Abstract
Citizenship is considered an evolving normative good, a relationship between citizen and state that has produced greater degrees of democratic involvement and accountability and of state commitment to citizen well-being, including human rights. Yet for Indigenous peoples, states are fundamentally agents of oppression, maintaining an imposed and illegitimate sovereignty against Indigenous peoples through a colonial settler order legitimated by racist myths and policy. The kinder gentler colonialism of equitable inclusion in state citizenship is definitively incorporation into, not liberation from, the settler state.
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Notes
- 1.
Joyce Green, “Toward Conceptual Precision: Citizenship and Rights Talk for Aboriginal Canadians”, in Insiders and Outsiders: Alan Cairns and the Reshaping of Canadian Citizenship, eds. Gerald Kernerman and Philip Resnick (Vancouver: UBC Press 2005), 227.
- 2.
John Borrows, “‘Landed’ Citizenship: Narratives of Aboriginal Political Participation,” in Citizenship in Diverse Societies, eds. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Green, “Toward Conceptual Precision.”
- 3.
T.H. Marshall, “Citizenship and Social Class”, Class, Citizenship and Social Development: Essays by T.H. Marshall (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964).
- 4.
Glen Coulthard, Red Skin White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 6.
- 5.
Some analysis of the DAPL matter is provided at https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/12/north-dakota-standing-rock-protests-civil-rights
- 6.
Joyce Green, “From Colonialism to Reconciliation Through Indigenous Human Rights,” in Indivisible: Indigenous Human Rights, ed. Joyce Green (Winnipeg and Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2014), 18–42.
- 7.
Renisa Mawani, Colonial Proximities: Crossracial Encounters and Juridical Truths in British Columbia, 1971–1921 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2009).
- 8.
Sherene Razack, “Gendered Racial Violence and Spatialized Justice: The Murder of Pamela George” in Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping a White Settler Society, ed. Sherene H. Razack (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2002); Sherene Razack, Dying From Improvement: Inquests and Inquiries Into Indigenous Deaths in Custody (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015).
- 9.
The right to vote federally was granted to Indians in 1960; it was granted variously by provincial governments, with the latest extension of the franchise being 1969 in Quebec.
- 10.
Cited in Green, “Toward Conceptual Precision,” 228.
- 11.
Green, “Toward Conceptual Precision,” 237.
- 12.
Borrows, “‘Landed’ Citizenship.”
- 13.
- 14.
Courtney Jung, “Walls and Bridges: Competing Agendas in Transitional Justice,” in From Recognition to Reconciliation: Essays on the Constitutional Entrenchment of Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, eds. Patrick Macklem and Douglas Sanderson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 373–74; 384–87.
- 15.
John Borrows, Freedom and Indigenous Constitutionalism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016).
- 16.
Jung, “Walls and Bridges,” 372.
- 17.
Coulthard, Red Skin White Masks, 120.
- 18.
Cited in Green, “Toward Conceptual Precision,” 236.
- 19.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Calls to Action. Available: http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf2015
- 20.
http://ipolitics.ca/2016/07/12/ottawa-wont-adopt-undrip-directly-into-canadian-law-wilson-raybould/; http://ipolitics.ca/2016/07/22/wilson-raybould-defends-stand-on-undrip-adoption/; http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2016/07/20/government-supports-indigenous-declaration-without-reservation-wilson-raybould_n_11080194.html
- 21.
Paul Joffe, “Undermining Indigenous Peoples’ Security and Human Rights: Strategies of the Canadian Government”, in Indivisible: Indigenous Human Rights, ed. Joyce Green (Winnipeg and Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2014), 217–243.
- 22.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Final Report, 2015.
Bibliography
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Green, Joyce. “From Colonialism to Reconciliation Through Indigenous Human Rights”. In Indivisible: Indigenous Human Rights, edited by Joyce Green: 18–42. Winnipeg and Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2014.
Joffe, Paul. “Undermining Indigenous Peoples’ Security and Human Rights: Strategies of the Canadian Government”. In Indivisible: Indigenous Human Rights, edited by Joyce Green: 217–243. Winnipeg and Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2014.
Jung, Courtney. “Walls and Bridges: Competing Agendas in Transitional Justice”. In From Recognition to Reconciliation: Essays on the Constitutional Entrenchment of Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, edited by Patrick Macklem and Douglas Sanderson: 357–388. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.
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Razack, Sherene. Dying From Improvement: Inquests and Inquiries Into Indigenous Deaths in Custody. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Calls to Action. 2015. Available: http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future. Available: http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf
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Green, J. (2017). The Impossibility of Citizenship Liberation for Indigenous People. In: Mann, J. (eds) Citizenship in Transnational Perspective. Politics of Citizenship and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53529-6_9
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