Abstract
Routing in wireless mesh networks has been an active area of research for many years, with many proposed routing protocols selecting shortest paths that minimize the path hop count. Whereas minimum hop count is the most popular metric in wired networks, in wireless networks interference- and energy- related considerations give rise to more complex trade-offs. Therefore, a variety of routing metrics has been proposed especially for wireless mesh networks providing routing algorithms with high flexibility in the selection of best path as a compromise among throughput, end-to-end delay, and energy consumption. In this paper, we present a detailed survey and taxonomy of routing metrics. These metrics may have broadly different optimization objectives (e.g., optimize application performance, maximize battery lifetime, maximize network throughput), different methods to collect the required information to produce metric values, and different ways to derive the end-to-end route quality out of the individual link quality metrics. The presentation of the metrics is highly comparative, with emphasis on their strengths and weaknesses and their application to various types of network scenarios. We also discuss the main implications for practitioners and identify open issues for further research in the area.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
G. Apostolopoulos, R. Guerin, S. Kamat, and S.K. Tripathi. Quality of service based routing: A performance perspective. In Proceedings ACM Sigcomm, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October (1998).
Khanna A. Zinky. J. (1989).The revised arpanet routing metric. ACM Sigcomm Review, 19(4), 45–56,
T. Clausen and P. Jacquet. Optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR). IETF RFC 3626, October (2003).
Johnson D. Maltz. D. (1996).Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Mobile Computing, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,
C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat. Highly dynamic destination- sequenced distance-vector routing (dsdv) for mobile computers. Proceedings ACM Sigcomm, London, UK, October (1994).
C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. Proceedings of Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, LA, 90–100, February (1999).
T. Goff, N. Abu-Aahazaleh, D. Phatak, and R. Kahvecioglu. Preemptive routing in ad hoc networks. Proceedings ACM Mobicom, Orlando, FL, USA, July (2001).
D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, S. Biswas, G. Judd, R. Morris. Link-level measurements from an 802.11b mesh network. Proceedings ACM Sigcomm, Portland, OR, USA, August (2004).
Dube, R. Rais, C. Wang, K. Tripathi. S. (1997).Signal stability based adaptive routing (SSA) for ad hoc mobile networks. IEEE Personal Communications, 4(1), 36–45,
R. Punnose, P. Nitkin, J. Borch, and D. Stancil. Optimizing wireless network protocols using real time predictive propagation modeling. Proceedings IEEE Rawcon, Denver, CO, USA, August (1999).
J. Zhao and R. Govindan. Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks. Proceedings ACM SenSys, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November (2003).
Ferguson P. Huston. G. (1998).Quality of Service – Delivering QoS on the Internet in Corporate Networks, Wiley, New York, NY,
H. Lundgren, E. Nordström, and C. Tschudin. Coping with communication gray zones in IEEE 802.11b based ad hoc networks. Proceedings IEEE WoWMoM, New York, NY, USA, September (2002).
H. Zhang, A. Arora, and P. Sinha. Learn on the fly: Data-driven link estimation and routing in sensor network backbones. Proceedings IEEE Infocom, Barcelona Spain, April (2006).
A. Adya, P. Bahl, J. Padhye, A. Wolman, and L. Zhou. A multi-radio unification protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. Proceedings BroadNets, San Jose, CA, USA, October (2004).
R. Draves, J. Padhye, and B. Zill. Comparison of routing metrics for static multi-hop wireless networks. Proceedings ACM Sigcomm, New York, NY, USA, 133–144, August (2004).
D. De Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, and R. Morris. A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing. Proceedings ACM Mobicom, San Diego, CA, USA, September (20030.
Koksal C. E. Balakrishnan. H. (2006).Quality aware routing in time-varying wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communication Special Issue on Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks, 24(11), 1984–1994,
T. Lopatic. OLSRD link quality extensions. Internet page: http://www.olsr.org/docs/READMELink-Quality.html, December (2004).
R. Draves, J. Padhye, and B. Zill. Routing in multi-radio, multi-hop wireless mesh networks. Proceedings ACM Mobicom, New York, NY, USA, 114–128, (2004).
Awerbuch, B. Holmer, D. Rubens. R. (2006).The Medium Time Metric: High throughput route selection in multi-rate ad hoc wireless networks. Springer Mobile Networks and Applications, 11(2), 253–266,
V. Bahl. A crash course in mesh networking. Proceedings ACM Sigcomm 2006 Tutorial, Pisa, Italy, September (2006).
Y. Yang, J. Wang, and R. Kravets. Designing routing metrics for mesh networks, Proceedings IEEE WiMesh, Santa Clara, CA, USA, (2005).
Kyasanur P. Vaidya. N. H. (2006).Routing and link-layer protocols for multi-channel multi-interface ad hoc wireless networks. ACM Sigmobile Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 10(1), 31–43,
Koksal C. E. Balakrishnan. H. (2006).Quality aware routing in time-varying wireless networks. Journal on Selected Areas of Communication Special Issue on Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks, 24(11), 1984–1994,
G. Parissidis, M. Karaliopoulos, M. May, T. Spyropoulos, and B. Plattner. Interference in wireless multihop networks: A model and its experimental evaluation. Proceedings IEEE WoWMoM, Newport Beach, CA, USA, June (2008).
Toh. C. -K. (1997).Associativity-based routing for ad hoc mobile networks. IEEE Personal Communications, 4(2), 103–139,
K. Paul, S. Bandyipadhyay, A. Mukherjee, and D. Saha. Communication-aware mobile hosts in ad-hoc wireless network. Proceedings IEEE ICPWC, Jaipur, India, February (1999).
A. Agarwal, A. Ajuja, J. P. singh, and R. Shorey, Route- lifetime based routing (RABR) protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks. Proceedings IEEE ICC, New Orleans, LA, USA, June (2000).
A. Mcdonald and T. Znati. A path availability model for wireless ad-hoc networks. Proceedings IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), New Orlean, LA, USA, September (1999).
M. Gerharz, C. de Waal, M. Frank, and P. Martini. Link stability in mobile wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings IEEE LCN, 30–39, Tampa, FL, USA, November 2002.
S. Jiang, D. He, and J. Rao. A prediction-based link availability estimation for mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings IEEE Infocom, Anchorage, AL, USA, 1745–1752, April (2001).
K. Scott and N. Bambos. Routing and channel assignment for low power transmission in PCS. Proceedings IEEE ICUPC, Cambridge, MA, USA, vol. 2, 498–502, October (1996).
S. Singh, M. Woo, and C. Raghavendra. Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings Fourth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Dallas, TX, USA, 181–190, October (1998).
Sheu, J.-P. Hu, C.-T. Chao. C.-M. (2003).The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Chapter Energy-Conserving Grid Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, CRC, Boca Raton, FL,
N. Gupta and S. R. Das. Energy-aware on-demand routing for mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings International Workshop on Distributed Computing, Mobile and Wireless Computing, London, UK, vol. 2571, 164–173, January (2002).
Toh. C.-K. (2001).Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(6), 138–147,
D. Kim, J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, K. Obraczka, J. Cano, and P. Manzoni. Performance analysis of power-aware route selection protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings Networks, Atlanta, GA, USA, August (2002).
J. Chang and L. Tassiulas. Maximum lifetime routing in wireless sensor networks. Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, Monticello, IL, USA, September (1999).
J. Chang and L. Tassiulas. Energy conserving routing in wireless ad-hoc networks. Proceedings IEEE Infocom, Tel Aviv, Israel, March (2000).
Michail A. Ephremides. A. (2003).Energy-efficient routing for connection-oriented traffic in wireless ad-hoc networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 8(5), 517–533,
IEEE, Draft amendment: ESS mesh networking, IEEE P802.11s Draft 1.00, November (2006).
IEEE, Draft amendment, IEEE P802.11k/D9.0, Sep (2007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Parissidis, G., Karaliopoulos, M., Baumann, R., Spyropoulos, T., Plattner, B. (2009). Routing Metrics for Wireless Mesh Networks. In: Misra, S., Misra, S.C., Woungang, I. (eds) Guide to Wireless Mesh Networks. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-909-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-909-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84800-908-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-84800-909-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)