Nematodes are parasites of plants and animals that have evolved diverse and often specific mechanisms to promote a given parasitic lifestyle (Baldwin et al. 2004; Jasmer et al. 2003), including modifications of developmental and reproductive potential, dissemination amongst and location of primary or alternate hosts, and survival strategies in the absence of a suitable host or favorable environment. The genetic pathways underlying these lifecycle adaptations may have parallels with or origins in nonparasitic nematode species that must also adapt to a dynamic or unstable niche. Distinct to the parasites, however, are adaptations to obtain organic nutriment while living in or on another organism. The products of such parasitism genes “may be manifested as morphological structures that provide access to parasitism of a particular host (e.g. a nematode stylet) or they may play critical physiological roles in the interaction of the nematode with its host” (Davis et al. 2000).
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Abad P et al. (2008) Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nature Biotech 26:909–915
Bakhetia M, Charlton W, Atkinson HJ, McPherson MJ (2005a) RNA interference of dual oxidase in the plant nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18:099–1106
Bakhetia M, Charlton WL, Urwin PE, McPherson MJ, Atkinson HJ (2005b) RNA interference and plant parasitic nematodes. Trends Plant Sci 10:362–367
Baldwin JG, Nadler SA, Adams BJ (2004) Evolution of plant parasitism among nematodes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 42:83–105
Barker KR (1998) Introduction and synopsis of advancements in nematology. In: Barker KR, Pederson GA, Windham GL (eds) Plant nematode interactions. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 1–20
Baum TJ, Davis EL, Hussey RS (2006) Root-knot and cyst nematode parasitism genes: the molecular basis of plant parasitism. In: Setlow J. K. (ed.), Genetic Engineering, Principles and Methods, vol 28, Springer Science + Business Media, Heidelberg, pp. 17–43
Bekal S, Niblack T, Lambert K (2003) A chorismate mutase from the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines shows polymorphisms that correlate with virulence. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16:439–446
Benfey PN, Chua NH (1990) The cauliflower mosaic virus-35S promoter — combinatorial regulation of transcription in plants. Science 25:959–966
Bera-Maillet C, Arthaud L, Abad P, Rosso MN (2000) Biochemical characterization of MI-ENG1, a family 5 endoglucanase secreted by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Eur J Biochem 267:3255–3263
Birch PRJ, Rehmany AP, Pritchard L, Kamoun S, Beynon JL (2006) Trafficking arms: oomycete effectors enter host plant cells. Trends Microbiol 14:8–11
Bird AF (1968) Changes associated with parasitism in nematodes. IV. Cytochemical studies on the ampulla of the dorsal gland of Meloidogyne javanica and on exudations from the buccal stylet. J Parasitol 54:879–890
Bird AF, Bird J (1991) The structure of nematodes. Academic Press, San Diego
Blanchard A, Esquibet M, Fouville D, Grenier E (2005) Ranbpm homologue genes characterized in the cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and Globodera mexicana. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 67:15–22
Bohner S, Lenk I, Rieping M, Herold M, Gatz C (1999) Transcriptional activator TGV mediates dexamethasone-inducible and tetracycline inactivatable gene expression. Plant J 19:87–95
Chapman S, Kavanagh T, Baulcombe DC (1992) Potato virus X as a vector for gene expression in plants. Plant J 2:549–557
Chen Q, Rehman S, Smant G, Jones JT (2005) Functional analysis of pathogenicity proteins of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis using RNAi. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18:621–625
Cho HJ, Farrand SK, Noel GR, Widholm JM (2000) High-efficiency induction of soybean hairy roots and propagation of the soybean cyst nematode. Planta 210:195–204
Clark GB, Sessions A, Eastburn DJ, Roux SJ (2001) Differential expression of members of the annexin multigene family in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 126:1072–1084
Clark SE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM (1995) CLAVAT3 is a specific regulator of shoot and floral meristem development affecting the same process as CLAVAT1. Development 121: 2057–2067
Cosgrove DJ (2000) Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins. Nature 407:321–326
Davis EL, Mitchum MG (2005) Nematodes: sophisticated parasites of legumes. Plant Physiol 137:1182–1188
Davis EL, Hussey RS, Baum TJ, Bakker J, Schots A, Rosso MN, Abad P (2000) Nematode parasitism genes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38:365–396
Davis EL, Hussey RS, Baum TJ (2004) Getting to the roots of parasitism by nematodes. Trends Parasitol 20:134–141
Davis EL, Hussey RS, Mitchum MG, Baum TJ (2008) Parasitism proteins in nematode—plant interactions. Curr Opinion Plant Biol 11:360–366
De Boer JM, Smant G, Goverse A, Davis EL, Overmars HA, Pomp HR, Van Gent Pelzer M, Zilverentant JF, Stokkermans J, Hussey RS, Gommers FJ, Bakker J, Schots A (1996) Secretory granule proteins from the subventral esophageal glands of the potato cyst nematode identified by monoclonal antibodies to a protein fraction from second-stage juveniles. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9:39–46
DeBoer JM, Yan Y, Bakker J, Davis EL, Baum TJ (1998) In situ hybridization to messenger RNA of Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 30:309–312
DeBoer JM, Yan Y, Wang X, Smant G, Hussey RS, Davis EL, Baum TJ (1999) Developmental expression of secretory beta-1,4-endoglucanases in the subventral esophageal glands of Heterodera glycines. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12:663–669
De Meutter J, Vanholme B, Bauw G, Tytgat T, Gheysen G, Gheysen G (2001) Preparation and sequencing of secreted proteins from the pharyngeal glands of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. Mol Plant Pathol 2:297–301
De Meutter J, Tytgat T, Witters E, Gheysen G, Van Onckelen H, Gheysen G (2003) Identification of cytokinins produced by the plant parasitic nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Pathol 4:271–277
Deubert KH, Rohde RA (1971) Nematode enzymes. In: Zuckerman BM, Mai WF, Rohde RA (eds) Plant parasitic nematodes, vol 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 73–90
Dimalla GG, Van Staden J (1977) Cytokinins in the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Sci Lett 10:25–29
Ding X, Shields J, Allen R, Hussey RS (1998) A secretory cellulose-binding protein cDNA cloned from the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11:952–959
Ding X, Shields J, Allen R, Hussey RS (2000) Molecular cloning and characterization of a venom allergin AG5-like cDNA from Meloidogyne incognita. Int J Parasitol 30:77–81
Dong K, Opperman CH (1997) Genetic analysis of parasitism in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Genetics 146:1311–18
Doyle EA, Lambert KN (2003) Meloidogyne javanica chorismate mutase 1 alters plant cell development. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16:123–131
Dubreuil G, Magliano M, Deleury E, Abad P, Rosso MN (2007) Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode functions induced in the early stages of parasitism. New Phytol 176:426–436
Elling AA, Mitreva M, Recknor J, Gai X, Martin J, Maier TR, McDermott JP, Hewezi T, Bird DM, Davis EL, Hussey RS, Nettleton D, McCarter JP, Baum TJ (2007a) Divergent evolution of arrested development in the dauer stage of Caenorhabditis elegans and the infective stage of Heterodera glycines. Genome Biol 8:R211
Elling AA, Davis EL, Hussey RS, Baum TJ (2007b) Active uptake of cyst nematode parasitism proteins into the plant cell nucleus. Int J Parasitol 37:1269–1279
Estelle M (2001) Proteases and cellular regulation in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4:254–260
Fang K, Vitale M, Fehlner P, King T (1988) cDNA cloning and primary structure of a white-face hornet venom allergen, antigen 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 85:895–899
Fioretti L, Warry A, Porter A, Haydock P, Curtis R (2001) Isolation and localization of an annexin gene (gp-nex) from the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida. Nematology 3:45–54.
Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391:806–11
Fletcher JC (2002) Shoot and floral meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:45–66
Furlanetto C, Cardle L, Brown DJF, Jones JT (2005) Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index. Nematology 7:95–104
Gao B, Allen R, Maier T, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2001a) Identification of putative parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:1247–1254
Gao B, Allen R, Maier T, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2001b) Molecular characterisation and expression of two venom allergen-like secretory protein genes in Heterodera glycines. Int J Parasitol 31:1617–1625
Gao B, Allen R, Maier T, McDermott JP, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2002) Characterisation and developmental expression of a chitinase gene in Heterodera glycines. Int J Parasitol 32:1293–1300
Gao BL, Allen R, Maier T, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2003) The parasitome of the phy-tonematode Heterodera glycines. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16:720–726
Gao B, Allen R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2004a) Developmental expression and biochemical properties of a ß-1,4-endoglucanase family in the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Mol Plant Pathol 5:93–104
Gao B, Allen R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2004b) Molecular characterisation and developmental expression of a cellulose-binding protein gene in the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Int J Parasitol 34:1377–1383
Gheysen G, Fenoll C (2002) Gene expression in nematode feeding sites. Annu Rev Phytopathol 40:191–219
Gheysen G, Vanholme B (2007) RNAi from plants to nematodes. Trends Biotechnol 25:89–92
Gleason CA, Liu QL, Williamson VM (2008) Silencing a candidate nematode effector gene corresponding to the tomato resistance gene Mi -1 leads to acquisition of virulence. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 21:576–585
Goellner M, Smant G, DeBoer JM, Baum TJ, Davis EL (2000) Isolation of beta-1,4 endogluca-nase genes of Globodera tabacum and their expression during parasitism. J Nematol 32:154–165
Goellner M, Wang XH, Davis EL (2001) Endo-beta-1,4-glucanase expression in compatible plant–nematode interactions. Plant Cell 13:2241–2255
Goverse A, Davis EL, Hussey RS (1994) Monoclonal antibodies that bind to the esophageal glands and stylet secretions of Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 26:251–259
Goverse A, Rouppe van der Voort J, Roupe van der Voort C, Kavelaars A, Smant G, Schots A, Bakker J, Helder J (1999) Naturally induced secretions of the potato cyst nematode co-stimulate the proliferation of both tobacco leaf protoplasts and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12:872–881
Goverse A, Engler JD, Verhees J, van der Krol S, Helder J, Gheysen G (2000) Cell cycle activation by plant parasitic nematodes. Plant Mol Biol 43:747–761
Hofmann A, Delmer DP, Wlodawer A (2003) The crystal structure of annexin Gh1 from Gossypium hirsutum reveals an unusual S3 cluster. Eur J Biochem 270:2557–2564
Hotopp JC, Clark ME, Oliveira DC, Foster JM, Fischer P, Torres MC, Giebel JD, Kumar N, Ishmael N, Wang S, Ingram J, Nene RV, Shepard J, Tomkins J, Richards S, Spiro DJ, Ghedin E, Slatko BE, Tettelin H, Werren JH (2007) Widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes. Science 317:1753–1756
Huang G, Gao B, Maier T, Allen R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2003) A profile of putative parasitism genes expressed in the esophageal gland cells of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16:376–381
Huang G, Dong R, Maier T, Allen R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2004) Use of solid-phase subtractive hybridization for the identification of parasitism gene candidates from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Pathol 5:217–222
Huang G, Dong R, Allen R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2005) Two chorismate mutase genes from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Pathol 6:23–30
Huang G, Dong R, Allen R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2006a) A root-knot nematode secretory peptide functions as a ligand for a plant transcription factor. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 19:463–470
Huang G, Allen R, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Hussey RS (2006b) Engineering broad root-knot resistance in transgenic plants by RNAi knockout of a conserved and essential root-knot nematode parasitism gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:14302–14306
Hussey RS (1989) Disease-inducing secretions of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27:123–141
Hussey RS, Grundler FM (1998) Nematode parasitism of plants. In: Perry RN, Wright DJ (eds) Physiology and biochemistry of free-living and plant parasitic nematodes. CAB International Press, Wallingford, UK, pp 213–243
Hussey RS, Mims CW (1991) Ultrastructure of feeding tubes formed in giant-cells induced in plants by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Protoplasma 162:99–107
Hussey RS, Mims CW, Westcott SW (1992a) Ultrastructure of root-cortical cells parasitized by the ring nematode Criconemella xenoplax. Protoplasma 167:55–65
Hussey RS, Mims CW, Westcott SW (1992b) Immunocytochemical localization of callose in root-cortical cells parasitized by the ring nematode Criconemella xenoplax. Protoplasma 171:1–6
Janjusevic R,Abramovitch RB, Martin GB, Stebbins CE (2006) A bacterial inhibitor of host programmed cell death defenses is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Science 311:222–226
Janssen J,Bakker J, Gommers FJG (1991) Mendelian proof for a gene-for-gene relationship between virulence of Globodera rostochiensis and the H 1 resistance gene in Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena CPC 1673. Rev Nématol 14:207–211
Jasmer DP,Goverse A, Smant G (2003) Parasitic nematode interactions with mammals and plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol 41:245–270
Jaubert S, Ledger TN,Laffaire JB, Piotte C, Abad P, Rosso MN (2002) Direct identification of stylet secreted proteins from root-knot nematodes by a proteomics approach . Mol Biochem Parasitol 121:205–211
Jaubert S,Laffaire JB, Ledger TN, Escoubas P, Amri EZ, Abad P, Rosso MN (2004) Comparative analysis of two 14-3-3 homologues and their expression pattern in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Int J Parasitol 34:873–880
Jaubert S, Milac AL, Petrescu AJ,de Almeida-Engler J, Abad P, Rosso MN (2005) In planta secretion of a calreticulin by migratory and sedentary stages of root-knot nematode . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18:1277–1284
Jones JT, Smant G, Blok VC (2000) SXP/RAL-2 proteins of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis : secreted proteins of the hypodermis and amphids. Nematology 2:887–893
Jones JT, Furlanetto C,Bakker E, Banks B, Blok V, Chen Q, Phillips M, Prior A (2003) Characterisation of a chorismate mutase from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Mol Plant Pathol 4:43–50
Jones JT,Reavy B, Smant G, Prior A (2004) Glutathione peroxidases of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Gene 324:47–54
Keen NT, Roberts PA (1998) Plant parasitic nematodes: digesting a page from the microbe book. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 95:4789–4790
Kikuchi T,Shibuya H, Jones JT (2005) Molecular and biochemical characterization of an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. Biochem J 389:117–125
Kikuchi T,Shibuya H,Aikawa T, Jones JT (2006) Cloning and characterization of pectate lyases expressed in the esophageal gland of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19:280–287
Kudla U, Qin L, Milac A, Kielak A, Maissen C,Overmars H,Popeijus H, Roze E, Petrescu A, Smant G,Bakker J, Helder J (2005) Origin, distribution and 3D-modeling of Gr-EXPB1, and expansin from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. FEBS Lett 579:2451–2457
Lambert KN, Allen KD,Sussex IM (1999) Cloning and characterization of an esophageal gland specific chorismate mutase from the phytoparasitic nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12:328–335
Lambert KN, Bekal S, Domier LL, Niblack TL, Noel GR, Smyth CA (2005) Selection of Heterodera glycines chorismate mutase-1 alleles on nematode-resistant soybean . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18:593–601
Laux T, Mayer KFX, Berger J, Jurgens G (1996) The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis. Development 122:87–96
Ledger TN, Jaubert S, Bosselut N, Abad P, Rosso MN (2006) Characterization of a new b -1,4 endoglucanase gene from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and evolutionary scheme for phytonematode family-5 glycosyl hydrolases. Gene 382:121–128
Lee S, Lee EJ,Yang EJ, Lee JE,Park AR, Song WH,Park OK (2004) Proteomic identification of annexins, calcium-dependant membrane binding proteins that mediate osmotic stress and abscissic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:1378–1391
Lightfoot D, Meksem K (2002) Isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides relating to loci underlying resistance to soybean cyst nematode and soybean sudden death syndrome and methods employing the same. US Pat Application Publ #2002144310
Lilley CJ, Bakhetia M, Charlton WL, Urwin PE (2007) Recent progress in the development of RNA interference for plant-parasitic nematodes. Mol Plant Pathol 8:701–711
Lohar DP,Schaff JE,Laskey JG, Kieber JJ, Bilyeu KD, Bird DM (2004) Cytokinins play opposite roles in lateral root formation, and nematode and Rhizobial symbioses. Plant J 38:203–214
Maizels RM, Balic A, Gomez-Escobar N, nair M,Taylor MD, Allen JE (2004) Helminth parasites – masters of regulation. Immunol Rev 201:89–116
McCarter JP, Bird DM,Mitreva M (2005) Nematode gene sequences: update for December 2005 . J Nematol 37:417–421
McClure MA,von Mende N (1987) Induced salivation in plant-parasitic nematodes. Phytopathol 77:1463–1469
Michalak M,Robert Parker JM, Opas M (2002) Ca2+ signaling and calcium binding chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell Calcium 32:269–278
Mitchum MG, Hussey RS, Davis EL, Baum TJ (2007) Application of biotechnology to understand pathogenesis of nematode plant pathogens. In: Punja ZK, DeBoer S, Sanfacon H (eds) Biotechnology & plant disease management. CABI International , Wallingford, UK, pp 58–86
Mitchum MG,Wang X,Davis EL (2008) Diverse and conserved roles of CLE peptides. Curr Opinion Plant Biol 11:75–81
Mitreva M, McCarter JP, martin J, Dante M,Wylie T, Chiapelli B, Pape D, Clifton SW, Nutman TB,Waterson RH (2004) Comparative genomics of gene expression in the parasitic and freeliving nematodes Strongyloides stercoralis and Caenorhabditis elegans. Genome Res 14:209–220
Mitreva M, Blaxter ML, Bird DM, McCarter JP (2005a) Comparative genomics of nematodes. Trends Genet 21:573–581
Mitreva M, McCarter JP, Arasu P,Hawdon J, Martin J, Dante M,Wylie T, Xu J, Stajich JE, Kapulkin V, Clifton SW,Waterson RH,Wilson R (2005b) Investigating hookworm genomes by comparative analysis of two Ancylostoma species. BMC Genomics 6:58
Mitreva-Dautova M, Roze E,Overmars H,De Graff L, Schots A, Helder J,Goverse A,Bakker J, Smant G (2006) A symbiont-independent endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19:521–529
Neveu C, Jaubert S, Abad P, Castagnone-Sereno P (2003) A set of genes differentially expressed between avirulent and virulent Meloidogyne incognita near-isogenic lines encode secreted proteins. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16:1077–1084
Nielsen H, Engelbrecht J, Brunak S,von Heijne G (1997) Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites. Protein Eng 10:1–6
Novina CD, Sharp PA (2004) The RNAi revolution. Nature 430:161–164
Olsen AN,Skriver K (2003) Ligand mimicry? A plant-parasitic nematode polypeptide with similarity to CLAVATA3. Trends Plant Sci 8:55–57
Opperman CH, Bird DMcK, Schaff JE (2008) Genomic analysis of the root-knot nematode genome. Plant Cell Monogr., doi:10.1007/7089_2008_37
Padidam M, Gore M, Lu DL,Smirnova O (2003) Chemical-inducible, ecdysone receptor-based gene expression system for plants. Transgenic Res 12:101–109
Patel N (2008) Functional analyses of cyst nematode parasitism genes. PhD Dissertation, North Carolina State University
Perry RN,Zunke U,Wyss U (1989) Observations on the response of the dorsal and subventral oesophageal glands of Globodera rostochiensis to hatching stimulation. Rev Nematol 12:91–96
Popeijus H,Overmars H, Jones J, Blok V,Goverse A, Helder J,Schots A,Bakker J, Smant G (2000) Degradation of plant cell walls by a nematode. Nature 406:36–37
Prior A, Jones JT, Blok VC, Beauchamp J, McDermott L, Cooper A,Kennedy MW (2001) A surface-associated retinol- and fatty acid-binding protein (Gp-FAR-1) from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida: lipid binding activities, structural analysis and expression pattern. Biochem J 356:387–394
Pysh LD,Wysocka-Diller JW, Cmilleri C, Bouchez D,Benfey PN (1999) The GRAS gene family in Arabidopsis: sequence characterization and basic expression analysis of the SCARECROWLIKE genes. Plant J 18:111–119
Qin L, Smant G,STokkermans J,Bakker J, Schots A, Helder J (1998) Cloning of a trans-spliced glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase gene from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis and expression of its putative promoter region in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biochem Parasitol 96:59–67
Qin L,Overmars H, Popeijus H,Roupe Van Der Voort JNAM, Groenink W, van Koert P, Schots A, Bakker J, Smant G (2000) An efficient cDNA-AFLP-based strategy for the identification of putative pathogenicity factors from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13:830–836
Qin L, Prins P, Jones JT, Popeijus H, Smant G,Bakker J, Helder J (2001) GenEST, a powerful bi-directional link between cDNA sequence data and gene expression profiles generated by cDNA-AFLP. Nucleic Acids Res 29:1616–1622
Qin L,Kudla U, Roze EHA,Goverse A, Popeijus H, Nieuwland J,Overmars H, Jones JT, Schots A, Smant G,Bakker J, Helder J (2004) Plant degradation: A nematode expansin acting on plants. Nature 427:30
Robertson L, Robertson W, Sobczak M, Helder J,Tetaud E, Ariyanayagam M,Ferguson M,Fairlamp A, Jones JT (2000) Cloning, expression and functional characterization of a peroxiredoxin from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 111:41–49
Romero RM, Roberts MF, Phillipson JD (1995) Chorismate mutase in microorganisms and plants. Phytochem 40:1015–1025
Rosso MN, Dubrana MP, Cimbolini N, Jaubert S, Abad P (2005) Application of RNA interference to root-knot nematode genes encoding esophageal gland proteins . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18:615–620
Roze E, Hanse B,Mitreva M,Vanholme B,Bakker J, Smant G (2008) Mining the secretome of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi for candidate parasitism genes . Mol Plant Pathol 9:1–10
Scholl EH, Thorne JL, McCarter JP, Bird DM (2003) Horizontally transferred genes in plantparasitic nematodes: a high-throughput genomic approach. Genome Biol 4:R39
Semblat JP, Rosso MN,Hussey RS, Abad P, Castagnone-Sereno P (2001) Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding an amphid-secreted putative avirulence protein from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:72–79
Shpigel E, Roiz L, Goren R,Shoseyov O (1998) Bacterial cellulose-binding domain modulates in vitro elongation of different plant cells. Plant Physiol 117:1185–94
Siles-Lucas M, Gottstein B (2003) The 14-3-3 protein: a key molecule in parasites as in other organisms. Trends Parasitol 19:575–581
Smant G,Goverse A,Stokkermans JPWG,De Boer JM, Pomp H,Zilverentant JF,Overmars HA, Helder J, Schots A,Bakker J (1997) Potato root difusate-induced secretion of soluble, basic proteins originating from the subventral oesophageal glands of potato cyst nematodes . Phtyopathol 87:839–845
Smant G,Stokkermans JPWG,Yan YT,de Boer JM, Baum TJ,Wang XH, Hussey RS, Gommers FJ, Henrissat B,Davis EL, Helder J, Schots A,Bakker J (1998) Endogenous cellulases in animals: Isolation of beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes from two species of plant-parasitic cyst nematodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4906–4911
Steeves RM,Todd TC, Essig JS,Trick HN (2006) Transgenic soybeans expressing siRNAs specific to a major sperm protein gene suppress Heterodera glycines reproduction. Funct Plant Biol 33:991–999
Suchitra S, Jochi P (2005) Characterization of Haemonchus contortus calreticulin suggests its role in feeding and immune evasion by the parasite. Biochim Biophys Acta 1722:293–303
Timmons L, Fire A (1998) Specific interference by ingested dsRNA. Nature 395:854
Tytgat T,Vanholme B,De Meutter J,Claeys M, Couvreur M,Vanhoutte I,Gheysen G,Van Criekinge W,Borgonie G, Coomans A,Gheysen G (2004) A new class of ubiquitin extension proteins secreted by the dorsal pharyngeal gland in plant parasitic cyst nematodes . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17:846–852
Tytgat T,Vercauteren I,Vanholme B,De Meutter J,Vanhoutte I,Gheysen G,Borgonie G, Coomans A,Gheysen G (2005) An SXP/RAL-2 protein produced by the subventral pharyngeal glands in the plant parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Parasitol Res 95:50–54
Urwin PE, Moller SG,Lilley CJ, McPherson MJ, Atkinson HJ (1997) Continual green-fluorescent protein monitoring of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter activity in nematode-induced feeding cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10:394–400
Urwin PE,Lilley CJ, Atkinson HJ (2002) Ingestion of double-stranded RNA by preparasitic juvenile cyst nematodes leads to RNA interference. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15:747–752
Valentine T,Shaw J, Blok VC, Phillips MS, Oparka KJ, Lacomme C (2004) Efficient virusinduced gene silencing in roots using a modified tobacco rattle virus vector. Plant Physiol 136:3999–4009
Vanholme B,De Meutter J,Tytgat T,Van Montagu M, Coomans A,Gheysen G (2004) Secretions of plant-parasitic nematodes: a molecular update. Gene 332:13–27
Vanholme B,Mitreva MD,Van Criekinge W, Logghe M, Bird D, McCarter JP,Gheysen G (2005) Detection of putative secreted proteins in the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. Parasitol Res 98:414–424
Vanholme B,Mitreva M,Van Criekinge W, Logghe M, Bird D, McCarter JP,Gheysen G (2006) Detection of putative secreted proteins in the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii. Parasitol Res 98:414–424
Veech JA, Starr JL, Nordgren RM (1987) Production and partial characterization of stylet exudates from adult females of Meloidogyne incognita. J Nematol 19:463–468
Waetzig GH, Sobczak M, Grundler FMW (1999) Localization of hydrogen peroxide during the defense response of Arabidopsis thaliana against the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodra gly-cines. Nematology 1:681–686
Wang SH, Zheng HJ,Dissanayake S, Chen WF,Tao ZH, Lin SZ,Piessens WF (1997) Evaluation of recombinant chitinase and SXP1 antigens as antimicrofilarial vaccines . Am J Trop Med Hyg 56:474–481
Wang X,Meyers DM, Baum TJ, Smant G,Hussey RS,Davis EL (1999) In planta localization of a ß-1,4-endoglucanse secreted by Heterodera glycines. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12:64–67
Wang X, Allen R, Ding XF, Goellner M, Maier T,de Boer JM, Baum TJ,Hussey RS,Davis EL (2001) Signal peptide-selection of cDNA cloned directly from the esophageal gland cells of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:536–544
Wang X, Mitchum MG, Gao BL, Li C, Diab H, Baum TJ,Hussey RS ,Davis EL (2005) A parasitism gene from a plant-parasitic nematode with function similar to CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Pathol 6:187–191
Weerasinghe R, Bird DM, Allen NS (2005) Root-knot nematodes and bacterial Nod factors elicit common signal transduction events in Lotus japonicus. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 102:3147–3152
Wesley SV, Helliwell CA, Smith NA,Wang M, Rouse DT, Liu Q,Gooding PS, Singh SP, Abbott D, Stoutjesdijk PA, Robinson SP,Gleave AP, Green AG,Waterhouse PM (2001) Construct design for efficient, effective and high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Plant J 27:581–590
Wilde A, Lizaragga SB, Zhang L,Wiese C, Gliksman NR,Walczak CE, Zheng Y (2001) Ran stimulates spindle assembly by altering microtubule dynamics and the balance of motor activities. Nature Cell Biol 3:221–227
Wyss U,Zunke U (1986) Observations on the behaviour of second stage juveniles of Heterodera schachtii inside host roots. Rev Nematol 9:153–165
Wyss U, Grundler FMW, Munch A (1992) The parasitic behaviour of second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Nematologica 38:98–111
Yadav BC,Veluthambi K, Subramaniam K (2006) Host-generated double stranded RNA induces RNAi in plant-parasitic nematodes and protects the host from infection . Mol Biochem Parasitol 148:219–222
Yan YT, Smant G,Stokkermans J, Qin L, Helder J, Baum T, Schots A,Davis E (1998) Genomic organization of four beta-1,4-endoglucanase genes in plant-parasitic cyst nematodes and its evolutionary implications. Gene 220:61–70
Yan Y, Smant G,Davis EL (2001) Functional screening yields a new beta-1,4 endoglucanase gene from Heterodera glycines that may be the product of a recent gene duplication . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:63–71
Zhan B, Liu Y, Badamchian M,Williamson A, Feng J, Loukas A,Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ (2003) Molecular characterization of the Ancylostoma-secreted protein family from the adult stage of Ancylostoma caninum. Int J Parasitol 33:897–907
Zuo J, Niu QW, Chua NH (2000) An estrogen-receptor-based transactivator XVE mediates highly inducible gene expression in transgenic plants. Plant J 24:265–273
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Davis, E.L., Hussey, R.S., Baum, T.J. (2009). Parasitism Genes: What They Reveal about Parasitism. In: Berg, R.H., Taylor, C.G. (eds) Cell Biology of Plant Nematode Parasitism. Plant Cell Monographs, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85215-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85215-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-85213-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-85215-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)