Abstract
The successful cultivation of plant cell and tissue cultures for the production of valuable chemical components requires the selection of an appropriate bioreactor. Selection criteria are determined based on a number of factors that are intrinsic to particular plant cell or tissue cultures and are influenced by the process objectives. Due to the specific properties of plant cell and tissue cultures, bioreactor systems may differ significantly from those used for microorganism or animal cell cultures. Furthermore, the differences from one plant culture to another can be immense; it is obvious that the optimal bioreactor system for a plant suspension cell culture is different to one for a plant tissue culture in many ways.
General considerations are presented, and based on these key points, selection criteria are used to establish a “bioreactor chooser” tool. The particular details of the most relevant bioreactor types for plant cell and tissue cultures are listed and described.
To produce valuable products, the process also needs to be scaled up to an economically justifiable size, which is usually done either by scaling up the size of the bioreactor itself or by bioreactor parallelization. Therefore, the most significant influencing factors are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 2G12:
-
Human monoclonal antibody 2G12
- DAF-Fc:
-
Decay-accelerating factor-fragment crystallizable region
- DPP4-Fc:
-
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 fragment crystallizable region
- FDA:
-
Federal Drug Administration
- GAD65:
-
Glutamate decarboxylase 65
- GMP:
-
Good manufacturing practice
- HA:
-
Hemagglutinin
- HCPS:
-
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
- hG-CSF:
-
Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- hGM-CSF:
-
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- ICAM-1-IgA2:
-
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1-Immunoglobulin A2
- ICH:
-
International Conference on Harmonization
- IL-12:
-
Interleukin 12
- MERS:
-
Middle East respiratory syndrome
- OUR:
-
Oxygen uptake rate
- QbD:
-
Quality by design
- RITA:
-
Récipient à immersion temporaire automatique
Reference
Steingroewer J, Bley T, Georgiev V, Ivanov I, Lenk F, Marchev A, Pavlov A (2013) Bioprocessing of differentiated plant in vitro systems. Eng Life Sci 13:26–38. doi:10.1002/elsc.201100226
Santos RB, Abranches R, Fischer R, Sack M, Holland T (2016) Putting the spotlight back on plant suspension cultures. Front Plant Sci 7:1–12. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00297
Sack M, Hofbauer A, Fischer R, Stoger E (2015) The increasing value of plant-made proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 32:163–170. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.008
Doran PM (2010) Bioreactors, stirred tank for culture of plant cells. Encycl Ind Biotechnol 1–35. doi: 10.1002/9780470054581.eib150
Ramachandra Rao S, Ravishankar GA (2002) Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 20:101–153. doi:10.1016/S0734-9750(02)00007-1
Harborne JB (1999) Classes and functions of secondary products from plants. In: Walton NJ, Brown DE (eds) Chemicals from plants. Imperial Collage Press, London
DiCosmo F, Misawa M (1995) Plant cell and tissue culture: alternatives for metabolite production. Biotechnol Adv 13:425–453. doi:10.1016/0734-9750(95)02005-N
Bhatia S, Bera T (2015) Classical and nonclassical techniques for secondary metabolite production in plant cell culture. In: Bhatia S (ed) Modern applications of plant biotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Oksman-Caldentey KM, Inzé D (2004) Plant cell factories in the post-genomic era: new ways to produce designer secondary metabolites. Trends Plant Sci 9:433–440. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.07.006
Bourgaud F, Gravot A, Milesi S, Gontier E (2001) Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective. Plant Sci 161:839–851. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00490-3
Imseng N, Schillberg S, Schürch C, Schmid D, Schütte K, Gorr G, Eibl D, Eibl R (2014) Suspension culture of plant cells under heterotrophic conditions. In: Meyer H-P, Schmidhalter DR (eds) Industrial scale suspension culture. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Rittershaus E, Ulrich J, Weiss A, Westphal K (1989) Large scale industrial fermentation: design, installation and initial operation of a fermenation unit. Bioengineering 5:8–10
Lehmann N, Dittler I, Lämsä M, Ritala A, Rischer H, Eibl D, Oksman-Caldentey K-M, Eibl R (2014) Disposable bioreactors for cultivation of plant cell cultures. In: Paek KY, Murthy HN, Zhong JJ (eds) Production of biomass and bioactive compounds using bioreactor technology. Springer, Dordrecht
Schürch C, Blum P, Zülli F (2008) Potential of plant cells in culture for cosmetic application. Phytochem Rev 7:599–605. doi:10.1007/s11101-007-9082-0
Xu J, Zhang N (2014) On the way to commercializing plant cell culture platform for biopharmaceuticals: present status and prospect. Pharm Bioprocess 2:499–518. doi:10.4155/pbp.14.32
Maxmen A (2012) Drug-making plant blooms. Nature 485:160–160. doi:10.1038/485160a
Tekoah Y, Shulman A, Kizhner T, Ruderfer I, Fux L, Nataf Y, Bartfeld D, Ariel T, Gingis-Velitski S, Hanania U, Shaaltiel Y (2015) Large-scale production of pharmaceutical proteins in plant cell culture-the protalix experience. Plant Biotechnol J 13:1199–1208. doi:10.1111/pbi.12428
Shaaltiel Y, Gingis-Velitski S, Tzaban S, Fiks N, Tekoah Y, Aviezer D (2015) Plant-based oral delivery of β-glucocerebrosidase as an enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher’s disease. Plant Biotechnol J 13:1033–1040. doi:10.1111/pbi.12366
Shaaltiel Y, Bartfeld D, Hashmueli S, Baum G, Brill-Almon E, Galili G, Dym O, Boldin-Adamsky SA, Silman I, Sussman JL, Futerman AH, Aviezer D (2007) Production of glucocerebrosidase with terminal mannose glycans for enzyme replacement therapy of Gaucher’s disease using a plant cell system. Plant Biotechnol J 5:579–590. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00263.x
Liew PS, Hair-Bejo M (2015) Farming of plant-based veterinary vaccines and their applications for disease prevention in animals. Adv Virol 2015:1–12. doi:10.1155/2015/936940
Bhatia S (2015) History and scope of plant biotechnology. In: Bhatia S (ed) Modern applications of plant biotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Huang T-K, McDonald KA (2009) Bioreactor engineering for recombinant protein production in plant cell suspension cultures. Biochem Eng J 45:168–184. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2009.02.008
Huang T-K, McDonald KA (2012) Bioreactor systems for in vitro production of foreign proteins using plant cell cultures. Biotechnol Adv 30:398–409. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.016
Chen Q, Davis KR (2016) The potential of plants as a system for the development and production of human biologics. F1000Res 5:912. doi:10.12688/f1000research.8010.1
Merlin M, Gecchele E, Capaldi S, Pezzotti M, Avesani L (2014) Comparative evaluation of recombinant protein production in different biofactories: the green perspective. Biomed Res Int. doi:10.1155/2014/136419
Takeyama N, Kiyono H, Yuki Y (2015) Plant-based vaccines for animals and humans: recent advances in technology and clinical trials. Ther Adv Vaccines 3:139–154. doi:10.1177/2051013615613272
Bendandi M, Marillonnet S, Kandzia R, Thieme F, Nickstadt A, Herz S, Fröde R, Inogés S, Lòpez-Dìaz de Cerio A, Soria E, Villanueva H, Vancanneyt G, McCormick A, Tusé D, Lenz J, Butler-Ransohoff J-E, Klimyuk V, Gleba Y (2010) Rapid, high-yield production in plants of individualized idiotype vaccines for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol 21:2420–2427. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq256
Xu J, Dolan MC, Medrano G, Cramer CL, Weathers PJ (2012) Green factory: plants as bioproduction platforms for recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Adv 30:1171–1184. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.020
Ashkenazi A, Chamow SM (1995) Immunoadhesins: an alternative to human monoclonal antibodies. Methods 8:104–115. doi:10.1006/meth.1995.9996
Wycoff K, Maclean J, Belle A, Yu L, Tran Y, Roy C, Hayden F (2015) Anti-infective immunoadhesins from plants. Plant Biotechnol J 13:1078–1093. doi:10.1111/pbi.12441
Company Homepage. http://www.nbms.co.kr. Accessed 31 Mar 2017
Merseburger T, Pahl I, Müller D, Tanner M (2013) A risk analysis for production processes with disposable bioreactors. In: Eibl R, Eibl D (eds) Disposable bioreactors II. Springer, Berlin
Fischer R, Vasilev N, Twyman RM, Schillberg S (2015) High-value products from plants: the challenges of process optimization. Curr Opin Biotechnol 32:156–162. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.018
Hellwig S, Drossard J, Twyman RM, Fischer R (2004) Plant cell cultures for the production of recombinant proteins. Nat Biotechnol 22:1415–1422. doi:10.1038/nbt1027
Eibl R, Werner S, Eibl D (2009) Disposable bioreactors for plant liquid cultures at litre-scale. Eng Life Sci 9:156–164. doi:10.1002/elsc.200800102
Georgiev M, Georgiev V, Weber J, Bley T, Ilieva M, Pavlov A (2008) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformations: a powerful tool for the production of metabolites. In: Wolf T, Koch J (eds) Genetically modified plants. Nova Science Publishers, New York
Georgiev MI, Ludwig-Müller J, Bley T (2010) Hairy root culture: copying nature in new bioprocesses. In: Arora R (ed) Medicinal plant biotechnology. CABI, Wallingford
Kieran PM, MacLoughlin PF, Malone DM (1997) Plant cell suspension cultures: some engineering considerations. J Biotechnol 59:39–52. doi:10.1016/S0168-1656(97)00163-6
Routledge SJ (2012) Beyond de-foaming: the effects of antifoams on bioprocess productivity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 3. doi:10.5936/csbj.201210014
Morão A, Maia CI, Fonseca MMR, Vasconcelos JMT, Alves SS (1999) Effect of antifoam addition on gas-liquid mass transfer in stirred fermenters. Bioprocess Eng 20:165. doi:10.1007/s004490050576
Wongsamuth R, Doran PM (1994) Foaming and cell flotation in suspended plant cell cultures and the effect of chemical antifoams. Biotechnol Bioeng 44:481–488. doi:10.1002/bit.260440411
Chang J-S, Show P-L, Ling T-C, Chen C-Y, Ho S-H, Tan C-H, Nagarajan D, Phong W-N (2017) Photobioreactors. In: Larroche C (ed) Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Ho S-H, Chen C-Y, Chang J-S (2012) Effect of light intensity and nitrogen starvation on CO2 fixation and lipid/carbohydrate production of an indigenous microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. Bioresour Technol 113:244–252. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.133
Srivastava S, Srivastava AK (2007) Hairy root culture for mass-production of high-value secondary metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol 27:29–43. doi:10.1080/07388550601173918
Eibl R, Eibl D (2002) Bioreactors for plant cell and tissue cultures. Plant Biotechnol Transgenic Plants. doi:10.1201/9780203910849.ch8
Georgiev MI, Eibl R, Zhong J-J (2013) Hosting the plant cells in vitro: recent trends in bioreactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:3787–3800. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-4817-x
Paek K-Y, Hahn E-J, Son S-H (2001) Application of bioreactors for large-scale micropropagation systems of plants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 37:149–157. doi:10.1007/s11627-001-0027-9
Choi Y-E, Kim Y-S, Paek K-Y (2006) Types and designs of bioreactors for hairy root culture. In: Dutta Gupta S, Ibaraki Y (eds) Plant tissue culture engineering. Springer, Dordrecht
Kusakari K, Yokoyama M, Inomata S, Gozu Y, Katagiri C, Sugimoto Y (2012) Large-scale production of saikosaponins through root culturing of Bupleurum falcatum L. using modified airlift reactors. J Biosci Bioeng 113:99–105. doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.08.019
Ruffoni B, Pistelli L, Bertoli A, Pistelli L (2010) Plant cell cultures: bioreactors for industrial production. Adv Exp Med Biol 698:203–221
Mishra BN, Ranjan R (2008) Growth of hairy-root cultures in various bioreactors for the production of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 49:1–10. doi:10.1042/BA20070103
Wen Su W, Jun He B, Liang H, Sun S (1996) A perfusion air-lift bioreactor for high density plant cell cultivation and secreted protein production. J Biotechnol 50:225–233. doi:10.1016/0168-1656(96)01568-4
Fischer U, Alfermann a W (1995) Cultivation of photoautotrophic plant-cell suspensions in the bioreactor – influence of culture conditions. J Biotechnol 41:19–28. doi: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00043-P
Geipel K, Socher ML, Haas C, Bley T, Steingroewer J (2013) Growth kinetics of a Helianthus annuus and a Salvia fruticosa suspension cell line: shake flask cultivations with online monitoring system. Eng Life Sci 13:593–602. doi:10.1002/elsc.201200148
Meister J, Maschke RW, Werner S, John GT, Eibl D (2016) How to efficiently shake viscous culture broths: culture broth viscosity evaluated in shake flasks studies. Genet Eng Biotechnol News 36:28–29
Werner S, Greulich J, Geipel K, Steingroewer J, Bley T, Eibl D (2014) Mass propagation of Helianthus annuus suspension cells in orbitally shaken bioreactors: improved growth rate in single-use bag bioreactors. Eng Life Sci 14:676–684. doi:10.1002/elsc.201400024
Raven N, Rasche S, Kuehn C, Anderlei T, Klöckner W, Schuster F, Henquet M, Bosch D, Büchs J, Fischer R, Schillberg S (2015) Scaled-up manufacturing of recombinant antibodies produced by plant cells in a 200-L orbitally-shaken disposable bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 112:308–321. doi:10.1002/bit.25352
Raven N, Schillberg S, Rasche S (2016) Plant cell-based recombinant antibody manufacturing with a 200 L orbitally shaken disposable bioreactor. Methods Mol Biol 1385:161–172. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3289-4_12
Kaiser SC, Kraume M, Eibl D (2013) Development of the travelling wave bioreactor – a concept study. Chem Ing Tech 85:136–143. doi:10.1002/cite.201200127
Kaiser SC, Kraume M, Eibl D (2016) Development of the travelling wave bioreactor. Part I: design studies based on numerical models. Chem Ing Tech 88:77–85. doi:10.1002/cite.201500092
Kaiser SC, Perepelitsa N, Kraume M, Eibl D (2015) Development of the travelling wave bioreactor. Part II: engineering characteristics and cultivation results. Chem Ing Techn/a-n/a. doi: 10.1002/cite.201500091
Eibl R, Eibl D (2006) Design and use of the wave bioreactor for plant cell culture. In: Gupta SD, Ibaraki Y (eds) Plant tissue culture engineering. Springer, Dordrecht
Werner S, Eibl R, Lettenbauer C, Röll M, Eibl D, De Jesus M, Zhang X, Stettler M, Tissot S, Bürkie C, Broccard G, Kühner M, Tanner R, Baldi L, Hacker D, Wurm FM (2010) Innovative, non-stirred bioreactors in scales from milliliters up to 1000 liters for suspension cultures of cells using disposable bags and containers – a Swiss contribution. Chim Int J Chem 64:819–823. doi:10.2533/chimia.2010.819
Scholz J, Suppmann S (2016) A re-usable wave bioreactor for protein production in insect cells. MethodsX 3:497–501. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2016.08.001
Eibl R, Werner S, Eibl D (2010) Bag bioreactor based on wave-induced motion: characteristics and applications. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 115:55–87. doi:10.1007/10_2008_15
Eibl R, Kaiser S, Lombriser R, Eibl D (2010) Disposable bioreactors: the current state-of-the-art and recommended applications in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86:41–49. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2422-9
Kim Y, Wyslouzil BE, Weathers PJ (2002) Secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures in bioreactors. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 38:1–10. doi:10.1079/IVP2001243
Tscheschke B, Dreimann J, von der Ruhr JW, Schmidt T, Stahl F, Just L, Scheper T (2015) Evaluation of a new mist-chamber bioreactor for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 112:1155–1164. doi:10.1002/bit.25523
Suresh B, Bais H, Raghavarao KSMS, Ravishankar GA, Ghildyal NP (2005) Comparative evaluation of bioreactor design using Tagetes patula L. hairy roots as a model system. Process Biochem 40:1509–1515. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2003.10.017
Nuutila AM, Lindqvist A-S, Kauppinen V (1997) Growth of hairy root cultures of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) in three different types of bioreactors. Biotechnol Tech 11:363–366. doi:10.1023/A:1018444117681
M. Paula W (2012) The status of temporary immersion system (TIS) technology for plant micropropagation. Afr J Biotechnol doi: 10.5897/AJB12.1693
Ducos JP, Terrier B, Courtois D, Pétiard V (2008) Improvement of plastic-based disposable bioreactors for plant science needs. Phytochem Rev 7:607–613. doi:10.1007/s11101-008-9089-1
Ashraf MF, Aziz MA, Stanslas J, Kadir MA (2013) Optimization of immersion frequency and medium substitution on microtuberization of Chlorophytum borivilianum in RITA system on production of saponins. Process Biochem 48:73–77. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.001
Georgiev V, Schumann A, Pavlov A, Bley T (2014) Temporary immersion systems in plant biotechnology. Eng Life Sci 14:607–621. doi:10.1002/elsc.201300166
Noorman H (2015) Scale-up and scale-down. In: Villadsen J (ed) Fundamental bioengineering. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Zlokarnik M (1991) Dimensional analysis and scale-up in chemical engineering. Springer, Berlin. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76673-2
Werner S, Olownia J, Egger D, Eibl D (2013) An approach for scale-up of geometrically dissimilar orbitally shaken single-use bioreactors. Chem Ing Tech 85:118–126. doi:10.1002/cite.201200153
Garcia-Ochoa F, Gomez E (2009) Bioreactor scale-up and oxygen transfer rate in microbial processes: an overview. Biotechnol Adv 27:153–176. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.006
Platas Barradas O, Jandt U, Minh Phan L Da, Villanueva ME, Schaletzky M, Rath A, Freund S, Reichl U, Skerhutt E, Scholz S, Noll T, Sandig V, Pörtner R, Zeng A-P (2012) Evaluation of criteria for bioreactor comparison and operation standardization for mammalian cell culture. Eng Life Sci 12:518–528. doi: 10.1002/elsc.201100163
Platas Barradas O, Jandt U, Da Minh PL, Villanueva M, Rath A, Reichl U, Schräder E, Scholz S, Noll T, Sandig V, Pörtner R, Zeng A-P (2011) Criteria for bioreactor comparison and operation standardisation during process development for mammalian cell culture. BMC Proc 5(Suppl 8):P47. doi:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S8-P47
Minow B, de Witt H, Knabben I (2013) Fast track API manufacturing from shake flask to production scale using a 1000-L single-use facility. Chem Ing Tech 85:87–94. doi:10.1002/cite.201200136
Rodríguez-Monroy M, Galindo E (1999) Broth rheology, growth and metabolite production of Beta vulgaris suspension culture: a comparative study between cultures grown in shake flasks and in a stirred tank. Enzym Microb Technol 24:687–693. doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00002-2
Sánchez MJ, Jiménez-Aparicio A, Gutiérrez López G, Trejo Tapia G, Rodríguez-Monroy M (2002) Broth rheology of Beta vulgaris cultures growing in an air lift bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 12:37–41. doi:10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00043-8
Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS (2002) Bioprocess considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 7:138–149. doi:10.1007/BF02932911
Zlokarnik M (2008) Stirring: theory and practice. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim
Metzner AB, Otto RE (1957) Agitation of non-Newtonian fluids. AICHE J 3:3–10. doi:10.1002/aic.690030103
Kraume M (2004) Transportvorgänge in der Verfahrenstechnik. Springer, Berlin
Thakur RK, Vial C, Djelveh G, Labbafi M (2004) Mixing of complex fluids with flat-bladed impellers: effect of impeller geometry and highly shear-thinning behavior. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 43:1211–1222. doi:10.1016/j.cep.2003.11.005
Su W wen (1995) Bioprocessing technology for plant cell suspension cultures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 50:189–230. doi: 10.1007/BF02783455
Löffelholz C, Husemann U, Greller G, Meusel W, Kauling J, Ay P, Kraume M, Eibl R, Eibl D (2013) Bioengineering parameters for single-use bioreactors: overview and evaluation of suitable methods. Chem Ing Tech 85:40–56. doi:10.1002/cite.201200125
Meusel W, Kauling J, Löffelholz C (2013) Single-use technologies for biopharmaceutical production: report from the working group bioprocess technology – upstream processing. Chem Ing Tech 85:23–25. doi:10.1002/cite.201200217
Ducos JP, Pareilleux A (1986) Effect of aeration rate and influence of pCO2 in large-scale cultures of Catharanthus roseus cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 25:101–105. doi:10.1007/BF00938932
Taticek RA, Mooyoung M, Legge RL (1991) The scale-up of plant-cell culture – engineering considerations. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 24:139–158. doi:10.1007/BF00039742
Kieran PM, Malone DM, MacLoughlin PF (2000) Effects of hydrodynamic and interfacial forces on plant cell suspension systems. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 67:139–177
Georgiev MI, Pavlov AI, Bley T (2007) Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive substances. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:1175–1185. doi:10.1007/s00253-007-0856-5
Baíza AM, Quiroz-Moreno A, Ruíz JA, Loyola-Vargas VM (1999) Genetic stability of hairy root cultures of Datura stramonium. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 59:9–17. doi:10.1023/A:1006398727508
Balandrin M, Klocke J, Wurtele E, Bollinger W (1985) Natural plant chemicals: sources of industrial and medicinal materials. Science 228:1154–1160. doi:10.1126/science.3890182
Berlin J, Beier H, Fecker L, Forche E, Noé W, Sasse F, Schiel O, Wray V (1985) Conventional and new approaches to increase the alkaloid production of plant cell cultures. In: Neumann K-H (ed) Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures. Springer, Berlin
Palavalli RR, Srivastava S, Srivastava AK (2012) Development of a mathematical model for growth and oxygen transfer in in vitro plant hairy root cultivations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167:1831–1844. doi:10.1007/s12010-011-9515-5
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Werner, S., Maschke, R.W., Eibl, D., Eibl, R. (2017). Bioreactor Technology for Sustainable Production of Plant Cell-Derived Products. In: Pavlov, A., Bley, T. (eds) Bioprocessing of Plant In Vitro Systems. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32004-5_6-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32004-5_6-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32004-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32004-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences