H, Scarpellino L, Henderson B, Kühn LC (1993) Iron regulatory factor expressed from recombinant baculovirus: conversion between the RNA-binding apo-protein and Fe-S cluster containing aconitase. Nucl Acids Res 21: 1457–1461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gait MJ, Karn J (1993) RNA recognition by the human immunodeficiency virus Tat and Rev proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 18: 255–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goessling LS, Daniels-McQueen S, Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi M, Lin JJ, Thach RE (1992) Enhanced degradation of the ferritin repressor protein during induction of ferritin messenger RNA translation. Science 256: 670–673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goessling LS, Mascotti DP, Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi M, Gang H, Thach RE (1994) Irreversible steps in the ferritin synthesis induction pathway. J Biol Chem 269: 4343–4348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goossen B, Hentze MW (1992) Position is the critical determinant for function of iron-responsive elements as translational regulators. Mol Cell Biol 12: 1959–1966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goossen B, Caughman SW, Harford JB, Klausner RD, Hentze MW (1990) Translational repression by a complex between the iron-responsive element of ferritin mRNA and its specific cytoplasmic binding protein is position-dependent in vivo. EMBO J 9: 4127–4133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo B, Yu Y, Leibold EA (1994) Iron regulates cytoplasmic levels of a novel iron-responsive element-binding protein without aconitase activity. J Biol Chem 269: 24252–24260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo B, Brown FM, Phillips JD, Yu Y, Leibold EA (1995a) Characterization and expression of iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2): presence of multiple IRP2 transcripts regulated by intracellular iron levels. J Biol Chem 270: 16529–16535

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo B, Phillips JD, Yu Y, Leibold EA (1995b) Iron regulates the intracellular degradation of iron regulatory protein 2 by the proteasome. J Biol Chem 270: 21645–21651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haile DJ, Hentze MW, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1989) Regulation of interaction of the iron-responsive element binding protein with iron-responsive elements. Mol Cell Biol 9: 5055–5061

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haile DJ, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1990) The inhibition of the iron responsive element RNA-protein interaction by heme does not mimic in vivo iron regulation. J Biol Chem 265: 12786–12789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haile DJ, Rouault TA, Tang CK, Chin J, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1992a) Reciprocal control of RNA-binding and aconitase activity in the regulation of the iron-responsive element binding protein: role of the iron-sulfur cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 7536–7540

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haile DJ, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Kennedy MC, Blondin GA, Beinert H, Klausner RD (1992b) Cellular regulation of the iron-responsive element binding protein: disassembly of the cubane iron-sulfur cluster results in high-affinity RNA binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11735–11739

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrell CM, McKenzie AR, Patino MM, Walden WE, Theil EC (1991) Ferritin mRNA: Interactions of iron regulatory element with translational regulatory protein P-90 and the effect on base-paired flanking regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4166–4170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson BR, Kühn LC (1995) Differential modulation of the RNA-binding proteins IRP-1 and IRP-2 in response to iron: IRP-2 inactivation requires translation of another protein. J Biol Chem 270: 20509–20515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson BR, Seiser C, Kühn LC (1993) Characterisation of a second RNA-binding protein in rodents with specificity for iron-responsive elements. J Biol Chem 268: 27327–27334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson BR, Menotti E, Bonnard C, Kühn LC (1994) Optimal sequence and structure of iron responsive elements: selection of RNA stem-loops with high affinity for iron regulatory factor. J Biol Chem 269: 17481–17489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson BR, Menotti E, Kühn LC (1996) Iron regulatory proteins -1 and -2 bind distinct sets of RNA target sequences. J Biol Chem 271: 4900–4908

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry Y, Lepoivre M, Drapier J-C, Ducrocq C, Boucher J-L, Guissani A (1993) EPR characterization of molecular targets for NO in mammalian cells and organelles. FASEB J 7: 1124–1134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentze MW (1994) Enzymes as RNA-binding proteins: a role for (di)nucleotide-binding domains? Trends Biochem Sci 19: 101–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentze MW, Argos P (1991) Homology between IRE-BP, a regulatory RNA-binding protein, aconitase, and isopropylmalate isomerase. Nucl Acids Res 19: 1739–1740

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentze MW, Rouault TA, Caughman SW, Dancis A, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1987a) A cis -acting element is necessary for translational regulation of human ferritin expression in response to iron. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6730–6734

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentze MW, Caughman SW, Rouault TA, Barriocanal JG, Dancis A, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1987b) Identification of the iron-responsive element for the translational regulation of human ferritin mRNA. Science 238: 1570–1573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentze MW, Caughman SW, Casey JL, Koeller DM, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1988) A model for the structure and functions of iron-responsive elements. Gene 72: 201–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentze MW, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1989) Oxidation-reduction as a molecular mechanism of a regulatory RNA-protein interaction. Science 244: 357–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirling H, Emery-Goodman A, Thompson N, Neupert B, Seiser C, Kühn LC (1992) Expression of active iron regulatory factor from a full-length human cDNA by in vitro transcription/translation. Nucl Acids Res 20: 33–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirling H, Henderson BR, Kühn LC (1994) Mutational analysis of the [4Fe-4S] cluster converting iron regulatory factor from its RNA-binding form to cytoplasmic aconitase. EMBO J 13: 453–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz JA, Harford JB (1992) The secondary structure of the regulatory region of the transferrin receptor mRNA deduced by enzymatic cleavage. New Biol 4: 330–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwai K, Klausner R, Rouault TA (1995) Requirements for iron-regulated degradation of the RNA binding protein, iron regulatory protein 2. EMBO J 14: 5350–5357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffrey SR, Haile DJ, Klausner RD, Harford JB (1993) The interaction between the iron-responsive element binding protein and its cognate RNA is highly dependent upon both RNA sequence and structure. Nucl Acids Res 24: 4627–4631

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaptain S, Downey WE, Tang C, Philpott C, Haile D, Orloff DG, Harford JB, Rouault TA, Klausner RD (1991) A regulated RNA-binding protein also possesses aconitase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10109–10113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy MC, Mende-Mueller L, Blondin GA, Beinert H (1992) Purification and characterization of cytosolic aconitase from beef liver and its relationship to the iron-responsive element binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11730–11734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim H-Y, Klausner RD, Rouault TA (1995) Translational repressor activity is equivalent and is quantitatively predicted by in vitro RNA binding for two iron-responsive element-binding proteins, IRP1 and IRP2. J Biol Chem 270: 4983–4986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjems J, Brown M, Chang DD, Sharp PA (1991) Structural analysis of the interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus rev protein and the rev response element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 683–687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klausner RD, Rouault TA, Harford JB (1993) Regulating the fate of mRNA: the control of cellular iron metabolism. Cell 72: 19–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koeller DM, Casey JL, Gerhardt EM, Chan LN, Klausner RD, Harford JB (1989) A cytosolic protein binds to the structural elements within the iron regulatory region of the transferrin receptor mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3574–3578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler SA, Henderson BR, Kühn LC (1995) Succinate dehydrogenase b mRNA of Drosophila melanogaster has a functional iron-responsive element in its 5´-untranslated region. J Biol Chem 270: 30781–30786

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kühn LC (1994) Molecular regulation of iron proteins. In: Hershko C (ed) Baillière’s Clinical Haematology, vol 7. Baillière Tindall, London, pp 763–785

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühn LC, Hentze MW (1992) Coordination of cellular iron metabolism by post-transcriptional gene regulation. J Inorg Biochem 47: 183–195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lander HM, Levine DM, Novogrodsky A (1992) Hemin stimulation of cAMP production in human lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 303: 242–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibold EA, Munro HN (1988) Cytoplasmic protein binds in vitro to a highly conserved sequence in the 5´ untranslated region of ferritin heavy and light subunit mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 2171–2175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibold EA, Laudano A, Yu Y (1990) Structural requirements of iron-responsive elements for binding the protein involved in both transferrin receptor and ferritin mRNA post-transcriptional regulation. Nucl Acids Res 18: 1819–1824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine TD, Gao F-B, King PH, Andrews LG, Keene JD (1993) Hel-N1: an autoimmune RNA-binding protein with specificity for 3´ uridylate-rich untranslated regions of growth factor mRNAs. Mol Cell Biol 13: 3494–3504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liau G, Chan LM, Feng P (1991) Increased ferritin gene expression is both promoted by cAMP and a marker of growth arrest in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 266: 18819–18826

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim F, Spingola M, Peabody DS (1994) Altering the RNA binding specificity of a translational repressor. J Biol Chem 269: 9006–9010

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin JJ, Patino MM, Gaffield L, Walden WE, Smith A, Thach RE (1991) Crosslinking of hemin to a specific site on the 90-kDa ferritin repressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 6068–6071

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malter JS, Hong Y (1991) A redox switch and phosphorylation are involved in the post-transcriptional up-regulation of the adenosine-uridine binding factor by phorbol ester and ionophore. J Biol Chem 266: 3167–3171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müllner EW, Kühn LC (1988) A stem-loop in the 3´ untranslated region mediates iron-dependent regulation of transferrin receptor mRNA stability in the cytoplasm. Cell 58: 373–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Müllner EW, Neupert B, Kühn LC (1989) A specific mRNA binding factor regulates the iron-dependent stability of cytoplasmic transferrin receptor mRNA. Cell 58: 373–382

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müllner EW, Rothenberger S, Müller AM, Kühn LC (1992) In vivo and in vitro modulation of the mRNA-binding activity of iron-regulatory factor: tissue distribution and effects of cell proliferation, iron levels and redox state. Eur J Biochem 208: 597–605

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa J, Waldner H, Meyer-Monard S, Hofsteenge J, Jeno P, Moroni C (1995) AUH, a gene encoding an AU-specific RNA binding protein with intrinsic enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 2051–2055

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neupert B, Thompson NA, Meyer C, Kühn LC (1990) A high affinity purification method for specific RNA-binding proteins: isolation of the iron regulatory factor from human placenta. Nucl Acids Res 18: 51–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neupert B, Menotti E, Kühn LC (1995) A novel method to identify nucleic acid-binding sites in proteins by scanning mutagenesis: application to iron regulatory protein. Nucl Acids Res 23: 2579–2583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oubridge C, Ito N, Evans PR, Teo C-H, Nagai K (1994) Crystal structure at 1.92 A resolution of the RNA-binding domain of the U1A spliceosomal protein complexed with an RNA hairpin. Nature 372: 432–438

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantopoulos K, Hentze MW (1995) Rapid responses to oxidative stress mediated by iron regulatory protein. EMBO J 14: 2917–2924

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantopoulos K, Gray NK, Hentze MW (1995) Differential regulation of two related RNA-binding proteins, iron regulatory protein (IRP) and IRPB- RNA 1: 155–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patino MM, Walden WE (1992) Cloning of a functional cDNA for the rabbit ferritin mRNA repressor protein: demonstration of a tissue-specific pattern of expression. J Biol Chem 267: 19011–19016

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philpott CC, Rouault TA, Klausner RD (1991) Sequence and expression of the murine iron-responsive element binding protein. Nucl Acids Res 19: 6333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philpott CC, Haile D, Rouault TA, Klausner RD (1993) Modification of a free Fe-S cluster cysteine residue in the active iron-responsive element binding protein prevents RNA binding. J Biol Chem 268: 17655–17658

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philpott CC, Klausner RD, Rouault TA (1994) The bifunctional iron-responsive element binding protein/cytosolic aconitase: the role of active site residues in ligand binding and regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 7321–7325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prodromou C, Artymiuk PJ, Guest JR (1992) The aconitase of Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the aconitase gene and amino acid sequence similarity with mitochondrial aconitases, the iron-responsive element-binding protein and isopropylmalate isomerases. Eur J Biochem 204: 599–609

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins AH, Stout CD (1989) The structure of aconitase. Proteins 5: 289–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers JT, Andriotakis JL, Lacroix L, Durmowicz GP, Kasschau KD, Bridges KR (1994) Translational enhancement of H-ferritin mRNA by interleukin-lB acts through 5´ leader sequences distinct from the iron responsive element. Nucl Acids Res 22: 2678–2686

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberger S, Müllner EW, Kühn LC (1990) The mRNA-binding protein which controls ferritin and transferrin receptor expression is conserved during evolution. Nucl Acids Res 18: 1175–1179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouault TA, Hentze MW, Caughman SW, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1988) Binding of a cytosolic protein to the iron-responsive element of human ferritin messenger RNA. Science 241: 1207–1210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouault TA, Tang CK, Kaptain S, Burgess WH, Haile DJ, Samaniego G, McBride OW, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1990) Cloning of the cDNA encoding an RNA regulatory protein — the human iron-responsive element-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 7958–7962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouault TA, Stout CD, Kaptain S, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1991) Structural relationship between an iron-regulated RNA-binding protein (IRE-BP) and aconitase: functional implications. Cell 64: 881–883

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouault TA, Haile DJ, Downey WE, Philpott CC, Tang C, Samaniego F, Chin J, Orloff D, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1992) An iron-sulfur cluster plays a novel regulatory role in the iron-responsive element binding protein. Biometals 5: 131–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rould MA, Perona JJ, Steitz TA (1991) Structural basis of anticodon loop recognition by gluta-minyl-tRNA synthetase. Nature 352: 213–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samaniego F, Chin J, Iwai K, Rouault T, Klausner RD (1994) Molecular characterization of a second iron-responsive element binding protein, iron regulatory protein 2: structure, function, and post-translational regulation. J Biol Chem 269: 30904–30910

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiser C, Teixeira S, Kühn LC (1993) Interleukin-2-dependent transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of transferrin receptor mRNA. J Biol Chem 268: 13074–13080

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw G, Kamen R (1986) A conserved AU sequence from the 3´ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell 46: 659–667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sierzputowska-Gracz H, McKenzie RA, Theil EC (1995) The importance of a single G in the hairpin loop of the iron responsive element (IRE) in ferritin mRNA for structure: an NMR spectroscopy study. Nucl Acids Res 23: 146–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swenson GR, Walden WE (1994) Localization of an RNA binding element of the iron responsive element binding protein within a proteolytic fragment containing iron coordination ligands. Nucl Acids Res 22: 2627–2633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szewczak AA, Moore PB, Chan Y-L, Wool IG (1993) The conformation of the sarcin/ricin loop from 28S ribosomal RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 9581–9585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang CK, Chin J, Harford JB, Klausner RD, Rouault TA (1992) Iron regulates the activity of the iron-responsive element binding protein without changing its rate of synthesis or degradation. J Biol Chem 267: 24466–24470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira S, Kühn LC (1991) Post-transcriptional regulation of the transferrin receptor and 4F2 antigen heavy chain mRNA during growth activation of spleen cells. Eur J Biochem 202: 819–826

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Testa U, Kühn L, Petrin M, Quaranta MT, Pelosi E, Peschle C (1991) Differential regulation of iron regulatory element-binding protein(s) in cell extracts of activated lymphocytes versus monocytes-macrophages. J Biol Chem 266: 13925–13930

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theil EC (1994) Iron regulatory elements (IREs): a family of mRNA non-coding sequences. Biochem J 304: 1–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valegard K, Murray JB, Stockley PG, Stonehouse NJ, Liljas L (1994) Crystal structure of an RNA bacteriophage coat protein-operator complex. Nature 371: 623–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walden WE, Daniels-McQueen S, Brown PH, Gaffield L, Russell DA, Bielser D, Bailey LC, Thach RE (1988) Translational repression in eukaryotes: partial purification and characterisation of a repressor of ferritin mRNA translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 9503–9507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y-H, Sczekan SR, Theil EC (1990) Structure of the 5´ untranslated regulatory region of ferritin mRNA studied in solution. Nucl Acids Res 18: 4463–4468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss G, Goossen B, Doppler W, Fuchs D, Pantopoulos K, Werner-Felmayer G, Wachter H, Hentze MW (1993) Translation regulation via iron-responsive elements by the nitric oxide/NO-synthase pathway. EMBO J 12: 3651–3657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Radisky E, Leibold EA (1992) The iron-responsive element binding protein: purification, cloning and regulation in rat liver. J Biol Chem 267: 19005–19010

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Wagner BJ, Ehrenman K, Schaeifer AW, DeMaria CT, Crater D, DeHaven K, Long L, Brewer G (1993) Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1. Mol Cell Biol 13: 7652–7665

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng L, Kennedy MC, Blondin GA, Beinert H, Zalkin H (1992) Binding of cytosolic aconitase to the iron responsive element of porcine mitochondrial aconitase mRNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 299: 356–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Henderson, B.R., Kühn, L.C. (1997). Interaction Between Iron-Regulatory Proteins and Their RNA Target Sequences, Iron-Responsive Elements. In: Jeanteur, P. (eds) Cytoplasmic fate of messenger RNA. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, vol 18. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60471-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60471-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64420-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60471-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics