Abstract
Important new knowledge about the effect of aluminum adjuvants on the immune response in terms of their impact on cytokine profiles, uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APC), and surface marker expression has been published in recent years. However, although the knowledge about these adjuvants is thus more comprehensive now than ever before, the user is often still confined to a more empirical approach when confronted with practical issues when it comes to the handling and use of these adjuvants. In this chapter we have given focus to the user’s perspective, discussing practicalities like dosage, temperature stability, relevant monographs, and preparation with antigen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Immunological Adjuvants. (1976) Technical Report Series 595 World Health Organization, Geneva.
Edelman, R. (1980) Vaccine adjuvants. Rev Infect Dis 2(3), 370–383.
Goldenthal, K. L., Cavagnaro, J. A., Alving, C., Vogel, F. R. (1993) NCVDG working groups: safety evaluation of vaccine adjuvants. AIDS Res Hum Retrovirus 9(suppl. 1), s47–s51.
Volk, V. K., Bunney, W. E. (1942) Diphtheria immunization with fluid toxoid and alum-precipitated toxoid. Am J Pub Health 32, 690–699.
Hem, S. L., White, J. L. (1984) Characterization of aluminum hydroxide for use as an adjuvant in parenteral vaccines. J Parent Sci Tech 38(1), 2–11.
Hem, S. L., HogenEsch, H. (2007) Aluminum-containing adjuvants: properties, formulation and use, in (Singh, M., ed.), Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, pp 81–114.
Lindblad, E. B. (2004) Aluminum compounds for use in vaccines. Immunol Cell Biol 82, 497–505.
Lindblad, E. B. (2004) Aluminum adjuvants – in retrospect and prospect. Vaccine 22, 3658–3668.
Lindblad, E. B. (2006) Mineral adjuvants, in (Schijns, V. and O’Hagan, D. eds.), Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines. Elsevier Science Publishers, Burlington, MA, pp 217–233.
Willstätter, R., Kraut, H. (1923) Über ein Tonerde-Gel von der Formel Al(OH)3 II: mitteilung über Hydrate und Hydrogele. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 56, 1117–1121.
Willstätter, R., Kraut, H. (1924) Über die Hydroxide und ihre Hydrate in den verschiedenen Tonerde-Gelen. V: mitteilung über Hydrate und Hydrogele. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 57, 1082–1091.
Uede, T., Huff, T. F., Ishizaka, K. (1982) Formation of IgE binding factors by rat T lymphocytes. V. Effect of adjuvant for the priming immunization on the nature of IgE binding factors formed by antigenic stimulation. J Immunol 129(4), 1384–1390.
Uede, T., Ishizaka, K. (1982) Formation of IgE binding factors by rat T lymphocytes. VI. Cellular mechanisms for the formation of IgE-potentiating factor and IgE-suppressive factor by antigenic stimulation of antigen primed spleen cells. J Immunol 129(4), 1391–1397.
McDougall, J. S. (1969) Avian infectious bronchitis: the protection afforded by an inactivated virus vaccine. Vet Rec 85, 378–380.
Wilson, J. H. G., Hermann-Dekkers, W. M., Leemans-Dessy, S., de Meijer, J. W. (1977) Experiments with an inactivated hepatitis leptospirosis vaccine in vaccination programmes for dogs. Vet Rec 100, 552–554.
Sellers, R. F., Herniman, K. A. J. (1974) Early protection of pigs against foot-and-mouth disease. Br Vet J 130, 440–445.
Hyslop, N. S. G., Morrow, A. W. (1969) The influence of aluminium hydroxide content, dose volume and the inclusion of saponin on the efficacy of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Res Vet Sci 10(2), 109–120.
Pini, A., Danskin, D., Coackley, W. (1965) Comparative evaluation of the potency of beta-propiolactone inactivated newcastle disease vaccines prepared from a lentogenic and a velogenic strain. Vet Rec 77(5), 127–129.
Thorley, C. M., Egerton, J. R. (1981) Comparison of alum-adsorbed or non-alum-adsorbed oil emulsion vaccines containing, either pilate or non-pilate bacteroides nodosus cells in inducing and maintaining resistance of sheep to experimental foot rot. Res Vet Sci 30, 32–37.
McCandlish, I. A. P., Thompson, H., Wright, N. G. (1978) Vaccination against canine bordetellosis using an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant vaccine. Res Vet Sci 25, 51–57.
Nagy, L. K., Penn, C. W. (1974) Protective antigens in bovine pasteurellosis. Dev Biol Stand 26, 65–76.
Ris, D. R., Hamel, K. L. (1979) Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona vaccines with different adjuvants in cattle. NZ Vet J 27, 169–171.
Leland, S. E., Sofield, W. L., Minocha, H. C. (1988) Immunogenic effects of culture-derived exoantigens of Cooperia punctata on calves before and after challenge exposure with infective larvae. Am J Vet Res 49(3), 366–379.
Monroy, F. G., Adams, J. H., Dobson, C., Bast, I. J. (1989) Nematospiroides dubius: influence of adjuvants on immunity in mice vaccinated with antigens isolated by affinity chromatography from adult worms. Exp Parasitol 68(1), 67–73.
Carlow, C. K. S., Bianco, A. E. (1987) Resistance of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae in mice conferred by egg antigens of homologous and heterologous onchocerca species. Parasitology 94(3), 485–496.
Gamble, H. R., Murrell, K. D., Marti, H. P. (1986) Inoculation of pigs against Trichinella spiralis using larval excretory-secretory antigens. Am J Vet Res 47(11), 2396–2399.
Kwissa, M., Lindblad, E. B., Schirmbeck, R., Reimann, J. (2003) Co-delivery of a DNA vaccine and a protein vaccine with aluminum phosphate stimulates a potent and multivalent immune response. J Mol Med 81(8), 502–510.
Lindblad, E. B., Elhay, M. J., Silva, R., Appelberg, R., Andersen, P. (1997) Adjuvant modulation of immune responses to tuberculosis subunit vaccines. Infect Immun 65(2), 623–629.
Leenaars, P. P. A. M., Hendriksen, C. F. M., de Leeuw, W. A., Carat, F., Delahaut, P., Fischer, R., Halder, M., Hanley, W. C., Hartinger, J., Hau, J., Lindblad, E. B., Nicklas, W., Outschoorn, I. M., Stewart-Tull, D. E. S. (1999) The production of polyclonal antibodies in laboratory animals: the report and recommendations of ECVAM/FELASA Workshop 35. ATLA 27, 70–102.
Ph. Eur. 6.ed. (2009) Vaccines for human use pp. 3971.
Code of Federal Regulations. (2009) 21, vol. 7: sec. 610.15 (Constituent Materials), Revised April 1.
Burrell, L. S., Lindblad, E. B., White, J. L., Hem, S. L. (1999) Stability of aluminum-containing adjuvants to autoclaving. Vaccine 17, 2599–2603.
Hem, S. L., Klepak, P., Lindblad, E. B. (2009) Monograph: aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Pharmaceutical Press Ltd., London.
Hem, S. L., Klepak, P., Lindblad, E. B. (2009) Monograph: aluminum phosphate adjuvant, in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Pharmaceutical Press Ltd., London.
European Pharmacopeia. (2004) Monograph 1664: Aluminium hydroxide, hydrated, for adsorption (Aluminii hydroxicum hydricum ad adsorptionem).
Seeber, S. J., White, J. L., Hem, S. L. (1991) Predicting the adsorption of proteins by aluminium-containing adjuvants. Vaccine 9, 201–203.
Morefield, G. L., Jiang, D., Romero-Mendez, I. Z., Geahlen, R. L., HogenEsch, H., Hem, S. L. (2005) Effect of phosphorylation of ovalbumin on adsorption by aluminum-containing adjuvants and elution upon exposure to interstitial fluid. Vaccine 23(12), 1502–1506.
Rinella, J. V., White, J. L., Hem, S. L. (1995) Effect of anions on model aluminum-adjuvant-containing vaccines. J Colloid Interface Sci 172, 121–130.
Gupta, R. K., Rost, B. E. (2000) Aluminum compounds as vaccine adjuvants, in (O’Hagan D. T., ed.), Vaccine Adjuvants, Preparation Methods and Research Protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 65–89.
WHO (1977). World Health Organization Manual for the production and control of vaccines: Diphtheria toxoid; Appendix D.21: Preparation of aluminium phosphate suspension. BLG/UNDP/77.1. Rev. 1, pp 90–91
Smith, P. K., Krohn, R. I., Hermanson, G. T., Gartner, F. H., Provenzano, M. D., Fujimoto, E. K., Goeke, N. M., Olson, B. J., Klenk, D. C. (1985) Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal Biochem 150, 76–85.
Dagoussat, N., Robillard, V., Haeuw, J. F., Plotnicky-Gilquin, H., Power, U., Corvaia, N., Nguyen, T., Bonnefoy, J. Y., Beck, A. (2001) A novel bipolar mode of attachment to aluminium-containing adjuvants by BBG2Na, a recombinant subunit hRSV vaccine. Vaccine 19(30), 4143–4152.
Shi, Y., HogenEsch, H., Regnier, F. E., Hem, S. L. (2001) Detoxification of endotoxin by aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. Vaccine 19, 1747–1752.
Burton, A. J., Carter, H. E. (1964) Purification and characterization of lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 3, 411–418.
Gmeiner, J., Lüderitz, O., Westphal, O. (1969) Biochemical studies on lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella R. mutans. Eur J Biochem 7, 370–379.
Thiele, G. M., Rogers, J., Collins, M., Yasuda, N., Smith, D., McDonald, T. L. (1990) An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antitetanus toxoid antibody using aluminium-adsorbed coating antigen. J Clin Lab Anal 4, 126–129.
Katz, J. B., Hanson, S. K., Patterson, P. A., Stoll, I. R. (1989) In vitro assessment of viral antigen content in inactivated aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccines. J Virol Methods 25, 101–108.
Weeke, B., Weeke, E., Løwenstein, H. (1975) The adsorption of serum proteins to aluminium hydroxide gel examined by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis, in (Axelsen, N. H., ed.), Quantitative Immunoelectrophoresis. New Developments and Applications. Universitetsforlaget, Denmark, pp 149–154.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Lindblad, E.B., Schønberg, N.E. (2010). Aluminum Adjuvants: Preparation, Application, Dosage, and Formulation with Antigen. In: Davies, G. (eds) Vaccine Adjuvants. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 626. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-585-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-585-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-584-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-585-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols