Abstract
Androgen-independent or hormone-refractory prostate cancer (AIPC) is prostate cancer that progresses after primary androgen-ablation therapy—either orchiectomy or a gonadotropinreleasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, followed by addition and subsequent withdrawal of an antiandrogen. In the majority of patients, AIPC appears after a median time of 18 months of hormone deprivation. Patients with AIPC have a median survival between 10 and 20 months and the prognosis can be defined by using nomograms. Standard treatment is continued castration by LHRH agonists in combination with docetaxelcontaining chemotherapy. Other treatment options to palliate symptoms are hormones, other chemotherapeutic agents, radioisotopes or radiotherapy and bisphosphonates. New targeted drugs and vaccination strategies are evaluated in the treatment of AIPC.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Bauman G, Charette M, Reid R, Sathya J (2005) Radiopharmaceuticals for the palliation of painful bone metastasis-a systemic review. Radiother Oncol 75:258–270
Berry WR, Laszlo J, Cox E, et al (1979) Prognostic factors in metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 44:763–775
Berthold D, Sternberg C, Tannock I (2005) Management of advanced prostate cancer after first-line chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 23:8247–8252
Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W, et al (1999) Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol 17:3461–3467
Chi KN (2005) Targeting Bcl-2 with oblimersen for patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. World J Urol 23:33–37
Curran D, Fossa S, Aaronson N, Kiebert G, Keuppens F, Hall R (1997) Baseline quality of life of patients with advanced prostate cancer. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group (GUT-CCG). Eur J Cancer 33:1809–1814
Dahut WL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM, Liu Y, Fedenko KM, Steinberg SM, et al (2004) Randomized phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:2532–2539
Debes JD, Tindall DJ (2004) Mechanisms of androgen-refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 351:1488–1490
Emrich LJ, Priore RL, Murphy GP, et al (1985) Prognostic factors in patients with advanced stage prostate cancer. Cancer Res 45:5173–5179
Fossa SD, Slee PH, Brausi M, et al (2001) Flutamide versus prednisone in patients with prostate cancer symptomatically progressing after androgen-ablative therapy: a phase III study of the European organization for research and treatment of cancer genitourinary group. J Clin Oncol 19:62–71
Gleave ME, Zellweger T, Chi K, Miyake H, Kiyama S, July L, et al (2002) Targeting antiapoptotic genes upregulated by androgen withdrawal using antisense oligonucleotides to enhance androgen-and chemo-sensitivity in prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 20:145–158
Goodin S, Rao KV, DiPaola RS (2002) State-of-the-art treatment of metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Oncologist 7:360–370
Halabi S, Small EJ, Kantoff PW, Kattan MW, Kaplan EB, Dawson NA, Levine EG, Blumenstein BA, Vogelzang NJ (2004) Prognostic model for predicting survival in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:1232–1237
Kantoff PW, Halabi S, Conaway MR, et al (1999) Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone refractory prostate cancer: the results of CALGB 9182. J Clin Oncol 17:2506–2513
Mahler C, Denis LJ (1995) Hormone refractory disease. Semin Surg Oncol 11:77–83
Oosterhof GO, Roberts JT, de Reijke TM, Engelholm SA, Horenblas S, von der Maase H, Neymark N, Debois M, Collette L (2003) Strontium(89) chloride versus palliative local field radiotherapy in patients with hormonal escaped prostate cancer: a phase III study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Genitourinary Group. Eur Urol 44:519–526
Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, Lara PNJ, Jones JA, Taplin ME, et al (2004) Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 35:1513–1520
Sartor O, Scher H, Simons J, Sinibaldi V, Small EJ, Smith MR, Trump DL, Wilding G, et al (1999) Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol 17:3461–3467
Scher HI, Sawyers CL (2005) Biology of progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer: directed therapies targeting the androgen-receptor signaling axis. J Clin Oncol 23:8253–8261
Scher HI, Steineck G, Kelly WK (1995) Hormone-refractory (D3) prostate cancer: refining the concept. Urology 46:142–148
Smaletz O, Scher HI, Small EJ, Verbel DA, McMillan A, Regan K, Kelly WK, Kattan MW (2002) Nomogram for overall survival of patients with progressive metastatic prostate cancer after castration. J Clin Oncol 20:3972–3982
Small EJ, Halabi S, Dawson NA, Stadler WM, Rini BI, Picus J, Gable P, Torti FM, Kaplan E, Vogelzang NJ (2004) Antiandrogen withdrawal alone or in combination with ketoconazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer patients: a phase III trial (CALGB 9583). J Clin Oncol 2004 22:1025–1033
Small EJ, Schellhammer PF, Higano C, Neumanaitis J, Valone F, Herschberg RM (2005) Immunotherapy (APC8015) for androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC): final survival data from a phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled trial. ASCO Prostate Cancer Symposium, Abstr 264. ASCO
Sternberg CN, Whelan P, Hetherington J, Paluchowska B, Slee P, Vekemans K, et al (2005) Phase III trial of satraplatin, an oral platinum plus prednisone vs. prednisone alone in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Oncology 68:2–9
Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stochler MR, Ernst DS, Neville AJ, Moore MJ, et al (1996) Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative endpoints. J Clin Oncol 14:1756–1764
Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, Horti J, Pluzanska A, Chi KN, et al (2004) Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 351:1502–1512
Vogelzang NJ, Nelson JB, Schulman CC, Dearnaley DP, Saad F, Sleep DJ, Isaacson JD, Carducc MA (2005) Meta-analysis of clinical trials of atrasentan 10 mg in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. ASCO Prostate Cancer Symposium, Abstr 4563. ASCO
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schrijvers, D. (2007). Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer. In: Ramon, J., Denis, L.J. (eds) Prostate Cancer. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 175. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-40901-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-40901-4_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-40897-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-40901-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)