Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
3.7 References
Alfvén, H., Electric currents in cosmic plasmas, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 15, 271, 1977.
Allen, J.H. and D.C. Wilkinson, Solarterrestrial activity affecting systems in space and on Earth, Solar-Terrestrial Predictions-IV: Proceedings of a Workshop at Ottawa, Canada May 18–22, 1992, J. Hruska, M.A. Shea, D.F. Smart, and G. Heckman (eds.), p. 75, 1992.
Allen, J.H., H. Sauer, L. Frank and P. Rei, Effects of the March 1989 solar activity, EOS, 70-46, 1486–1488, 1989.
ANSER, Foundations of Solar Particle Event Risk Management Strategies, prepared under NASA Grant NAGW-4166 for the NASA Mission from Planet Earth Study Offce and Life and Microgravity Science and Applications Offce, ANSER Suite 800, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202, 1996.
Aschwanden, M., Physics of the Solar Corona: An Introduction, Springer-Praxis, 2004.
Aschwanden, M., S.K. Antiochos, J.W. Cook, R.A. Howard, J.T. Karpen, J.A. Klimchuk, N.R. Sheeley, L.A. Fisk, T.I. Gombosi, N. Lugaz et al., Theoretical modeling for the STEREO Mission, Space Sci. Rev., in press, 2006.
Badalyan, O.G., V. Obridko and N.J. Sykora, Solar Physics, 199, 421, 2001.
Baker, D.N., Specifying and forecasting space weather threats to human technology, in Effects of Space Weather on Technology Infrastructure, I.A. Daglis (ed.), Kluwer Academic, pp. 1–25, 2004.
Balogh, A., V. Bothmer (Co-Chairs), N. Cooker, R.J. Forsyth, G. Gloeckler, A. Hewish, M. Hilchenbach, R. Kallenbach, B. Klecker, J.A. Linker et al., The solar origin of corotating interaction regions and their formation in the inner heliosphere (Report of Working Group 1), Space Sci. Rev., 89, 141–178, 1999.
Balogh, A., R.G. Marsden and E.J. Smith, The Heliosphere near Solar Minimum: The Ulysses Perspective, Springer-Praxis, 2001.
Bartels, J., Terrestrialmagnetic activity and its relations to solar phenomena, Terr. Magn. Atmosph. Electr., 37, 1–52, 1932.
Bartels, J., Discussion of time-variations of geomagnetic activity indices Kp and Ap, 1932–1961, Ann. Geophys., 19, 1–20, 1963.
Bartels, J. and J. Veldkamp, Geomagnetic and solar data: International data on magnetic disturbances, J. Geophys. Res., 54, 295–299, 1949.
Bastian, T.S., M. Pick, A. Kerdraon, D. Maia and A. Vourlidas, The coronal mass ejection of 1998 April 20: Direct imaging at radio wavelengths, Astrophys. J., 558, L65–L69, 2001.
Benevolenskaya, E.E., A.G. Kosovichev, J.R. Lemen, P.H. Scherrer and G.L. Slater, Large-scale solar coronal structure in soft X-rays and their relationship to the magnetic flux, Astrophys. J., 571, L181–L185, 2002.
Biermann, L., Kometschweife und solare Korpuskularstrahlung, Z. Astrophys., 29, 274, 1951.
Bohlin, J.D. and N.R. Sheeley Jr., Extreme ultraviolet observations of coronal holes: II. Association of holes with solar magnetic fields and a model for their formation during the solar cycle, Solar Physics, 56, 125–151, 1978.
Borello Filisetti, O., G. Lovera, V. Mussino, M. Parisi and M. Storini, On the geomagnetic response to high-speed solar wind streams, Ann. Geophys., 6, 627–634, 1988.
Bothmer, V., Solar corona, solar wind structure and solar particle events, Proc. of ESA Workshop on Space Weather, November 1998, ESA WPP-155, ISSN 1022-6656, pp. 117–126, 1999.
Bothmer, V., Sources of magnetic helicity over the solar cycle, Proc. ISCS 2003 Symposium,’ solar Variability as an Input to the Earth’s Environment’, ESA SP-535, p. 419, 2003.
Bothmer, V., The solar and interplanetary causes of space storms in solar cycle 23, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 32, 4, 2004.
Bothmer, V., The solar atmosphere and space weather, in Solar System Update, P. Blondel and J.W. Mason (eds.), Springer-Praxis, pp. 153, 2006.
Bothmer, V. and Rust, D.M., The Field Configuration of Magnetic Clouds and the Solar Cycle, AGU Geophys. Monogr. 99, pp. 139–146, 1997.
Bothmer, V. and Schwenn, R., Eruptive prominences as sources of magnetic clouds in the solar wind, Space Sci. Rev., 70, 215–220, 1994.
Bothmer, V. and R. Schwenn, The interplanetary and solar causes of major geomagnetic storms. J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 47, 1127–1132, 1995.
Bothmer, V. and Schwenn, R., Signatures of fast CMEs in interplanetary space, Adv. Space Res., 17, 319–322, 1996.
Bothmer, V., and Schwenn, R., The structure and origin of magnetic clouds in the solar wind, Annales Geophysicae, 1–24, 1998.
Bothmer, V. and D. Tripathi, Photospheric field evolution in the source regions of coronal mass ejections, SOHO 17 Conference Proceedings, in press, 2006.
Bothmer, V., M.I. Desai, R.G. Marsden, T.R. Sanderson, K.J. Trattner, K.-P. Wenzel, J.T. Gosling, A. Balogh, R.J. Forsyth, B.E. Goldstein, Ulysses observations of open and closed magnetic field lines within a coronal mass ejection, Astron. Astrophys., 316, 493–498, 1996.
Bothmer, V., B. Heber, H. Kunow, R. Müller-Mellin, G. Wibberenz, J.T. Gosling, A. Balogh, A. Raviart and C. Paizis, The effects of coronal mass ejections on galactic cosmic rays in the high latitude heliosphere: Observations from Ulysses’ first orbit, Proc. 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conference, Space Research Unit, 1, 333–336, 1997a.
Bothmer, V., A. Posner, H. Kunow, R. Müller-Mellin, B. Heber, M. Pick, B.J. Thompson, J.-P. Delaboudinière, G.E. Brueckner, R.A. Howard et al., Solar energetic particle events and coronal mass ejections: New insights from SOHO, Proc. 31st ESLAB Symposium, ESA SP-415, p. 207, 1997b.
Brekke, P., B. Fleck, S.V. Haugan, T. van Overbeek, H. Schweitzer and M. Chaloupy, Space weather effects on SOHO and its role as a space weather watchdog, Proc. 8th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conf., October 20-24, 2003, Huntsville, AL, in press, 2006.
Brueckner, G.E., R.A. Howard, M.J. Koomen, C.M. Korendyke, D.J. Michels, J.D. Moses, D.G. Socker, K.P. Dere, P.L. Lamy, A. Llebaria et al., The Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO), Solar Phys., 162, 357–402, 1995.
Brueckner, G.E., J.-P. Delaboudiniere, R.A. Howard, S.E. Paswaters, O.C. St. Cyr, R. Schwenn, P. Lamy, G.M. Simnett, B. Thompson, D. Wang, Geomagnetic storms caused by coronal mass ejections (CMEs): March 1996 through June 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3019, 1998.
Burlaga, L.F., Interaction with the earth, Space Sci. Rev., 17, 327, 1975.
Burlaga, L.F. and J.H. King, Intense interplanetary magnetic fields observed by geocentric spacecraft during 1963–1975, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6633, 1979.
Burlaga, L.F. and R.P. Lepping, The causes of recurrent geomagnetic storms, Planet. Space Sci., 25, 1151–1160, 1977.
Burlaga, L., Sittler, E., Mariani, F. and Schwenn, R., Magnetic loop behind an interplanetary shock: Voyager, Helios and IMP 8 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6673–6684, 1981.
Burlaga, L.F., L. Klein, N.R. Sheeley Jr., D.J. Michels, R.A. Howard, M.J. Koomen, R. Schwenn and H. Rosenbauer, A magnetic cloud and a coronal mass ejection, J. Geophys. Res., 9, 1317–1320, 1982.
Burlaga, L.F., K.W. Behannon and L.W. Klein, Compound streams, magnetic clouds, and major geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5725–5734, 1987.
Burlaga, L., R. Fitzenreiter, R. Lepping, K. Ogilvie, A. Szabo, A. Lazarus, J. Steinberg, G. Gloeckler, R. Howard, D. Michels et al., A magnetic cloud containing prominence material: January 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 277–285, 1998.
Burton, R.K., R.L. McPherron and C.T. Russell, An empirical relationship between interplanetary conditions and Dst, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4204, 1975.
Cane, H.V. and I.G. Richardson, Interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the near-Earth solar wind during 1996–2002, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1156, doi:10.1029/2002JA009817, 2003.
Cane, H.V., N.R. Sheeley Jr. and R.A. Howard, Energetic interplanetary shocks, radio emission, and coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9869–9874, 1987.
Cane, H.V., D.V. Reames and T.T. von Rosenvinge, The role of interplanetary shocks in the longitude distribution of solar energetic particles, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9555–9567, 1988.
Canfield, R.C., H.S. Hudson and D.E. McKenzie, Sigmoidal morphology and eruptive solar activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(6), 627, 1999.
Carrington R.C., Description of a singular appearance in the Sun on September 1, 1859, Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc., 20, 13, 1860.
Chao, J.K. and R.P. Lepping, A correlative study of ssc’s, interplanetary shocks, and solar activity, J. Geophys. Res., 79(13), 1799, 1974.
Chen, J., R.A. Santoro, J. Krall, R.A. Howard, R. Dun, J.D. Moses, G.E. Brueckner, J.A. Darnell and J.T. Burkepile, Magnetic geometry and dynamics of the fast coronal mass ejection of 1997 September 9, Astrophys. J., 533, 481, 2000.
Cortie, A.L., Sunspots and terrestrial magnetic phenomena, 1898–1911, Monthly Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 73, 52–60, 1913.
Cortie, A.L., Sunspots and terrestrial magnetic phenomena, 1898–1911, Monthly Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 76, 15–18, 1916.
Cremades, H. and Bothmer, V., On the three-dimensional configuration of coronal mass ejections, Astron. and Astrophys., 422, 307, 2004.
Cremades, H., V. Bothmer and D. Tripathi, Properties of structured coronal mass ejections in solar cycle 23, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2006.
Crooker, N.U. and G.L. Siscoe, The effects of the solar wind on the terrestrial environment, in Physics of the Sun, Vol. III, D. Reidel, p. 193, 1986.
Crooker, N.U., E.W. Cliver and B.T. Tsurutani, The semiannual variation of great geomagnetic storms and the postshock Russell-McPherron effect preceding coronal mass ejecta, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 429–432, 1992.
Crooker, N.U. and J.T. Gosling (Co-Chairs), V. Bothmer, R.J. Forsyth, P.R. Gazis, A. Hewish, T.S. Horbury, D.S. Intriligator, J.R. Jokipii, J. Kóta et al., CIR morphology, turbulence, discontinuities, and energetic particles (Report of Working Group 2), Space Sci. Rev., 89, 179, 1999.
Daglis, I.A. (ed.), Effects of Space Weather on Technology Infrastructure, NATO Science Series, II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, p. 176, 2004.
Dal Lago, A., L.E.A. Vieira, E. Echer, W.D. Gonzalez, A.L.C. de Gonzalez, F.L. Guarnieri, N.J. Schuchand R. Schwenn, Comparison between halo cme expansion speeds observed on the Sun, the related shock transit speeds to Earth and corresponding ejecta speeds at 1 AU, Solar Physics, 222(2), 323, 2004.
Delaboudinière, J.-P., G.E. Artzner, J. Brunaud, A.H. Gabriel, J.F. Hochedez, F. Millier, X.Y. Song, B. Au, K.P. Dere, R.A. Howard et al., EIT: Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope for the SOHO Mission, Solar Physics, 162, 291–312, 1995.
Dere, K., J. Wang and Y. Yan (eds.), Coronal and stellar mass ejections, Proc. IAU Symposium 226, Beijing, 2004.
Dikpati, M., G. de Toma and P.A. Gilman, Predicting the strength of solar cycle 24 using a flux-transport dynamo-based tool, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05102, doi:10.1029/2005GL025221, 2006.
Eddy, J.A., Historical evidence for the existence of the solar cycle, in The Solar Output and Its Variation, O.R. White (ed.), Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1977.
Feynman, J. and S.F. Martin, The initiation of coronal mass ejections by newly emerging magnetic flux, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3355, 1995.
Fleck, B. and Svetska, Z. (eds.), The first results from SOHO, Solar Physics, 170, 1; 172, 2, Kluwer Academic, 1997.
Fleck, B., Domino, V. and Poland, A., The SOHO mission, Solar Physics, 162, 1, Kluwer Academic, 1995.
Forbes, T.G., A review on the genesis of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 23153, 2000.
Forsyth, R.J. and V. Bothmer (Co-Chairs), C. Cid, N.U. Crooker, T.S. Horbury, K. Kecskemety, B. Klecker, J.A. Linker, D. Odstrcil, M.J. Reiner et al., ICMEs in the inner heliosphere: Origin, evolution and propagation effects, Space Sci. Rev., in press, 2006.
Froehlich, C., Solar irradiance variability, in Solar Variability and Its Effects on the Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate System, AGU Monograph Series, J.M. Pap and P. Fox (eds.), AGU, Washington, D.C., 2003.
Gibson, S.E. and B.C. Low, Three-dimensional and twisted: An MHD interpretation of on-disk observational characteristics of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 105, A8, 18187, 2000.
Goldstein, H., On the Field configuration in magnetic clouds, in Solar Wind Five, NASA Conf. Publ. CP-2280, pp. 731–733, 1983.
Gonzalez, W.D., A unified view of solar windmagnetosphere coupling functions, Planetary and Space Science, 38(5), 627, 1990.
Gonzalez, W.D. and A.L.C. Gonzalez, Dual-peak solar cycle distribution of intense geomagnetic storms, Planet. Space Sci., 38, 181, 1990.
Gonzalez, W.D. and B.T. Tsurutani, Criteria of interplanetary parameters causing intense magnetic storms (Dst <A100 nT), Planet. Space Sci., 35, 1101, 1987.
Gonzalez, de A.L.C., W.D. Gonzalez, S.L.G. Dutra and B.T. Tsurutani, Periodic variation in geomagnetic activity: A study based on the Ap index, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 9215–9231, 1993.
Goodrich, C.C., J.G. Lyon, M. Wiltberger, R.E. Lopez and K. Papadopoulos, An overview of the impact of the January 10–11, 1997 magnetic cloud on the magnetosphere via global MHD simulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(14), 2537, 1998.
Gopalswamy, N., A. Lara, S. Yashiro, M. L. Kaiser and R. A. Howard, Predicting the 1-AU arrival times of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 29207, 2001.
Gopalswamy, N., Lara, A., Yashiro, S., Nunes, S. and Howard, R.A., Coronal mass ejection activity during solar cycle 23, in Solar Variability as an Input to the Earth’s Environment, ESA SP-535, pp. 403–414, 2003.
Gopalswamy, N., H. Xie, S. Yashiro and I. Usoskin, I. Coronal mass ejections and ground level enhancements, Proc. 29th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 169–173, 2005.
Gosling, J.T., Coronal mass ejections and magnetic flux ropes in interplanetary space, in Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes, E.R. Priest, L.C. Lee and C.T. Russell (eds.), AGU Geophys. Monogr. 58, p. 343, 1990.
Gosling, J.T., The solar flare myth, J. Geophys. Res., 98, A11, 18937, 1993a.
Gosling, J.T., Coronal mass ejections: The link between solar and geomagnetic activity, Phys. Fluids, B5, 2638, 1993b.
Gosling, J.T. and D.J. McComas, Field line draping about fast coronal mass ejecta: A source of strong out-of-the-ecliptic interplanetary magnetic fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 355–358, 1987.
Gosling, J.T. and V. Pizzo, Formation and evolution of corotating interaction regions and their three-dimensional structure, Space Sci. Rev., 89(12), 21, 1999.
Gosling, J.T., J.R. Asbridge, S.J. Bame, A.J. Hundhausen and I.B. Strong, Satellite observations of interplanetary shock waves, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 43, 1968.
Gosling, J.T., S.J. Bame, D.J. McComas and J.L. Phillips, Coronal mass ejections and large geomagnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 901–904, 1990.
Gosling, J.T., J. Birn and M. Hesse, Three-dimensional reconnection and the magnetic topology of coronal mass ejection events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 869–872, 1995.
Gringauz, K.I., V.V. Bezrukikh and V.D. Ozerov, Results of measurements of the concentration of positive ions in the atmosphere, using ion traps mounted on the Third Soviet Earth Satellite, in Artificial Earth Satellites, L.V. Kurnosova (ed.), New York, Plenum Press, Vol. 6, p. 77, 1961.
Harrison, R.A., Solar coronal mass ejections and flares, Astron. and Astrophys., 162, 283, 1986.
Henke, T., J. Woch, U. Mall, S. Livi, B. Wilken, R. Schwenn, G. Gloeckler, R. von Steiger, R.J. Forsyth and A. Balogh, Dierences in the O7/O 6 ratio of magnetic cloud and noncloud coronal mass ejections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3465, 1998.
Henke, T., J. Woch, R. Schwenn, U. Mall, G. Gloeckler, R. von Steiger, R.J. Forsyth and A. Balogh, Ionization state and magnetic topology of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 597, 2001.
Hildner, E., J.T. Gosling, R.M. MacQueen, R.H. Munro, A.I. Poland and C.L. Ross, Frequency of coronal transients and solar activity, Solar Physics, 48, 127–135, 1976.
Hoeksema, J.T., Structure and evolution of the large scale solar and heliospheric magnetic fields, PhD thesis, Stanford University, CA, 1984.
Howard, R.A., D.J. Michels, N.R. Sheeley and M.J. Koomen, The observation of a coronal transient directed at earth, Astrophys. J., 263, L101–L104, 1982.
Howard, R.A., G.E. Brueckner, O.C. St. Cyr, D.A. Biesecker, K.P. Dere, M.J. Koomen, C.M. Korendyke, P.L. Lamy, A. Llebaria, M.V. Bout et al., Observations of CMEs from SOHO/LASCO, Coronal Mass Ejections, AGU Geophysical Monograph 99, p. 17, 1997.
Howard, R.A., A.F. Thernisien, A. Vourlidas, C. Marque and N. Patel, Modeling of CMEs for the STEREO Mission, Proc. Solar Wind, 11, in press.
Hundhausen, A.J., C.B. Sawyer, L. House, R.M.E. Illing and W.J. Wagner, Coronal mass ejections observed during the Solar Maximum Mission: Latitude distribution and rate of occurrence, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2639, 1984.
Huttunen, E.K., H.E. Koskinen and R. Schwenn, Variability of magnetospheric storms driven by dierent solar wind perturbations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JA900171, 2002.
Huttunen, E.K., J. Slavin, M. Collier, H.E.J. Koskinen, A. Szabo, E. Tanskanen, A. Balogh, E. Lucek and H. Rème, Cluster observations of sudden impulses in the magnetotail caused by interplanetary shocks and pressure increases, Ann. Geophys., 23, 1–16, 2005.
ei]Kivelson, M.G. and C.T. Russell (eds.), Introduction to Space Physics, Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 0521457149, 1995.
Klassen, A., H. Aurass, G. Mann et al., AASS, 141, 357, 2000.
Klassen, A., V. Bothmer, G. Mann, M. J. Reiner, S. Krucker, A. Vourlidas and H. Kunow, Solar energetic electron events and coronal shocks, Astron. and Astrophys., 385, 1078–1088, 2002.
Klein, L.W. and Burlaga, L.F., Interplanetary magnetic clouds at 1 AU, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 613–624, 1982.
Koomen, M., R. Howard, R. Hansen and S. Hansen, The coronal transient of 16 June 1972, Solar Physics, 34, 447, 1974.
Koskinen, H., E. Tanskanen, R. Pirjola, A. Pulkinnen, C. Dyer, D. Rodgers, P. Cannon, J.-C. Mandeville and D. Boscher, Space Weather Effects Catalogue, Finish Meteorological Institute, ISSN 0782-6079, 2000.
Lang, K., The Sun from Space, Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, Springer-Verlag, 2000.
Lanzerotti, L.J. and T.R. Sanderson, Energetic particles in the heliosphere, in The Heliosphere Near Solar Minimum: The Ulysses Perspective, A. Balogh, R.G. Marsden and E.J. Smith (eds.), Springer-Praxis, pp. 259–286, 2001.
Lanzerotti, L.J., D.J. Thomson and C.G. Maclennan, Wireless at high altitudes: Environmental effects on space-based assets, Bell Labs Technical Journal, 5, Summer 1997.
Lanzerotti, L.J., C. Breglia, D.W. Maurer, G.K. Johnson and C.G. Maclennan, Studies of spacecraft charging on a geosynchronous telecommunication satellite, Adv. Space Res., 22(1), 79, 1998.
Lepping, R.P., J.A. Jones, and L.F. Burlaga, Magnetic field structure of interplanetary magnetic clouds at 1au, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11957–11965, 1991.
Lepping, R.P., D.B. Berdichevsky, L.F. Burlaga, A.J. Lazarus, J. Kasper, M.D. Desch, C.-C. Wu, D.V. Reames, H.J. Singer, C.W. Smith et al., The Bastille Day magnetic cloud and upstrem shocks: Near-earth interplanetary observations, Solar Physics, 204, 287–305, 2001.
Lepping, R.P., D.B. Berdichevsky and C.C. Wu, Sun-Earth electrodynamics: The solar wind connection, Recent Res. Devel. Astrophys., 1, 139, 2003.
Linker, J.A., Z. Mikic, D.A. Biesecker, R.J. Forsyth, S.E. Gibson, A.J. Lazarus, A. Lecinski, P. Riley, A. Szabo and B.J. Thompson, Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the solar corona during whole Sun month, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9809–9830, 1999.
Linker, J.A., Z. Mikic, R. Lionello and P. Riley, Flux cancellation and coronal mass ejections, Phys. of Plasmas, 10(5), 1971–1978, 2003.
Lites, B.W. and B.C. Low, Flux emergence and prominences: A new scenario for 3-dimensional field geometry based on observations with the advanced stokes polarimeter, Solar Phys., 174, 91, 1997.
Low, B.C., Coronal mass ejections, magnetic flux ropes, and solar magnetism, J. Geophys. Res., 106(A11), 25141, 2001.
Low, B.C. and M. Zhang, Global Magnetic-Field Reversal in the Corona, AGU Geophys. Monogr. 141, p. 51, 2004.
Luhmann, J.G., D.W. Curtis, R.P. Lin, D. Larson, P. Schroeder, A. Cummings, R.A. Mewaldt, E.C. Stone, A. Davis, T. von Rosenvinge et al., IMPACT: Science goals and firsts with STEREO, Adv. Space Res., 36, 1534–1543, 2005.
Lyot, B., The study of the solar corona and prominences without eclipses, George Darwin Lecture, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 99, 580, 1939.
Marsden, R.G., The 3-D heliosphere at solar maximum, Space Sci. Rev., 97, 1–4, Kluwer Academic, reprint, 2001.
Marubashi, K., Structure of the interplanetary magnetic clouds and their solar origins, Adv. Space Res., 6, 335–338, 1986.
Marubashi, K., Interplanetary Magnetic Flux Ropes and Solar Filaments, AGU Geophys. Monogr. 99, pp. 147–156, 1997.
Marubashi, K., Interplanetary magnetic flux ropes, J. of the Communications Research Laboratory, 49, 3, 2002.
Mayaud, P.N., Derivation, Meaning, and Use of Geomagnetic Indices, AGU Geophysical Monogr. 22, 1980.
McComas, D.J., J.T. Gosling, D. Winterhalter and E.J. Smith, Interplanetary magnetic field draping about fast coronal mass ejecta in the outer heliosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2519, 1988.
McComas, D.J., S.J. Bame, P. Barker, W.C. Feldman, J.L. Phillips, P. Riley and J.W. Griee, Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) for the Advanced Composition Explorer, Space Sci. Rev., 86, 563–612, 1998.
McPherron, R.L., Magnetospheric substorms, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 17, 657, 1979.
Mikic, Z., J.A. Linker, D.D. Schnack, R. Lionello and A. Tarditi, Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the global solar corona, Phys. Plasmas, 6, 2217–2224, 1999.
Mulligan, T., C.T. Russell and J.G. Luhmann, Solar cycle evolution of the structure of magnetic clouds in the inner heliosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2959, 1998.
Mulligan, T. and C.T. Russell, Multispaceraft modeling of the flux rope structure of interplanetary coronal mass ejections: Cylindrically symmetric versus nonsymmetric topologies, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10581, 2001.
Ness, N.F., Interplanetary magnetic field dynamics, in Space Storms and Space Weather Hazards, I.A. Daglis (ed.), Kluwer Academic, Vol. 131, 2001.
Neugebauer, M. and C.W. Snyder, Mariner 2 observations of the solar wind, 1: Average properties, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 1966.
Nicolson, I., Die Sonne, Herder-Verlag, Freiburg, Germany, 1982.
O’Brien, T.P. and R.L. McPherron, An empirical pase space analysis of ring current dynamics: Solar wind control of injection and decay, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7707–7719, 2000.
Odstrcil, D., Modeling 3D solar wind structure, Adv. Space Res., 32(4), 497, 2003.
Odstrcil, D., J.A. Linker, R. Lionello, Z. Mikic, P. Riley, V.J. Pizzo and J.G. Luhmann, Merging of coronal and heliospheric numerical two-dimensional MHD models, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2002JA009334, 2002.
Panasenco, O., I.S. Veselovsky, A.V. Dmitriev, A.N. Zhukov, O.S. Yakovchouk, I.A. Zhitnik, A.P. Ignat’ev, S.V. Kuzin, A.A. Pertsov, V.A. Slemzin et al., Solar origins of intense geomagnetic storms in 2002 as seen by the CORONAS-F satellite, Adv. Space Res., 36(8), 1595–1603, 2005.
Parker, E.N., Extension of the solar corona into interplanetary space, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 1675, 1959.
Parks, G.K., Physics of Space Plasmas: An Introduction, ISBN 0813341299, Westview Press, 2003.
Phillips, J.L., J.T. Gosling and D.J. McComas, Coronal mass ejections and geomagnetic storms: Seasonal variations, Proc. SolarTerrestrial Predictions Workshop, Ottawa, 1992.
Priester, W. and O. Cattani, On semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity and its relation to solar corpuscular radiation, J. Atm. Sci., 19, 121–126, 1962.
Prölss, G., Physik des erdnahen Weltraums: Eine EinfuEhrung, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004.
Reames, D.V., Particle acceleration by CME-driven shock waves, Highlight Paper, 26th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., 1999.
Richardson, I.G., The formation of CIRs at streamstream interfaces and resultant geomagnetic activity, in Recurrent Magnetic Storms: Corotating Solar Wind Streams, B. Tsurutani, R. McPherron, W. Gonzalez, G. Lu, J.H.A. Sobral and N. Gopalswamy (eds.), AGU Geophys. Monogr. 167, in press, 2006.
Richardson, I.G., E.W. Cliver and H.V. Cane, Sources of geomagnetic storms for solar minimum and maximum conditions during 1972–2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2569 2572, 2001.
Richardson, I.G., D.F. Webb, J. Zhang, D.B. Berdichevsky, D.A. Biesecker, J.C. Kasper, R. Kataoka, J.T. Steinberg, B.J. Thompson, C.-C. Wu et al., Major geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤−100nT) generated by corotating interaction regions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A07S09, doi:10.1029/2005JA011476, 2006.
Richardson, J.D., Y. Liu, C. Wang and L.F. Burlaga, ICMEs at very large distances, Adv. Space Res., in press, 2006.
Rosenberg, R.L. and P.J. Coleman, Solar cycle-dependent northsouth field configurations observed in solar wind interaction regions, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3021–3032, 1980.
Rostoker, G., Geomagnetic indices, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 10, 935, 1972.
Russell, C.T., Geophysical coordinate transformations, Cosmic Electrodynamics, 2, 184, 1971.
Russell, C.T. and R.L. McPherron, The magnetotail and substorms, Space Sci. Rev., 15, 205, 1973a.
Russell, C.T. and R.L. McPherron, Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92, 1973b.
Russell, C.T., T. Mulligan and B.J. Anderson, Radial variation of magnetic flux ropes: Case studies with ACE and NEAR, Solar Wind Ten: Proc. of the 10th Int. Solar Wind Conf., M. Velli, R. Bruno and F. Malara (eds.), American Institute of Physics, p. 121, 2003.
Scherrer, P.H., R.S. Bogart, R.I. Bush, J.T. Hoeksema, A.G. Kosovichev, J. Schou, W. Rosenberg, L. Springer, T.D. Tarbell, A. Title et al., The solar oscillations investigation: Michelson Doppler Imager. Solar Physics, 162, 129–188, 1995.
Schlegel, K., Wenn die Sonne verrückt spielt, Physik in unserer Zeit, 31(5), 222, 2000.
Schreiber, H., On the periodic variations of geomagnetic activity indices Ap and ap, Ann. Geophys., 16, 510, 1998.
Schrijver, C.J., Catastrophic cooling and high-speed downow in quiescent solar coronal loops observed with TRACE, Solar Physics, 198, 325, 2001.
Schrijver, C.J. and M.L. DeRosa, Photospheric and heliospheric magnetic fields, Solar Physics, 212, 165, 2003.
Schwenn, R., Transport of energy and mass to the outer boundary of the Earth system, in Solar-Terrestrial Energy Program: Major Scientific Problems, Proceedings of a SCOSTEP symposium held during the XXVII COSPAR Plenary Meeting, Helsinki, University of Technology, Espoo, Finland, pp. 13–30, 1988.
Schwenn, R., Large-scale structure of the interplanetary medium, Physics of the Inner Heliosphere, 1: Large-Scale Phenomena, Springer-Verlag, p. 99, 1990.
Schwenn, R., Variability of magnetospheric storms driven by dierent solar wind perturbations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JA900171, 2002.
Schwenn, R., Space weather: The solar perspective, Living Rev. Solar Physics, 3, 2, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2006-2, 2006.
Schwenn, R. and E. Marsch (eds.), Physics of the Inner Heliosphere, 1: Large-Scale Phenomena, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Schwenn, R. and E. Marsch (eds.), Physics of the Inner Heliosphere. 2: Particles, Waves and Turbulence, Springer-Verlag, 1991.
Schwenn, R., A. dal Lago, E. Huttunen and W.D. Gonzalez, The association of coronal mass ejections with the effects of their counterparts near the Earth, Ann. Geophys., 23, 1033–1059, 2005.
Sheeley Jr., N.R., R.A. Howard, M.J. Koomen, D.J. Michels, R. Schwenn, K.-H. Mühlhäuser and H. Rosenbauer, Coronal mass ejections and interplanetary shocks, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 163–175, 1985.
Siebert, M., Mauzahlen der erdmagnetischen Aktivität, Handbuch Physik, Vol. 49/3 (Geophysik 3/3), pp. 206–275, Springer-Verlag, 1971.
Smith, C.W., J. L’Heureux, N.F. Ness, M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga and J., Scheifele, The ACE magnetic field experiment, Space Sci. Rev., 86, 613, 1998.
Sonett, C.P. and I.J. Abrahms, The distant geomagnetic field, 3: Disorder and shocks in the magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 1233, 1963.
St. Cyr, O.C., J.T. Burkepile, A.J. Hundhausen and A.R. Lecinski, A comparison of ground-based and spacecraft observations of coronal mass ejections from 1980–1989, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 12493, 1999.
St. Cyr, O., R.A. Howard, N.R. Sheeley Jr., S.P. Plunkett, D.J. Michels, S.E. Paswaters, M.J. Koomen, G.M. Simnett, B.J. Thompson, J.B. Gurman et al., Properties of coronal mass ejections: SOHO, LASCO observations from January 996 to June 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 18169, 2000.
Stix, M., The Sun:An Introduction, 2nd edition, Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, Springer-Verlag, 2004.
Subramanian, P. and K.P. Dere, Source regions of coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J., 561, 372, 2001.
Tang, F., B.T. Tsurutani, W.D. Gonzalez, S.I. Akasofu and E.J. Smith, Solar sources of interplanetary southward Bz events responsible for major geomagnetic storms (1978–1979), J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3535, 1989.
Thompson, B.J., Moreton waves, in Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, P. Murdin (ed.), article 2575, Institute of Physics, Bristol, UK, http://eaa.iop.org/abstract/0333750888/2575, 2000.
Tsurutani, B.T., Solar/interplanetary plasma phenomena causing geomagnetic activity at Earth, Proceedings of the International School of Physics ‘Enrico Fermi’, B. Coppi, A. Ferrari and E. Sindoni (eds.), IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 273–286, 2000.
Tsurutani, B.T., The interplanetary causes of magnetic storms, substorms and geomagnetic quiet, in Space Storms and Space Weather Hazards, I.A. Daglis (ed.), Kluwer Academic, p. 103, 2001.
Tsurutani, B.T. and W.D. Gonzalez, The cause of high intensity long-duration continuous AE activity (HILDCAAs): Interplanetary Alfvén wave trains, Planet. Space Sci., 35, 405, 1987.
Tsurutani, B.T. and W.D. Gonzalez, The interplanetary causes of magnetic storms: A review, in Magnetic Storms, B.T. Tsurutani, W.D. Gonzalez, Y. Kamide and J.K. Arballo (eds.), AGU Geophys. Monogr. 98, pp. 77–89, 1997.
Tsurutani, B.T., W.D. Gonzalez, F. Tang and Y.T. Lee, Great magnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 73, 1992.
Tsurutani, B.T., W.D. Gonzalez, G.S. Lakhina and S. Alex, The Extreme Magnetic Storm of September 1–2, 1859.
Tsurutani, B.T., W.D. Gonzalez, X.-Y. Zhou, R.P. Lepping and V. Bothmer, Properties of slow magnetic clouds, J. of Atm. and Sol.-Terr. Phys., 66, 147–151, 2004.
Tsurutani, B.T., W.D. Gonzalez, A.L.C. Gonzalez, F.L. Guarnieri, N. Gopalswamy, M. Grande, Y. Kamide, Y. Kasahara, G. Lu, I. Mann et al., Corotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A07S01, doi:10.1029/2005JA011273, 2006.
Tylka, A.J., The historic solar event of January 20, 2005: A challenge for current theories on the origin of solar energetic particles?, SHINE 2006 Workshop, 31 July4 August, Zermatt, Utah, http://creme96.nrl.navy.mil/20Jan05/, 2006.
Uchida, Y. et al. (eds.), X-ray Solar Physics from Yohkoh. University Academy Press, Tokyo, 1994.
Veselovsky, I.S., M.I. Panasyuk, S.I. Avdyushin, G.A. Bazilevskaya, A.V. Belov, S.A. Bogachev, V.M. Bogod, A.V. Bogomolov, V. Bothmer, K.A. Boyarchuk et al., Solar and heliospheric phenomena in October/November 2003: Causes and effects, Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 42(5), 453–508, 2004; translated in Cosmic Research, 42(5), 435–488, 2004.
Veselovsky, I.S., V. Bothmer, P. Cargill, A.V. Dmitriev, K.G. Ivanov, E.R. Romashets, A.N. Zhukov and O.S. Yakovchouk, Magnetic storm cessation during northward IMF, Adv. Space Res., 36, 2460, 2005.
Vourlidas, A., D. Buzasi, R.A. Howard and E. Esfandiari, Mass and energy properties of LASCO CMEs, in Solar Variability: From Core to Outer Frontiers, ESA SP-506, p. 9194, 2002.
Wang, C.B., J.K. Chao and C.-H. Lin, Influence of the solar wind dynamic pressure on the decay and injection of the ring current, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2003JA009851, SMP 5-1/5-10, 2003.
Wang, Y.M., Astrophys. J., 543, L89, 2000.
Wang, Y.M. and N.R. Sheeley Jr., Average properties of bipolar magnetic regions during sunspot cycle 21, Solar Phys., 124, 81, 1989.
Wang, Y.M. and N.R. Sheeley Jr., On potential-field models of the solar corona, Astrophys. J., 392, 310, 1992.
Wang, Y.M. and N.R. Sheeley Jr., Filament eruptions near emerging bipoles, Astrophys. J., 510, L157, 1999.
Wang, Y.M., A.G. Nash and N.R. Sheeley Jr., Evolution of the sun’s polar fields during sunspot cycle 21: Poleward surges and long-term behavior, Astrophys. J., 347, 529, 1989.
Wang, Y.M., S.H. Hawley and N.R. Sheeley Jr., The magnetic nature of coronal holes, Science, 271, 464, 1996.
Wang, Y.M., N.R. Sheeley, J.H. Walters, G.E. Brueckner, R.A. Howard, D.J. Michels, P.L. Lamy, R. Schwenn and G.M. Simnett, Origin of streamer material in the outer corona, Astrophys. J., 498, L165, 1998.
Wang, Y.M., N.R. Sheeley Jr. and M.D. Andrews, Polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field during cycle 23, J. Geophys. Res., 107, A12, 1465, doi:10.1029/2002JA009463, 2002.
Webb, D.F. and A.J. Hundhausen, Activity associated with the solar origin of coronal mass ejections, Sol. Phys., 108, 383–401, 1987.
Webb., D., E.W. Cliver, N.U. Crooker, O.C. St. Cyr and B.J. Thompson, Relationship of halo coronal mass ejections, magnetic clouds, and magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7491, 2000.
Wilson, R.M. and E. Hildner, On the association of magnetic clouds with disappearing filaments, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5867–5872, 1986.
Yashiro, S., N. Gopalswamy, G. Michalek, O.C. St. Cyr, S.P. Plunkett, N.B. Rich and R.A. Howard, A catalog of white light coronal mass ejections observed by the SOHO spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res., 7105, 2004.
Yurchyshyn, V.B., H. Wang, P.R. Goode and Y. Deng, Orientation of the magnetic fields in interplanetary flux ropes and solar filaments, Astrophys. J., 563, 381, 2001.
Zhang, G. and L.F. Burlaga, Magnetic clouds, geomagnetic disturbances and cosmic ray decreases, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2511, 1988.
Zhang, J., K.P. Dere, R.A. Howard, M.R. Kundu and S.M. White, On the temporal relationship between coronal mass ejections and flares, Astrophys. J., 559, 452, 2001.
Zhang, J., K.P. Dere, R.A. Howard and V. Bothmer, Identification of solar sources of major geomagnetic storms between 1996 and 2000, Astrophys. J., 582, 520, 2003.
Zhao, X.P. and D.F. Webb, Source regions and storm effectiveness of frontside full halo coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1234, doi:10.1029/2002JA009606, 2003.
Zhukov, A.N., Solar sources of geoeffective CMEs: A SOHO/EIT view, in Coronal and Stellar Mass Ejections, Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 226, K.P. Dere, J. Wang and Y. Yan (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 437–447, 2005.
Zhukov, A.N. and F. Auchere, On the nature of EIT waves, EUV dimmings and their link to CMEs, Astron. and Astrophys., 427, 705, 2004.
Zhukov, A.N., I.S. Veselovsky, F. Clette, J.-F. Hochedez, A.V. Dmitriev, E.P. Romashets, V. Bothmer and P. Cargill, Solar wind disturbances and their sources in the EUV solar corona, in Solar Wind Ten: Proceedings of the Tenth International Solar Wind Conference, Pisa, Italy, 1721 June 2002, M. Velli, R. Bruno and F. Malara, AIP Conference Proceedings 679, Issue 1, p. 711, 2003.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bothmer, V., Zhukov, A. (2007). The Sun as the prime source of space weather. In: Space Weather- Physics and Effects. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34578-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34578-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23907-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-34578-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)