Abstract
This paper highlights a deepening ageing population in Indonesia between 1990 and 2010, a period which witnessed political change from an authoritarian regime to a democratizing one. This transition brought a drastic shift in population policy, with much weaker family planning programmes than during the authoritarian regime. Our assessment from the population censuses suggests that the proportion of the population aged 60 years and above rose from 6.3 % in 1990 to 7.6 % in 2010, corresponding to an increase from 11.3 million to 18 million over 20 years. The growth rate of older persons for this period is well above that of the general population, 4.7 % vs 2.9 % annually.
This paper also shows a large variation in the age structure of the sub-national population. The structure at the national level remains heavily affected only by changes in fertility and mortality. However, changes at sub-national levels, particularly district level, have also been determined by migration.
The censuses also depict a significant improvement in educational attainment of older persons. The proportion without schooling decreased to 31.6 % in 2010 from 58.5 % in 1990. Over the same period, participation of the elderly in the labour market rose from 48.1 to 51.2 %.
The original version of this chapter was revised: The affiliations of the authors Evi Nurvidya Arifin and Aris Ananta were corrected. The erratum to this chapter is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24783-0_23
An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24783-0_23
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
On replacement migration, see United Nations (2001).
- 2.
The 2010 census provides a higher fertility estimate than the earlier census. This rise, if confirmed for Yogyakarta and other Javanese provinces, may slow down the ageing process in Central Java and East Java. See the chapter on fertility in this volume.
- 3.
We use 15–59 years as an older person in Indonesia is defined as those age 60 years old and over.
- 4.
This, of course, is a study of only one village, and the findings need to be assessed against the finding reported earlier (from Arifin et al. 2012) that transfers from children or children-in-law were the primary source of financial support for more than half of older women.
- 5.
Detailed discussion on the issue of financing the older persons is beyond the scope of this chapter. Readers can for example refer to Ananta (2012).
References
Ananta, A. (2012). Financing Indonesia’s ageing population. In D. Singh & P. Tambipillai (Eds.), Southeast Asian affairs 2012. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Ananta, A., & Arifin, E. N. (2009). Older persons in Southeast Asia: From liability to asset. In E. N. Arifin & A. Ananta (Eds.), Older persons in Southeast Asia: An emerging asset. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Arifin, E. N. (2006). Labor market and changing marital status in North Sumatra, Indonesia. In Karim et al. (Eds.), Linkages between population and millennium development goals: The Asian perspective. Islamabad: Population Association of Pakistan.
Arifin, E. N., & Ananta, A. (2009). Employment of older persons: Diversity across nations and sub-nations in Southeast Asia. In E. N. Arifin & A. Ananta (Eds.), Older persons in Southeast Asia: An emerging asset. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Arifin, E. N., Braun, K. L., & Hogervorst, E. (2012). Three pillars of active ageing in Indonesia. Asian Population Studies Journal, 8(2), 207–230.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2001). Population of Indonesia. Results of the 2000 population census (Serie L2.2). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2005). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia, 2000–2025 [Indonesia population projections: 2000–2025]. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2011). Migrasi internal Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 [Indonesia internal migration: Results of the 2010 population census]. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Biro Pusat Statistik. (1975). Population of Indonesia. 1971 population census. Seri D. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Biro Pusat Statistik. (1983). Population of Indonesia. Results of the 1980 population census (Serie S Number 2). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Biro Pusat Statistik. (1992). Population of Indonesia. Results of the 1990 population census (Serie S2). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Frankenberg, E., Chan, A., & Ofstedal, M. B. (2002). Stability and change in living arrangements in Indonesia, Singapore, and Taiwan, 1993–99. Population Studies, 56(2), 201–213.
Harper, S. (2006). Addressing the implication of global ageing. Journal of Population Research, 23(2), 205–223.
Hartanto, W., & Hull, T. (2009). Provincial fertility adjusted for under-recording of women in the SDKI 2002–3 and 2007. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik and Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, Australian National University.
Koesoebjono, S., & Sarwono, S. (2003). Managing the elderly in a crisis situation. In A. Ananta (Ed.), The Indonesian crisis. A human development perspective. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Kreager, P. (2004). Where are the children? In P. Kreager & E. Schoder-Butterfill (Eds.), Ageing without children. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Kreager, P. (2009). Ageing, finance, and civil society: Notes for an agenda. In E. N. Arifin & A. Ananta (Eds.), Older persons in Southeast Asia: An emerging asset. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Muliati, I. (2013, January 9–10). Pension reform experience in Indonesia. Prepared for the IMF Conference for Designing Equitable and Sustainable Pension, Post Crisis World, Tokyo.
Schroder-Butterfill, E. (2004). Inter-generational family support provided by older people in Indonesia. Ageing and Society, 24(4), 497–530.
United Nations. (2001). Replacement migration: Is it a solution to declining and ageing populations? New York, USA: United Nations.
United Nations. (2013). World population prospects: The 2010 revision. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Witoelar, F. (2012). Household dynamics and living arrangements of the elderly in Indonesia: Evidence from a longitudinal survey. In J. P. Smith & M. Majmundar (Eds.), Ageing in Asia: Findings from new and emerging data initiatives (pp. 229–260). Washington, DC: The National Academic Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Arifin, E.N., Ananta, A. (2016). The Past Three Population Censuses: A Deepening Ageing Population in Indonesia. In: Guilmoto, C., Jones, G. (eds) Contemporary Demographic Transformations in China, India and Indonesia. Demographic Transformation and Socio-Economic Development, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24783-0_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24783-0_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24781-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24783-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)