Skip to main content

Microarrays for the Study of Viral Gene Expression During Human Cytomegalovirus Latent Infection

  • Protocol
Clinical Bioinformatics

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Medicine™ ((MIMM,volume 141))

Summary

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the largest known DNA viruses. It is ubiquitous, and following resolution of primary productive infection, it persists in the human host by establishing a lifelong latent infection in myeloid lineage cells such as monocytes and their progenitors. Most adults with HCMV infection are healthy but it can cause neurologic deficits in infants, and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunosuppressed patient. Microarray-based studies of HCMV have provided useful information about genes that are transcriptionally active during both productive and latent phases of infection. This chapter describes how to study genes in HCMV using microarrays and two cell types (productively infected human foreskin fibroblasts, and latently infected primary human myeloid progenitor cells).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

aRNA:

amplified RNA

HCMV:

human cytomegalovirus

HFF:

human foreskin fibroblast

ORF:

open reading frame

RT-PCR:

reverse transcriptase PCR

References

  1. Mocarski, E. S., and Courcelle, C. T. (2001) Cytomegaloviruses and their replication, in Field Virology (Knipe, D. M., Howley, P. M., Griffin, D. E., Lamb, R. A., Martin, M. A., Roizman, B., et al., eds.), 4th ed. Vol 2, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 2629–2673.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chee, M. S., Bankier, A. T., Beck, S., Bohni, R., Brown, C. M., Cerny, R., et al. (1990). Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 154, 125–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cha, T. A., Tom, E., Kemble, G. W., Duke, G. M., Mocarski, E. S., and Spaete, R. R. (1996) Human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates carry at least 19 genes not found in laboratory strains. J. Virol. 70, 78–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Murphy, E., Rigoutsos, I., Shibuya, T., and Shenk, T. E. (2003) Reevaluation of human cytomegalovirus coding potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 100 , 13585–13590.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dolan, A., Cunningham, C., Hector, R. D., Hassan-Walker, A. F., Lee, L., Addison, C., et al. (2004) Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 85, 1301–1312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Murphy, E., Yu, D., Grimwood, J., Schmutz, J., Dickson, M., Jarvis, M. A., et al. (2003) Coding potential of laboratory and clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 100, 14976–14981.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Harari, A., Zimmerli, S. C., and Pantaleo, G. (2004) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cellular immune responses. Hum. Immunol. 65, 500–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sinclair, E., Black, D., Epling, C. L., Carvidi, A., Josefowicz, S. Z., Bredt, B. M., et al. (2004) CMV antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell IFN gamma expression and proliferation responses in healthy CMV-seropositive individuals. Viral Immunol. 17, 445–454.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Stagno, S., Pass, R. F., Dworsky, M. E., Henderson, R. E., Moore, E. G., Walton, P. D., et al. (1982) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: the relative importance of primary and recurrent maternal infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 306, 945–949.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Stagno, S., Pass, R. F., Cloud, G., Britt, W. J., Henderson, R. E., Walton, P. D., et al. (1986) Primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Incidence, transmission to fetus, and clinical outcome. JAMA 256, 1904–1908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Demmler, G. J. (1991) Infectious Diseases Society of America and Centers for Disease Control. Summary of a workshop on surveillance for congenital cytomegalovirus disease. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13, 315–329.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pass, R. F. (2001) Cytomegalovirus, in Fields Virology (Knipe, D. M., Howley, P. M., Griffith, D. E., Lamb, R. A., Martin, M. A., Roizman, B., et al., ed.), Lippinocott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 2675–2705.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Stanier, P., Taylor, D. L., Kitchen, A. D., Wales, N., Tryhorn, Y., and Tyms, A. S. (1989) Persistence of cytomegalovirus in mononuclear cells in peripheral blood from blood donors. Br. Med. J. 299, 897–898.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Taylor-Wiedeman, J., Sissons, J. G., Borysiewicz, L. K., and Sinclair, J. H. (1991) Monocytes are a major site of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 2059–2064.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mendelson, M., Monard, S., Sissons, P., and Sinclair, J. (1996) Detection of endogenous human cytomegalovirus in CD34+ bone marrow progenitors. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 3099–3102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Soderberg-Naucler, C., Fish, K. N., and Nelson, J. A. (1997) Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus by allogeneic stimulation of blood cells from healthy donors. Cell 91, 119–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Reeves, M. B., MacAry, P. A., Lehner, P. J., Sissons, J. G., and Sinclair, J.H. (2005) Latency, chromatin remodeling, and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus in the dendritic cells of healthy carriers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 102, 4140–4145.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chambers, J., Angulo, A., Amaratunga, D., Guo, H., Jiang, Y., Wan, J. S., et al. (1999) DNA microarrays of the complex human cytomegalovirus genome: profiling kinetic class with drug sensitivity of viral gene expression. J. Virol. 73, 5757–5766.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stingley, S. W., Ramirez, J. J., Aguilar, S. A., Simmen, K., Sandri-Goldin, R. M., Ghazal, P., et al. (2000) Global analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 transcription using an oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray. J. Virol. 74, 9916–9927.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ebrahimi, B., Dutia, B. M., Roberts, K. L., Garcia-Ramirez, J. J., Dickinson, P., Stewart, J. P., et al. (2003) Transcriptome profile of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 lytic infection. J. Gen. Virol. 84, 99–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jones, J. O., and Arvin, A. M. (2005) Viral and cellular gene transcription in fibroblasts infected with small plaque mutants of varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral Res. 68, 56–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kennedy, P. G., Grinfeld, E., Craigon, M., Vierlinger, K., Roy, D., Forster, T., et al. (2005) Transcriptomal analysis of varicella-zoster virus infection using long oligonucleotide-based microarrays. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 2673–2684.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lua, D. T., Yasuike, M., Hirono, I., and Aoki, T. (2005) Transcription program of red sea bream iridovirus as revealed by DNA microarrays. J. Virol. 79, 15151–15164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Aguilar, J. S., Devi-Rao, G. V., Rice, M. K., Sunabe, J., Ghazal, P., and Wagner, E. K. (2006) Quantitative comparison of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 transcriptomes using DNA microarray analysis. Virology 348, 233–241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kondo, K., Kaneshima, H., and Mocarski, E. S. (1994) Human cytomegalovirus latent infection of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 91, 11879–11883.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gentleman, R. C., Carey, V. J., Bates, D.M., Bolstad, B., Dettling, M., Duoit, S., et al. (2004) Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics. Genome Biol. 5, R80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Smyth, G., and Speed, T. (2003) Normalization of cDNA microarray data. Methods (Duluth) 31, 265–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Efron, B., Tibshirani, R., Storey, J.D., and Tusher, V. (2001) Empirical bayes analysis of a microarray experiment. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 96, 1151–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Smyth, G. K., Yang, Y. H., and Speed, T. (2003) Statistical issues in cDNA microarray data and analysis. Methods Mol. Biol. 224, 111–136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Cheung, A. K., Abendroth, A., Cunningham, A. L., and Slobedman, B. (2006) Viral gene expression during the establishment of human cytomegalovirus latent infection in myeloid progenitor cells. Blood August 24, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ahn, J. W., Powell, K. L., Kellam, P., and Alber, D. G. (2002) Gammaherpesvirus lytic gene expression as characterized by DNA array. J. Virol. 76, 6244–6256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Chris Bye and Karen Bythe for their assistance with microarray data analyses.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Slobedman, B., Cheung, A.K.L. (2008). Microarrays for the Study of Viral Gene Expression During Human Cytomegalovirus Latent Infection. In: Trent, R.J. (eds) Clinical Bioinformatics. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 141. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-148-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-148-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-791-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-148-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics