Skip to main content

Regionalism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
International Society

Part of the book series: Trends in European IR Theory ((TEIRT))

Abstract

This chapter focuses on English School (ES) theorizing of international society at the sub-global level. It reviews the ES literature pertaining to Europe, Eurasia, Central, East and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. A considerable part of this literature focuses on Europe, but Brexit has renewed ES interest in the relations between primary and secondary institutions at the regional level more generally. The chapter also examines the ES literature on how regional international societies can be distinguished from the global international society; the interaction between regional international societies; the study of the expansion/enlargement of regional international societies; and whether the development of international society at the regional level undermines global international society.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Bibliography

  • Aalto, Pami. 2007. Russia’s Quest for International Society and the Prospects for Regional-Level International Societies. International Relations 21 (4): 459–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahrens, Bettina, and Thomas Diez. 2015. Solidarisation and Its Limits: The EU and the Transformation of International Society. Global Discourse 5 (3): 341–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoob, Mohammed. 1983/4. Security in the Third World. International Affairs 60 (1): 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayoob, Mohammed., ed. 1986. Regional Security in the Third World. London: Groom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1989. The Third World in the System of States. International Studies Quarterly 33 (1): 67–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1995. The Third World Security Predicament. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1999. From Regional System to Regional Society: Exploring Key Variables in the Construction of Regional Order. Australian Journal of International Affairs 53 (3): 247–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behr, Hartmut. 2007. The European Union in the Legacies of Imperial Rule? European Journal of International Relations 13 (2): 239–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Europe—History, Violence and “Peripheries”. Review of European Studies 4 (3): 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, Alex, ed. 2005. International Society and Its Critics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozeman, Ada. 1960. Politics and Culture in International History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1971. The Future of Law in a Multicultural World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, Hedley. 1977. The Anarchical Society. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, Hedley, and Adam Watson. 1984. Introduction. In The Expansion of International Society, ed. H. Bull and A. Watson, 1–9. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buranelli, Filippo Costa. 2013. Regional International Societies, the Polysemy of Institutions and Global International Society. E-International Relations, August 1, https://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/01/from-e-pluribus-una-to-ex-una-plures-regiona

  • Butterfield, Herbert, and Martin Wight, eds. 1966. Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics. London: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, Barry. 1983a. Regional Security as a Policy Objective. In The Great Game: The Rivalry in the Persian Gulf and South Asia, ed. A.Z. Rubinstein, 261–278. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. (1983b)1991. People, States and Fear. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1993. From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School. International Organization 47 (3): 327–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. From International to World Society?: English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. International Society and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level. London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. The International Society Approach and Asia. In The Oxford Handbook of the International Relations of Asia, ed. Saaadia Pekkanen, John Ravenhill, and Rosemary Foot, 100–119. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, Barry, and Gowher Rizvi. 1986. South Asian Security and the Great Powers. London: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, Barry. 1991. People, States and Fear. 2nd edition. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, Barry, and Ole Waever. 1992. Framing Nordic Security. In Nordic Security in the 1990s, ed. Jan Oberg, 85–104. London: Pinter.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2003. Regions and Powers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, Barry, M. Kelstrup, P. Lemaitre, E. Tromer, and O. Waever. 1990. The European Security Order Recast: Scenarios for the Post-Cold War Era. London: Pinter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, Barry, O. Waever, and J. de Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Ian. 2007. International Legitimacy and World Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. Democracy in International Society: Promotion or Exclusion? Millennium: Journal of International Studies 37 (3): 563–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Hegemony in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. The Vulnerable in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Costa Buranelli, Filippo. 2014. Knockin’ On Heaven’s Door: Russia, Central Asia and the Mediated Expansion of International Society. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 42 (3): 817–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. ‘Do You Know What I Mean?’ ‘Not Exactly’: English School, Global International Society and the Polysemy of Institutions. Global Discourse 5 (3): 499–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diez, Thomas, and Richard Whitman. 2002. Analysing European Integration: Reflecting on the English School. Journal of Common Market Studies 40 (1): 43–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diez, Thomas, Ian Manners, and Richard Whitman. 2014. The Changing Nature of International Institutions in Europe: The Challenge of the European Union. In Europe After Enlargement, ed. Y. Stivachtis and M. Webber, 17–38. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, Tim. 1998a. Inventing International Society: A History of the English School. London: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998b. Inventing International Society: A History of the English School. London/Oxford: Macmillan in Association with St. Antony’s.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Göl, Ayla. 2015. Imagining the Middle East: The State, Nationalism and Regional International Society. Global Discourse 5 (3): 379–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurrell, Andrew. 2007a. On Global Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007b. One World? Many Worlds? The Place of Regions in the Study of International Society. International Affairs 83 (1): 127–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaczmarska, Katarzyna. 2015. Russia’s droit de regard: Pluralist Norms and the Sphere of Influence. Global Discourse 5 (3): 434–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasmar, Jorge, Danny Zahreddine, and Delber Andrade Gribel Lage. 2015. Understanding Regional and Global Diffusion in International Law: The Case for a Non-Monolithic Approach to Institutions. Global Discourse 5 (3): 470–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linklater, Andrew, and Hidemi Suganami. 2006. The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Linsenmaier, Thomas. 2015. The Interplay Between Regional International Societies. Global Discourse 5 (3): 452–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, Richard, and John Williams, eds. 2006. The Anarchical Society in a Globalized World. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merke, Federico. 2014. Unpacking South American International Society: A Historical Sketch. In Regions in International Society: The English School at the Sub-Global Level, ed. Ales Karmazin, 68–87. Brno: Masaryk University.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Neither Balance Nor Bandwagon: South American International Society Meets Brazil’s Rising Power. International Politics 52 (2): 146–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, Roger. 1999. A European ‘Society of States’—But Only States of Mind? International Affairs 76 (3): 559–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Robert W., and Anita Dey Nuttall, eds. 2014. International Relations and the Arctic. Amherst: Cambria Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naff, Thomas. 1984. The Ottoman Empire and the European States System. In The Expansion of International Society, ed. H. Bull and A. Watson, 143–170. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narine, Shaun. 2008. The English School and ASEAN. In Theorizing Southeast Asian Relations, ed. A. Acharya and R. Stubbs, 71–90. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, Iver. 1996. Russia and the Idea of Europe. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998. The Uses of the ‘Other’: The ‘East’ in European Identity Formation. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. Russia as a Great Power, 1815–2007. Journal of International Relations and Development 11: 128–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Entry into International Society Reconceptualized: The Case of Russia. Review of International Studies 37 (2): 463–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, Iver, and Jennifer M. Welsh. 1991. The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society. Review of International Studies 17 (4): 327–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi, Fugio. 2014. The Struggle for Arctic Regional Order. Eurasia Border Review 5 (2): 81–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pella, John Anthony. 2014. Africa and the Expansion of International Society. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pourchot, Georgeta. 2011. The OSCE. A Pan-European Internaitonal Society in the Making? Journal of European Integration 33: 179–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. The OSCE: A Pan-European Society in the Making? In Europe After Enlargement, ed. Y.A. Stivachtis and M. Webber, 79–96. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pourchot, Georgeta, and Yannis A. Stivachtis. 2014. International Society and Regional Integration in Central Asia. Journal of Eurasian Studies 5 (1): 68–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiubin, W. 2007. On the Northeastern Asia Regional International Society. The Institute of International Studies. China: Jilin Changchun.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quayle, Linda. 2013. Southeast Asia and the English School of International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Leading or Following? International Societies, Southeast Asia, and the Issue of Migrant Workers. Global Discourse 5 (3): 415–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riemer, Andrea, and Yannis A. Stivachtis. 2002. European Union’s Enlargement, the English School and the Expansion of Regional International Societies. In Understanding European Union’s Mediterranean Enlargement: The English School and the Expansion of Regional International Society, ed. A. Riemer and Y. Stivachtis, 15–40. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelili, Bahar. 2014. Turkey: Identity, Foreign Policy, and Socialization in a Post-Enlargement Europe. In Europe After Enlargement, ed. Y. Stivachtis and M. Webber, 35–49. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakwa, Richard. 2014. Russia and Europe: Whose Society? In Europe After Enlargement, ed. Y. Stivachtis and M. Webber, 97–114. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schouenborg, Laust. 2012. The Scandinavian International Society: Primary Institutions and Binding Forces, 1815–2010. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stivachtis, Yannis A. 2002. Understanding the European Union’s Enlargement: The International Society Approach of the English School. In The United States and Europe: Policy Imperatives in a Globalizing World, ed. Howard Hensel, 55–77. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———., ed. 2007. International Order in a Globalizing World. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008a. Civilization and International Society: The Case of European Union Expansion. Contemporary Politics 14 (1): 71–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008b. Europe and the ‘Turk’: An English School Approach to the Study of EU-Turkish Relations. In Turkey-European Union Relations: Dilemmas, Opportunities and Constraints, ed. Meltem Muftuler-Bac and Yannis A. Stivachtis, 17–40. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010a. ‘Civilizing’ the Post- Soviet/Socialist Space: An English School Approach to State Socialization in Europe—The Cases of NATO and the Council of Europe. Perspectives: Central European Review of International Relations 18 (2): 5–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010b. International Society: Global/Regional Dimensions and Geographic Expansion. In The International Studies Encyclopedia, ed. Robert A. Denemark and V.I.I. Volume, 4543–4561. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010c. The Overlapping of Regional International Societies: The Case of the Transatlantic Community and the European Union. In Global Politics in the Dawn of the 21st Century, ed. Akis Kalaitzidis, 389–409. Athens: ATINER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stivachtis, Yannis. 2013. The English School and the Study of Sub-Global International Societies. https://www.e-ir.info/2013/05/08/the-english-and-the-study-of-sub-global-international-societies

  • Stivachtis, Yannis A. 2015a. Enlargement, Conditionality and Empire. In Revisiting the Idea of the European Union as Empire, ed. H. Behr and Y.A. Stivachtis, 74–95. London: Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. Liberal Democracy, Market Economy, and International Conduct as Standards of ‘Civilization’ in Contemporary International Society: The Case of Russia’s Entry into the ‘Community of Civilized States’. Journal of Eurasian Studies 6 (2): 130–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015c. Interrogating Regional International Societies, Questioning the Global International Society. Special Issue Global Discourse 5 (3).

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Democracy Promotion as a Security Strategy. In Democracy and Civil Society in a Global Era, ed. M. Marlin and S. Romaniuk, 14–30. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018. The ‘Civilizing’ Empire: The European Union and the MENA Neighborhood. Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 4 (2): 91–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2019. Creating Order in the MENA Neighborhood: The Enlargement of the EU International Society and Its Contestation. In Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: Contestation beyond Borders, ed. R.A. Del Sarto and S. Tholens. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stivachtis, Yannis A., and Mike Habegger. 2011. The OSCE as a Regional International Society. In International Relations, Culture, and Global Finance, ed. A. Kalaitzidis, 35–60. Athens: ATINER.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. The Council of Europe: The Institutional Limits of Contemporary European International Society? In Europe After Enlargement, ed. Y. Stivachtis and M. Webber, 59–78. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stivachtis, Yannis A., and Brandon Kliewer. 2007. Democratizing and Socializing Candidate States: The Case of the EU Conditionality. In The State of European Integration, ed. Y. Stivachtis, 143–160. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stivachtis, Yannis A., and Mark Webber. 2014. Regional International Society in Post-Enlargement Europe. In Europe After Enlargement, ed. Y. Stivachtis and M. Webber, 101–116. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Elaine S.Y. 2015. Interactions Between African and Global International Societies: The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). Global Discourse 5 (3): 398–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waever, Ole, B. Buzan, M. Kelstrup, and P. Lemaitre. 1993. Identity, Migration and the New Security Order in Europe. London: Pinter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, Adam. 1984. Russia and the European States System. In The Expansion of International Society, ed. H. Bull and A. Watson, 61–74. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1992. The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, Mark. 2014. NATO: Within and Between European International Society. In Europe After Enlargement, ed. Y. Stivachtis and M. Webber, 39–58. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wight, Martin. 1977. Systems of States, edited with an introduction by Hedley Bull. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Oran. 1996. Institutional Linkages in International Society: Polar Perspectives. Global Governance 2 (1): 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998. Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Yongjin. 2015. Regional International Society in East Asia? A Critical Investigation. Global Discourse 5 (3): 360–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yannis A. Stivachtis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stivachtis, Y.A. (2021). Regionalism. In: Navari, C. (eds) International Society. Trends in European IR Theory. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56055-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics