Abstract
In the literature there exist many proposed architectures for sensor fusion applications. This paper briefly reviews some of the most common approaches, i.e the JDL fusion architecture, the Waterfall model, the Intelligence cycle, the Boyd loop, the LAAS architecture, the Omnibus model, Mr. Fusion, the DFuse framework, and the Time-Triggered Sensor Fusion Model, and categorizes them into abstract models, generic and rigid architectures. While an abstract model does not guide the designer in the concrete implementation, the generic architectures provide a generic design but leave open several design decisions regarding operating system, hardware, communication system, or database system. Rigid architectures specify at least some of these aspects and therefore provide existing hardware designs, tools, and source code at the cost of flexibility.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Elmenreich, W.: Sensor Fusion in Time-Triggered Systems. PhD thesis, Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Technische Informatik, Vienna, Austria (2002)
Kirchner, A., Obojski, A., Philipps, H., Rotaru, C., Stueker, D., Weiss, K.: Development of an environmental server for advanced driver assistance systems. In: 5th Eur. Congr. and Exhibition on Intel. Transportation Systems and Services (2005)
Kam, M., Zhu, X., Kalata, P.: Sensor fusion for mobile robot navigation. Proceedings of the IEEE 85(1), 108–119 (1997)
Llinas, J., Hall, D.L.: An introduction to multi-sensor data fusion. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 6, pp. 537–540 (1998)
Bedworth, M.D., O’Brien, J.: The omnibus model: A new architecture for data fusion? In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 1999), Helsinki, Finnland (1999)
Waltz, E.: The principles and practice of image and spatial data fusion. In: Proceedings of the 8th National Data Fusion Conference, Dallas (1995)
Steinberg, A.N., Bowman, C.L., White, F.E.: Revisions to the JDL data fusion model. In: Proceedings of the 1999 IRIS Unclassified National Sensor and Data Fusion Conference (NSSDF) (May 1999)
Markin, M., Harris, C., Bernhardt, M., Austin, J., Bedworth, M., Greenway, P., Johnston, R., Little, A., Lowe, D.: Technology foresight on data fusion and data processing. The Royal Aeronautical Society (1997)
Shulsky, A.N.: Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence. Brassey’s, New York (1991)
Boyd, J.R.: A discourse on winning and losing. Unpublished set of briefing slides, Air University Library, Maxwell AFB, AL, USA (May 1987)
Bass, T.: Intrusion detection systems and multisensor data fusion: Creating cyberspace situational awareness. Comm. of the ACM 43(4), 99–105 (2000)
Alami, R., Chatila, R., Fleury, S., Ghallab, M., Ingrand, F.: An architecture for autonomy. International Journal of Robotics Research 17(4), 315–337 (1998)
Franz, A., Mista, R., Bakken, D., Dyreson, C., Medidi, M.: Mr. fusion: A programmable data fusion middleware subsystem with a tunable statistical profiling service. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2002), pp. 273–278 (2002)
Kumar, R., Wolenetz, M., Agarwalla, B., Shin, J., Hutto, P., Paul, A., Ramachandran, U.: DFuse: A framework for distributed data fusion. In: Proceedings of the Intl. Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, pp. 114–125 (2003)
Hill, J.L., Culler, D.E.: Mica: A wireless platform for deeply embedded networks. IEEE Micro 22(6), 12–24 (2002)
Elmenreich, W., Pitzek, S.: The time-triggered sensor fusion model. In: Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems, Helsinki–Stockholm–Helsinki, Finland, pp. 297–300 (September 2001)
Kopetz, H., Bauer, G.: The Time-Triggered Architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE 91(1), 112–126 (2003)
Kopetz, H., et al.: Specification of the TTP/A protocol. Research Rep. 61/2002, TU Vienna, Inst. of Comp. Engineering, Vienna, Austria, Version 2.00 (September 2002)
TTAGroup. Specification of the TTP/C Protocol V1.1 (2003), Available at http://www.ttagroup.org
Flexray Consortium. FlexRay Communications System Protocol Specification Version 2.1 (2005), Available at http://www.flexray.com
Hartwich, F., Müller, B., Führer, T., Hugel, R.: Time triggered communication on CAN. In: Proc. of the Intl. CAN Conference, Amsterdam (2000)
Kopetz, H., Ademaj, A., Grillinger, P., Steinhammer, K.: The Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTE) design. In: Proceedings of the Intl. Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC), pp. 22–33 (May 2005)
Kim, K., Li, Y.: Toward easily analyzable sensor networks via structuring of time-triggered tasks. In: Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems (FTDCS 2003), pp. 344–351. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2003)
Huber, B., Elmenreich, W.: Wireless time-triggered real-time communication. In: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Intelligent Solutions for Embedded Systems (WISES 2004), Austria, pp. 169–182 (June 2004)
Puschner, P., Burns, A.: A review of worst-case execution-time analysis. Journal of Real-Time Systems 18(2/3), 115–128 (2000)
Kalman, R.E.: A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Transaction of the ASME, Series D, Journal of Basic Engineering 82, 35–45 (1960)
Marzullo, K.: Tolerating failures of continuous-valued sensors. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 8(4), 284–304 (1990)
Fleury, S., Herrb, M., Chatila, R.: Genom: A tool for the specification and the implementation of operating modules in a distributed robot architecture. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Grenoble, France, pp. 842–848 (September 1997)
Elmenreich, W., Paukovits, C., Pitzek, S.: Automatic generation of schedules for time-triggered embedded transducer networks. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA 2005), Catania, Italy, vol. 2, pp. 535–541 (September 2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
About this paper
Cite this paper
Elmenreich, W. (2007). A Review on System Architectures for Sensor Fusion Applications. In: Obermaisser, R., Nah, Y., Puschner, P., Rammig, F.J. (eds) Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems. SEUS 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4761. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75664-4_57
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75664-4_57
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-75663-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75664-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)