Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, which are abundant in mammalian brain tissue. Several fatal human diseases are caused by defects in glycolipid metabolism. Defects in their degradation lead to an accumulation of metabolites upstream of the defective reactions, whereas defects in their biosynthesis lead to diverse problems in a large number of organs.
Gangliosides are primarily positioned with their ceramide anchor in the neuronal plasma membrane and the glycan head group exposed on the cell surface. Their biosynthesis starts in the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of the ceramide anchor, followed by sequential glycosylation reactions, mainly at the luminal surface of Golgi and TGN membranes, a combinatorial process, which is catalyzed by often promiscuous membrane-bound glycosyltransferases.
Thereafter, the gangliosides are transported to the plasma membrane by exocytotic membrane flow. After endocytosis, they are degraded within the endolysosomal compartments by a complex machinery of degrading enzymes, lipid-binding activator proteins, and negatively charged lipids.
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Notes
- 1.
Also known as ST3Gal V or sialyltransferase 9 (Siat 9).
- 2.
Also known as ST3Gal V or sialyltransferase 9 (Siat 9) or SAT-I.
- 3.
Also known as α-2,8-sialyltransferase (Siat 8) or SAT II.
- 4.
Synonyms are GalNAcT, GM2/GD2 synthase.
- 5.
Also known as GalT II.
- 6.
Synonyms are SAT IVB, GD1a/GT1b synthase.
- 7.
Synonyms St3Gal I, SAT IV.
- 8.
Synonyms are SAT V, GT1a/GQ1b synthase.
- 9.
Also known as α-2,6-sialyltransferase, SAT VIIc-f.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Roger Sandhoff and Christina Schuette for helpful corrections and discussions. This work was supported by German Research Foundation Grants SFB 645 and TRR83.
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Breiden, B., Sandhoff, K. (2018). Ganglioside Metabolism and Its Inherited Diseases. In: Sonnino, S., Prinetti, A. (eds) Gangliosides. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1804. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8552-4_5
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