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Beyond the Polar Code: IMO Measures for Assuring Safe and Environmentally Sound Arctic Navigation

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Sustainable Shipping in a Changing Arctic

Part of the book series: WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs ((WMUSTUD,volume 7))

Abstract

The Polar Code has entered into force and the new polar seafarer requirements are expected to enter into force in July 2018. In the meantime the IMO is working on additional issues pertinent to operations in polar areas, such as risk assessment, additional performance and test standards, gathering data on non-SOLAS ships operating in polar waters, and amendments to the survey guidelines. There are additional measures that IMO might consider to strengthen safety and environmental protections in the Arctic, including ships’ routeing and reporting, VTS, port State control, MARPOL special areas, PSSAs, emission control areas, marine protected areas, ballast water and anti-foulants.

Captain J. Ashley Roach, JAGC, USN (retired), Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State (retired).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In that regard Germany submitted a paper to NSCR 4, Development of amendments to performance standards for navigation and communication equipment used in polar waters in support of the implementation of the Polar Code, NCSR 4/28 (20 January 2017).

  2. 2.

    Information was submitted to MSC 96 by New Zealand in MSC 96/24 (14 December 2015), by Iceland in MSC 96/24/3 (8 March 2016), and by FOEI and others in MSC 96/24/7 (8 March 2016).

  3. 3.

    Two papers providing addition information were submitted to MSC 97, International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), MSC 97/21/8/Rev 1 (21 November 2016) (Chile) and Non-SOLAS vessel operations in polar waters in preparation for work on phase 2 of the Polar Code, MSC 97/21/10 (16 September 2016) (FOEI, WWW and the Pacific Environment). MSC 97/22, paras 21.9–21.10. These papers were submitted to SDC 4 as SDC 4/13 (9 December 2016) (FOEI, WWW and the Pacific Environment) and SDC 4/13/1 (8 December 2016) (New Zealand).

  4. 4.

    Refer to the General Provisions on Ships’ Routeing adopted by the Organization by resolution A.572(14)), as amended.

  5. 5.

    The IMO Publication Ships’ Routeing includes General provisions on ships’ routeing, first adopted by IMO in 1973, and subsequently amended over the years. The provisions are aimed at standardising the design, development, charted presentation and use of routeing measures adopted by IMO. For additional information on ships’ routeing, http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/ShipsRouteing.aspx.

  6. 6.

    Refer to the Guidelines on Vessel Traffic Services adopted by the Organization by resolution A.857(20).

  7. 7.

    The General Provisions on Ships’ Routeing, ibid, reflect IMO, General Principles for Ship Reporting Systems and Ship Reporting Requirements, including Guidelines for Reporting Incidents involving Dangerous Goods, Harmful Substances and/or Marine Pollutants, Resolution A.851(20) (27 November 1997) http://www.imo.org/blast/blastData.asp?doc_id=9884&filename=A%20851%2820%29.pdf; IMO, Guidance Note on the Preparation of Proposals on Ships’ Routeing Systems and Ship Reporting Systems for Submission to the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation, MSC.1/Circ.1060 (6 January 2003); and IMO, Amendment to the Guidance Note on the Preparation of Proposals on Ships’ Routeing Systems and Ship Reporting Systems for Submission to the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation, MSC.1/Circ.1060/Add.1 (26 May 2006) online: https://docs.imo.org/Shared/Download.aspx?did=37577. NCSR was tasked by MSC 95 to consider revisions of the Guidelines and criteria for ship reporting systems (MSC.43(64) as amended by MSC.111(73)), with a target completion year of 2017. IMO, Report of the MSC on its 95th Session, MSC 95/22 (19 June 2015), para. 19.12.3.

  8. 8.

    For additional information on VTS, see http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/VesselTrafficServices.aspx.

  9. 9.

    USCG, ‘IMO MSC Resolutions’, http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=mscResolutions.

  10. 10.

    A list of MSC resolutions may be found online: http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/Maritime-Safety-Committee-%28MSC%29/Pages/default.aspx.

  11. 11.

    United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 397 (entered into force 16 November 1994) (LOS Convention), articles 94(6) and 219.

  12. 12.

    International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, adopted 1 November 1974, 1184 UNTS 277 (entered into force 25 May 1980) (SOLAS Convention), regulations I/19, IX/6.2, XI-1/4, XI-2/9; International Convention on Load Lines, 640 UNTS 133, London 5 April 1966 (entered into force 21 July 1968), article 21; International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, adopted 2 November 1973, 1340 UNTS 61 (entered into force 2 October 1983) (MARPOL 73/78), Annex I articles 5 & 6 and regulation 11, Annex II regulation 16.9, Annex III regulation 8, Annex IV regulation 13, Annex V regulation 8, Annex VI regulation 10; International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, with Annex (STCW), London 7 July 1978 (entered into force 28 April 1984), 1361 UNTS 75, article X and regulation I/4; International Convention on the Tonnage Measurements of Ships, 1969, with annexes, London 23 June 1969 (entered into force 18 July 1982), 1291 UNTS 3, article 121; International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships, 2001, London 5 Oct. 2001 (entered into force 17 Sept. 2008), UNTS, IMO doc. AFS/CONF/26, article 11.

  13. 13.

    See IMO, ‘Port State Control’ online: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/MSAS/Pages/PortStateControl.aspx.

  14. 14.

    SOLAS Convention, supra note 11, Chapter XI-2 (Special Measures To Enhance Maritime Security) and the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, adopted 12 Dec. 2002 by the Conference of Contracting Governments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974.

  15. 15.

    Ibid, Regulation XI-2/2.

  16. 16.

    For a table listing all MARPOL Special Areas approved by IMO, see: http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialAreasUnderMARPOL/Pages/Default.aspx. A prerequisite for the establishment of a MARPOL Special Area is the availability of adequate port waste reception facilities.

  17. 17.

    MARPOL 73/78, Annex I, Regulation I/1.11. Resolution A.1087(28). ‘Guidelines for the Designation of Special Areas under MARPOL’ (2013), is not yet available at http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/Pages/Assembly-%28A%29.aspx.

  18. 18.

    Ibid, Annex I, Regulation I/15.4 and Annex II, Regulation II/13.8.2.

  19. 19.

    Ibid, Annex V, Regulation V/5.

  20. 20.

    The guidelines update International Maritime Organization (2001). Consequential amendments to resolution A.982(24) proposed by MEPC 67/10 (22 July 2014) were deferred to MEPC 68, IMO, Report of the MEPC on its 67th Session, MEPC 67/20 (31 October 2014), para 10.1. MEPC 68 adopted resolution MEPC.267(68) on Amendments to resolution A.982(24) as set out in Annex 13 to MEPC 68/21/Add.1. International Maritime Organization (2015i).

  21. 21.

    The International Chamber of Shipping has publicly stated its desire and willingness to be consulted by States contemplating PSSA submissions. For a list of IMO approved PSSAs, http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Ps/Default.aspx.

  22. 22.

    See also IHO Chart Specification B-437.6; MPA Singapore, ‘Symbols, Abbreviations, Terms and S-57 Objected used on Singaporean Nautical and Electronic Navigational Charts,’ N22, at 37 (2011) http://www.mpa.gov.sg/web/portal/home/publications/chart-symbols-and-abbreviations.

  23. 23.

    Amendments to MARPOL Annex VI adopted during the October 2008 session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (by resolution MEPC.176(58)) included a revised regulation 14 on Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Particulate Matter that permits the establishment of Emission Control Areas. Appendix III provides the criteria and procedures for designation of Emission Control Areas. These amendments entered into force 1 March 2010. The text of the revised Annex VI, IMO, MEPC 58/23/Add.1 Annex 13, online: http://www.imo.org/blast/blastData.asp?doc_id=10407&filename=176%2858%29.pdf. A list of ECAs may be found at http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialAreasUnderMARPOL/Pages/Default.aspx.

  24. 24.

    PPR 3 (February 2016) developed a draft protocol for any voluntary measurement studies to collect data. IMO, Report to MEPC, PPR 3/22, para. 8.10 and PPR 3/WP.4 Annex 1 (14 March 2016), and invited submission of data derived from its application to PPR 4. PPR 3/22, para 22.2.6. MEPC 70 noted these developments. MEPC 70/18, at 21 para 5.4. For further information on black carbon, see Fathom (2015).

  25. 25.

    Submissions to MEPC 70 were made by FOEI and others, MEPC 70/17/4 (22 July 2016), Russian comments thereon, MEPC 70/17/9 (19 August 2016), by Canada and the United States, MEPC 70/17/11 (2 September 2016), and by FOEI, WWF and Pacific Environment on Arctic indigenous food security and shipping, MEPC 70/17/10 (19 August 2016).

  26. 26.

    For more information on MPAs, see online: http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/take-action/marine-protected-areas/; and online: http://www.marine-conservation.org/what-we-do/program-areas/mpas/.

  27. 27.

    The framework is intended only for areas under the national jurisdiction of the Arctic States, and not for areas beyond national jurisdiction (page 5).

  28. 28.

    The text of the Ballast Water Convention, and other information on the convention, online: http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialAreasUnderMARPOL/Pages/Default.aspx.

  29. 29.

    For the current ratification status, online: http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/StatusOfConventions/Pages/Default.aspx.

  30. 30.

    For further information on ballast water control, online: http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/BallastWaterManagement/Pages/Default.aspx.

  31. 31.

    For additional information on the Anti-Fouling Convention, online: http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/Anti-foulingSystems/Pages/Default.aspx.

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  1. Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    J. Ashley Roach

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  1. World Maritime University , Malmö, Sweden

    Lawrence P. Hildebrand

  2. International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA

    Lawson W. Brigham

  3. Word Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden

    Tafsir M. Johansson

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Ashley Roach, J. (2018). Beyond the Polar Code: IMO Measures for Assuring Safe and Environmentally Sound Arctic Navigation. In: Hildebrand, L., Brigham, L., Johansson, T. (eds) Sustainable Shipping in a Changing Arctic. WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78425-0_4

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