Abstract
In recent decades, most countries have responded to continuous longevity improvements and population ageing with pension reforms. Increasing early and normal retirement ages in an automatic or scheduled way as life expectancy at old age progresses has been one of the most common policy responses of public and private pension schemes. This paper provides comparable cross-country forecasts of the retirement age for public pension schemes for selected countries that introduced automatic indexation of pension ages to life expectancy pursuing alternative retirement age policies and goals. We use a Bayesian Model Ensemble of heterogeneous parametric models, principal component methods, and smoothing approaches involving both the selection of the model confidence set and the determination of optimal weights based on model’s forecasting accuracy. Model-averaged Bayesian credible prediction intervals are derived accounting for both stochastic process, model, and parameter risks. Our results show that statutory retirement ages are forecasted to increase substantially in the next decades, particularly in countries that have opted to target a constant period in retirement. The use of cohort and not period life expectancy measures in pension age indexation formulas would raise retirement ages even further. These results have important micro and macroeconomic implications for the design of pension schemes and individual lifecycle planning.
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Notes
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On July 2, 2019, the Dutch parliament passed a law that slows the rate of scheduled increases in the retirement age for public pensions, under which the retirement age will remain at the 2019 through 2021 and will rise gradually to age 67 from 2022 to 2024. Starting in 2025, the retirement age will automatically rise based on increases in life expectancy at age 65.
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Voluntary early retirement pension (VERP).
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See [1] and references there in for technical details.
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Bravo, J.M., Ayuso, M. (2021). Forecasting the Retirement Age: A Bayesian Model Ensemble Approach. In: Rocha, Á., Adeli, H., Dzemyda, G., Moreira, F., Ramalho Correia, A.M. (eds) Trends and Applications in Information Systems and Technologies. WorldCIST 2021. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1365. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72657-7_12
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