Summary
The importance and the role of adipose tissues are now largely expanded not only because the very high occurrence of obesity but also because the emerging view that adipose tissue could be a reservoir of therapeutic cells. A critical examination of the adipose tissue features according to their location shows that sampling is not as easy as previously thought and needs special attention to heterogeneity and differences. We discussed here these different points and give precise protocols to sample the different adipose tissues and manipulate them.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Friedman JM, Halaas JL (1998) Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395:763–770
Valet P, Tavernier G, Castan-Laurell I, et al (2002) Understanding adipose tissue development from transgenic animal models. J Lipid Res 43:835–860
Kershaw EE, Flier JS (2004) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2548–2556
Trayhurn P (2005) Endocrine and signalling role of adipose tissue: new perspectives on fat. Acta Physiol Scand 184:285–293
Casteilla L, Dani C (2006) Adipose tissue-derived cells: from physiology to regenerative medicine. Diabetes Metab 32:393–401
Dorheim MA, Sullivan M, Dandapani V, et al (1993) Osteoblastic gene expression during adi-pogenesis in hematopoietic supporting murine bone marrow stromal cells. J Cell Physiol 154:317–328
Gimble JM, Nuttall ME (2004) Bone and fat: old questions, new insights. Endocrine 23:183–188
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, et al (2002) Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 13:4279–4295
Gimble JM (1990) The function of adipocytes in the bone marrow stroma. New Biol 2:304–312
Gimble JM, Robinson CE, Wu X, et al (1996) The function of adipocytes in the bone marrow stroma: an update. Bone 19:421–428
Napolitano L (1965) The fine structure of adipose tissues. In: Renold AE, Cahill GF (eds): Adipose Tissue (Handbook of Physiology). American Physiological Society, Washington, DC, pp 109–124
Vague J, Fenasse R (1965) Comparative anatomy of adipose tissue. In: Renold AE, Cahill GF (eds): Adipose Tissue (Handbook of Physiology). American Physiological Society, Washington, DC, pp 25–36
Néchad M (1986) Structure and development of brown adipose tissue. In: Trayhurn P, Nicholls DG (eds) Brown adipose tissue. Arnold E., London, pp 1–30
Himms-Hagen J (1990) Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: interdisciplinary studies. FASEB J 4:2890–2898
Nedergaard J, Connolly E, Cannon B (1986) Brown adipose tissue in the mammalian neonate. In: Trayhurn P, Nicholls DG (eds) Brown adipose tissue. Arnold E., London, pp 152–213
Rothwell N, Stock M (1986) Brown adipose tissue and diet-induced thermogenesis. In: Trayhurn P, Nicholls DG (eds) Brown adipose tissue. Arnold E., London, pp 269–298
Ricquier D, Bouillaud F (2000) Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins: from mitochondria to the regulation of energy balance. J Physiol 529:3–10
Cinti S (2006) The role of brown adipose tissue in human obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 16:569–574
Nicholls DG, Locke RM (1984) Thermogenic mechanisms in brown fat. Physiol Rev 64:1–64
Casteilla L, Penicaud L, Cousin B, et al (2001) Choosing an adipose tissue depot for sampling. Factors in selection and depot specificity. Methods Mol Biol 155:1–19
Caspar-Bauguil S, Cousin B, Galinier A, et al (2005) Adipose tissues as an ancestral immune organ: site-specific change in obesity. FEBS Lett 579:3487–3492
Herpin P, Bertin R, Le Dividich J, et al (1987) Some regulatory aspects of thermogenesis in cold-exposed piglets. Comp Biochem Physiol A 87:1073–1081
Lafontan M, Berlan M (1993) Fat cell adrenergic receptors and the control of white and brown fat cell function. J Lipid Res 34:1057–1091
Giacobino JP (1995) Beta 3-adrenoceptor: an update. Eur J Endocrinol 132:377–385
Bartness T, Song CK (2007) Sympathetic and sensory innervation of white adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 48:1655–1672
Rosell S, Belfrage E (1979) Blood circulation in adipose tissue. Physiol Rev 59:1078–1104
Crandall DL, Hausman GJ, Kral JG (1997) A review of the microcirculation of adipose tissue: anatomic, metabolic, and angiogenic perspectives. Microcirculation 4:211–232
Ailhaud, G (2006) Adipose tissue as a secretory organ: from adipogenesis to the metabolic syndrome. C. R. Biol. 329:570–577; discussion 653–575
Gimeno RE, Klaman LD (2005) Adipose tissue as an active endocrine organ: recent advances. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 5:122–128
Tilg H, Moschen AR (2006) Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 6:772–783
Dessolin S, Schalling M, Champigny O, et al (1997) Leptin gene is expressed in rat brown adipose tissue at birth. FASEB J 11:382–387
Cancello R, Zingaretti MC, Sarzani R, et al (1998) Leptin and UCP1 genes are reciprocally regulated in brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology 139:4747–4750
Ailhaud G, Grimaldi, P, Negrel, R (1992) Cellular and molecular aspects of adipose tissue development. Annu Rev Nutr 12:207–233
Cousin B, Cinti S, Morroni M, et al (1992) Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: molecular and morphological characterization. J Cell Sci 103(Pt 4):931–942
Viguerie-Bascands N, Bousquet-Melou A, Galitzky J, et al (1996) Evidence for numerous brown adipocytes lacking functional beta 3-adrenoceptors in fat pads from nonhuman primates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:368–375
Vague J, Rubin P, Jubelin J, et al (1974) The various forms of obesity. Triangle 13:41–50.
Bjorntorp P (1996) The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20:291–302
Bouchard C, Despres JP, Mauriege P (1993) Genetic and nongenetic determinants of regional fat distribution. Endocr Rev 14:72–93
Bjorntorp P (1997) Hormonal control of regional fat distribution. Hum Reprod 12(Suppl 1):21–25
Kissebah AH, Krakower GR (1994) Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 74:761–811
Despres JP, Lemieux I (2006) Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 444:881–887
Tchernof A, Belanger C, Morisset AS, et al (2006) Regional differences in adipose tissue metabolism in women: minor effect of obesity and body fat distribution. Diabetes 55:1353–1360
Giorgino F, Laviola, L, Eriksson JW (2005) Regional differences of insulin action in adipose tissue: insights from in vivo and in vitro studies. Acta Physiol Scand 183:13–30
Laviola L, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, et al (2006) Insulin signaling in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Diabetes 55:952–961
Berthiaume M, Laplante M, Festuccia W, et al (2007) Depot-specific modulation of rat intraabdominal adipose tissue lipid metabolism by pharmacological inhibition of 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Endocrinology 148:2391–2397
Tavernier G, Galitzky J, Valet P, et al (1995) Molecular mechanisms underlying regional variations of catecholamine-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes. Am J Physiol 268, E1135–1142
Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS (1998) Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:847–850
Laplante M, Festuccia WT, Soucy G, et al (2006) Mechanisms of the depot specificity of per-oxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma action on adipose tissue metabolism. Diabetes 55:2771–2778
Niesler CU, Siddle, K, Prins JB (1998) Human preadipocytes display a depot-specific susceptibility to apoptosis. Diabetes 47:1365–1368
Festuccia WT, Laplante M, Berthiaume M, et al (2006) PPARgamma agonism increases rat adipose tissue lipolysis, expression of glyceride lipases, and the response of lipolysis to hormonal control. Diabetologia 49:2427–2436
Galinier A, Carriere A, Fernandez Y, et al (2006) Site specific changes of redox metabolism in adipose tissue of obese Zucker rats. FEBS Lett 580:6391–6398
Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Isse N, et al (1995) Human obese gene expression. Adipocyte-specific expression and regional differences in the adipose tissue. Diabetes 44:855–858
Montague CT, Prins JB, Sanders L, et al (1997) Depot- and sex-specific differences in human leptin mRNA expression: implications for the control of regional fat distribution. Diabetes 46:342–347
Russell CD, Petersen RN, Rao SP, et al (1998) Leptin expression in adipose tissue from obese humans: depot-specific regulation by insulin and dexamethasone. Am J Physiol 275, E507–515
Montague CT, Prins JB, Sanders L, et al (1998) Depot-related gene expression in human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes. Diabetes 47:1384–1391
Atzmon G, Yang XM, Muzumdar R, et al (2002) Differential gene expression between visceral and subcutaneous fat depots. Horm Metab Res 34:622–628
Gesta S, Bluher M, Yamamoto Y, et al (2006) Evidence for a role of developmental genes in the origin of obesity and body fat distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:6676–6681
Hotamisligil GS (2006) Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444:860–867
Loncar D (1991) Convertible adipose tissue in mice. Cell Tissue Res 266:149–161
Champigny O, Ricquier D, Blondel O, et al (1991) Beta 3-adrenergic receptor stimulation restores message and expression of brown-fat mitochondrial uncoupling protein in adult dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:10774–10777
Cousin B, Casteilla L, Dani C, et al (1993) Adipose tissues from various anatomical sites are characterized by different patterns of gene expression and regulation. Biochem J 292(Pt 3),873–876
Cinti S (2005) The adipose organ. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 73:9–15
Guerra C, Koza RA, Yamashita H, et al (1998) Emergence of brown adipocytes in white fat in mice is under genetic control. Effects on body weight and adiposity. J Clin Invest 102:412–420
Xue B, Coulter A, Rim JS, et al (2005) Transcriptional synergy and the regulation of Ucp1 during brown adipocyte induction in white fat depots. Mol Cell Biol 25:8311–8322
Moulin K, Arnaud E, Nibbelink M, et al (2001) Cloning of BUG demonstrates the existence of a brown preadipocyte distinct from a white one. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1431–1441
Moulin K, Truel N, Andre M, et al (2001) Emergence during development of the white-adi-pocyte cell phenotype is independent of the brown-adipocyte cell phenotype. Biochem J 356:659–664
Gimble JM, Guilak F (2003) Differentiation potential of adipose derived adult stem (ADAS) cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 58:137–160
Planat-Benard V, Silvestre JS., Cousin B, et al (2004) Plasticity of human adipose lineage cells toward endothelial cells: physiological and therapeutic perspectives. Circulation 109:656–663
Villena JA, Cousin B, Penicaud L, et al (2001) Adipose tissues display differential phagocytic and microbicidal activities depending on their localization. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1275–1280
Prunet-Marcassus B, Cousin B, Caton D, et al (2006) From heterogeneity to plasticity in adipose tissues: site-specific differences. Exp Cell Res 312:727–736
Peeters, LLH, Martensson L, Gilbert M, Pénicaud L (1984) The pregnant guinea pig, rabbit and rat as unstressed catheterized models. In: Nathanielz PW (ed) Animal Models in Fetal Medicine. Perinatology, Los Angeles, CA, pp 74–108
Scow RO (1965) Perfusion of isolated adipose tissue: FFA release and blood flow in rat para-metrial fat body. In: Renold AE, Cahill GF (eds) Adipose tissue (handbook of physiology). American Physiological Society, Washington, DC, pp 435–454
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Casteilla, L., Pénicaud, L., Cousin, B., Calise, D. (2008). Choosing an Adipose Tissue Depot for Sampling. In: Yang, K. (eds) Adipose Tissue Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 456. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-245-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-245-8_2
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-916-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-245-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols