Abstract
The diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases (IFD) based on clinical, radiological, and conventional microbiological findings is not reliable and is often delayed. Non-culture-based methods with higher sensitivity and specificity may reduce diagnostic time and result in decreased IFD morbidity and mortality. These methods are now increasingly used to manage patients at risk of IFD. Among available biomarkers, fungal antigens have been investigated as an aid to early diagnosis and are predominantly used as screening tests to prompt antifungal treatment mainly in patients with hematological malignancies. The revised version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) consensus definitions includes some of these biological markers (galactomannan, 1,3-beta-d-glucan, cryptococcus antigen).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fontaine T, Simenel C, Dubreucqetal G et al (2000) Molecular organization of the alkali-insoluble fraction of Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall. J Biol Chem 275:27594–27607
Stynen D, Sarfati J, Gorisetal A et al (1992) Rat monoclonal antibodies against Aspergillus galactomannan. Infect Immun 60:2237–2245
Mennink-Kersten MASH, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE (2004) Detection of circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis. Lancet Infect Dis 4:349–357
Hope WW, Kruhlak MJ, Lymanetal CA et al (2007) Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus and the kinetics of galactomannan in an in vitro model of early invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: implications for antifungal therapy. J Infect Dis 195:455–466
Franquet T, Müller NL, Giménez A et al (2001) Spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis: histologic, clinical, and radiologic findings. Radiographics 21:825–837
Verweij PE, Weemaes CM, Curfs JHAJ et al (2000) Failure to detect circulating Aspergillus markers in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 38:3900–3901
Van Cutsem J, Meulemans L, Van Gerven F et al (1990) Detection of circulating galactomannan by Pastorex Aspergillus in experimental invasive aspergillosis. Mycoses 33:61–69
Thornton CR (2008) Development of an immunochromatographic lateral-flow device for rapid serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15:1095–1105
Thornton C, Johnson G, Agrawal S (2012) Detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological malignancy patients by using lateral-flow technology. J Vis Exp 61:3721
Pan Z, Zhang J, Zhou H et al (2015) Diagnostic accuracy of a novel lateral-flow device in invasive aspergillosis: a meta-analysis. J Med Microbiol 64:702–707
Cordonnier C, Pautas C, Maury S et al (2009) Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 48:1042–1051
Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G et al (2005) Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study. Clin Infect Dis 41:1242–1250
Marchetti O, Lamoth F, Mikulska M et al (2012) ECIL recommendations for the use of biological markers for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in leukemic patients and hematopoietic SCT recipients. European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL) Laboratory Working Groups. Bone Marrow Transplant 47:846–854
Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Maertens J et al (2008) Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a tool for diagnosing aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:27–34
Maertens J, Maertens V, Theunissen K et al (2009) Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic diseases. Clin Infect Dis 49:1688–1693
Heng SC, Morrissey O, Chen SC et al (2015) Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan alone or in combination with PCR for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adult hematology patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Microbiol 41:124–134
Arvanitis M, Anagnostou T, Mylonakis E (2015) Galactomannan and polymerase chain reaction–based screening for invasive aspergillosis among high-risk hematology patients: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 61:1263–1272
Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N et al (2006) Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 42:1417–1427
Ascioglu S, Rex JH, de Pauw B et al (2002) Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis 34:7–14
De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP et al (2008) Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis 46:1813–1821
D’Haese J, Theunissen K, Vermeulen E et al (2012) Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity. J Clin Microbiol 50:1258–1263
Guo YL, Chen YQ, Wang K et al (2010) Accuracy of BAL galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis: a bivariate metaanalysis and systematic review. Chest 138:817–824
Marr KA, Balajee SA, McLaughlin L et al (2004) Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: variables that affect performance. J Infect Dis 190:641–649
Becker MJ, de Marie S, Willemse D et al (2000) Quantitative galactomannan detection is superior to PCR in diagnosing and monitoring invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an experimental rat model. J Clin Microbiol 38:1434–1438
Marr KA, Laverdiere M, Gugel A et al (2005) Antifungal therapy decreases sensitivity of the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis 40:1762–1769
Cordonnier C, Botterel F, Ben Amor R et al (2009) Correlation between galactomannan antigen levels in serum and neutrophil counts in haematological patients with invasive aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 15:81–86
Vallor AC, Kirkpatrick WR, Najvar LK et al (2008) Assessment of Aspergillus fumigatus burden in pulmonary tissue of guinea pigs by quantitative PCR, galactomannan enzyme immunoassay, and quantitative culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:2593–2598
Racil Z, Kocmanova I, Toskova M et al (2011) Galactomannan detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological diseases-the role of factors affecting assay performance. Int J Infect Dis 15:e874–e881
Viscoli, C., Machetti, M., Cappellano, P. et al. False positive galactomannan Platelia Aspergillus test results for patients receiving piperacillin–tazobactam. Clin Infect Dis 38, 913–916.
Racil, Z., Kocmanova, I., Lengerova, M. et al. Intravenous PLASMALYTE as a major cause of false-positive results of Platelia Aspergillus test for galactomannan detection in serum. J Clin Microbiol 45, 3141–3142.
Mennink-Kersten MASH, Ruegebrink D, Klont RR et al (2008) Improved detection of circulating Aspergillus antigen by use of a modified pretreatment procedure. J Clin Microbiol 46:1391–1397
Oren I, Avidor I, Sprecher H (2012) Lack of intra-laboratory reproducibility in using Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay test for detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigen. Transpl Infect Dis 14:107–109
Platelia™ Aspergillus EIA, laboratory manual, Bio-Rad.
Obayashi T, Yoshida M, Tamura H et al (1992) Determination of plasma (1/3)-b-D-glucan: a new diagnostic aid to deep mycosis. J Med Vet Mycol 30:275–280
Lamoth F, Cruciani M, Mengoli C et al (2012) β-Glucan antigenemia assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-3). Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-3). Clin Infect Dis 54:633–643
Hou TY, Wang SH, Liang SX et al (2015) The screening performance of serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan in patients with invasive fungal diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One 10, e0131602. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131602
Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y et al (2012) Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-β-D-glucan for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 50:7–15
Rose SR, Vallabhajosyula S, Velez MG et al (2014) The utility of bronchoalveolar lavage beta-D-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Infect 69:278–283
Mutschlechner W, Risslegger B, Willinger B et al (2015) Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (1,3)β-D-glucan for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplantation: a prospective multicenter study. Transplantation. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000635
Fungitell™, laboratory manual, Associates of Cape Cod International. http://www.acciusa.com/pdfs/accProduct/Fungitell_multilang_pisheets/Fungitell%20Insert%20EN.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Weinbergerova, B., Kocmanova, I., Racil, Z., Mayer, J. (2017). Serological Approaches. In: Lion, T. (eds) Human Fungal Pathogen Identification. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1508. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6515-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6515-1_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6513-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6515-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols