Abstract
At some point during their lifetime, individuals of most insects are probably involved in competition for an essential resource, be it for food, mating territories, egg-laying sites, or refugia. Should the density of competing individuals exceed the carrying capacity of a unit of resource, the result may be detrimental to fitness. Therefore, selection should favor avoidance of overcrowding. In some species, however, too low a density of individuals on a unit of resource may have equally detrimental consequences to fitness. Here, selection should favor some degree of aggregation, short of overcrowding. Thus, we may consider the concept of an optimal density range of individuals per unit of resource as valid (Peters and Barbosa, 1977; Prokopy, 1981a).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, P. and Barton, D. H. R. (1943) The excretion of ethylquinone by the flour beetle. Biochem. J., 37, 463–5.
Alcock, J. (1975) Territorial behavior by males of Philanthus multimaculatus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) with a review of territoriality in male sphecids. Anim. Behay., 23, 889–95.
Alcock, J., Barrows, E. M., Gordh, G., Hubbard, L. J., Kirkendall, L., Pyle, D. W., Ponder, T. L. and Zalom, F. G. (1978) The ecology and evolution of male reproductive behavior in the bees and wasps. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 64, 293–326.
Behan, M. and Schoonhoven, L. M. (1978) Chemoreception of an oviposition deterrent associated with eggs in Pieris brassicae. Ent. exp. app!., 24, 163–79.
Benson, W. W., Brown, K. S. and Gilbert, L. E. (1975) Co-evolution of plants and herbivores: passion flower butterflies. Evolution, 29, 659–80.
Borgia, G. (1979) Sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. In: Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects ( Blum, M. and Blum, A., eds) pp. 19–80. Academic Press, New York.
Brantjes, N. B. M. (1976) Prevention of superparasitation of Melandrium flowers by Hadena. Oecologia, 24, 1–6.
Cammaerts, M. C. (1974) Production and perception of attractive pheromones by differently aged workers of Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Soc., 21, 235–48.
Cammaerts, M. C., Morgan, E. D. and Tyler, R. C. (1977) Territorial marking in the ant Myrmica rubra L. (Formicidae). Biol. Behay., 2, 263–72.
Cammaerts, M. C., Inwood, M. R., Morgan, E. D., Parry, K. and Tyler, R. C. (1978) Comparative study of the pheromones emitted by workers of the ants Myrmica rubra and Myrmica scabrinodis. J. Insect Physiol., 24, 207–14.
Cammaerts, M. C., Evershed, R. P. and Morgan, E. D. (1981) Comparative study of the Dufour gland secretions of workers of four species of Myrmica ants. J. Insect Physiol., 27, 59–65.
Campbell, B. C. and Duffey, S. S. (1979) Tomatine and parasitic wasps: potential incompatibility of plant antibiosis with biological control. Science, 205, 700–2.
Case, T. J. and Gilpin, M. E. (1974) Interference competition and niche theory. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71, 3073–7.
Caughley, G. and Lawton, J. H. (1981) Plant—herbivore systems. In: Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications ( May, R. M., ed.) pp. 132–66. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA.
Charnov, E. L., Orians, G. H. and Hyatt, K. (1976) Ecological implications of resource depression. Am. Nat., 110, 247–59.
Cirio, U. (1971) Reperti sul meccanismo stimolo-risposta nell ovideposizione del Dacus oleae Gmelin. Redia, 52, 577–600.
Cirio, U. (1972) Osservazioni sul comportamento di ovideposizione della Rhagoletis completa in laboratorio. Proc. IX Cong. Ital. Ent. Siena, pp. 99–117.
Corbet, S. A. (1971) Mandibular gland secretion of larvae of the flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella, contains an epideictic pheromone and elicits oviposition movements in a hymenopteran parasite. Nature, 232, 481–4.
Corbet, S. A. (1973) Oviposition pheromone in larval mandibular glands of Ephestia kuehniella. Nature, 243, 537–8.
Cotter, W. B. (1974) Social facilitation and development in Ephestia kuehniella. Science, 183, 747–8.
Den Otter, C. J., Behan, M. and Maes, F. W. (1980) Single cell responses in female Pieris brassicae to plant volatiles and conspecific egg odors. J. Insect Physiol., 26, 465–572.
Dittrick, L. E., Jones, R. L. and Chiang, H. C. (1983) An oviposition deterrent for the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, extracted from larval frass. J. Insect Physiol., 29, 119–21.
Dixon, C. A., Erickson, J. M., Kellert, D. N. and Rothschild, M. (1978) Some adaptations between Danaus plexippus and its food plant, with notes on Danaus chrysippus and Euploea core. J. Zool. Lond., 185, 437–67.
Doolan, J. M. (1981) Male spacing and the influence of female courtship behaviour in the bladder cicada, Cystosoma saundessii Westwood. Beh. Ecol. Sociobiol., 9, 269–76.
Dye, C. (1982) Intraspecific competition amongst larval Aedes aegypti: food exploitation or chemical interference? Ecol. Ent., 7, 39–46.
Edgar, J. A., Culvenor, C. C. J. and Pliske, T. E. (1976) Isolation of a lactone, structurally related to the esterifying acids of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, from the costal fringes of male Ithomiinae. J. Chem. Ecol., 2, 263–70.
Eickwort, G. C. and Ginsberg, H. S. (1980) Foraging and mating behavior in Apoidea. A. Rev. Ent., 25, 421–6.
Emlen, S. T. and Oring, L. W. (1977) Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science, 197, 215–23.
Evans, H. E. and O’Neill, K. M. (1978) Alternative mating strategies in the digger wasp Philanthus zebratus Cresson. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 1901–3.
Faustini, D. L. and Burkholder, W. E. (1980) Interaction of aggregation and epideictic pheromones in Tribolium castaneum. Paper presented at the National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Atlanta. Ga.
Ferguson, A. W. and Free, J. B. (1979) Production of a forage-marking pheromone by the honeybee. J. Apic. Res., 18, 128–35.
Finch, S. (1978) Volatile plant chemicals and their effect on host plant finding by the cabbage root fly, Delia brassicae. Ent. exp. appl., 24, 150–9.
Finger, A., Heller, D. and Shulov, A. (1965) Olfactory response of the Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) larva to factors from larvae of the same species. Ecology, 46, 542–3.
Fink, D. E. (1913) The asparagus miner and the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle. Cornell University Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin No., 331, 422–35.
Frankie, G. W. and Vinson, S. B. (1977) Scent marking of passion flowers in Texas by females of Xylocopa virginica texana. J. Kansas ent. Soc., 50, 613–25.
Fuldner, D. and Wolf, H. (1971) Staphyliniden-larven beeinflussen chemisch das Orientierungsverhalten ihrer Konkurrenten. Naturwissenschaft, 58, 418.
Galis, F. and van Alphen, J. J. M. (1981) Patch time allocation and search intensity of Asobara tabida, a larval parasitoid of Drosophila. Neth. J. Zool., 31, 596–611.
Giga, P. P. and Smith, R. H. (1981) Varietal resistance and intraspecific competition in the cowpea weevils Callosobruchusmaculatusand C. chinensis. J. Appl. Ecol., 18, 755–61.
Gilbert, L. E. (1976) Post-mating female odor in Heliconius butterflies: a malecontributed antiaphrodisiac. Science, 193, 419–20.
Gilbert, L. E. (1982) The co-evolution of a butterfly and a vine. Sci. Am., 247, 110–21.
Gilpin, M. E. (1974) Intraspecific competition between Drosophila larvae in serial transfer systems. Ecology, 55, 1154–9.
Girolami, V., Vianello, A., Strapazzon, A., Ragazzi, E. and Veronese, G. (1981) Ovipositional deterrents in Dacus oleae. Ent. exp. appl., 29, 177–88.
Greenway, A. R., Griffiths, D. C. and Lloyd, S. L. (1978) Response of Myzuspersicaeto components of aphid extracts and to carboxylic acids. Ent. exp. appl., 24, 169–74.
Griffiths, D. C., Greenway, A. R. and Lloyd, S. L. (1978) The influence of repellent materials and aphid extracts on settling behavior and larviposition of Myzus persicae. Bull. Ent. Res., 68, 613–19.
Gross, H. R. and Jones, R. L. (1977) Evaluation of oviposition deterrents for Heliothis zea on corn. Paper presented at the National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Washington, DC.
Gwynne, D. T. (1978) Male territoriality of the bumblebee wolf, Philanthus bicinctus: Observations on the behavior of individual males. Z. Tierpsychol., 47, 89–103.
Hamilton, W. J. and Watt, K. E. F. (1970) Refuging. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 1, 263–86.
Haniotakis, G. E. and Voyadjoglou, A. (1978) Oviposition regulation in Dacus oleae by various olive fruit characters. Ent. exp. appl., 24, 187–92.
Happ, G. M. (1969) Multiple sex pheromones of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Nature, 222, 180–1.
Haukioja, E. (1980) On the role of plant defenses in the fluctuation of herbivore populations. Oikos, 35, 202–13.
Heinrich, B. (1975) Energetics of pollination. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 6, 139–70.
Heinrich, B. (1979) Bumble-Bee Economics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Hirai, K. (1982) Directional flow of male scent released by Pseudaletia separata Walker and its repellent effect on adults and larvae of four noctuid and one phycitine moth. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 1263–70.
Hirai, K., Shorey, H. H. and Gaston, L. K. (1978) Competition among courting male moths: Male-to-male inhibitory pheromones. Science, 202, 644–5.
Hislop, R. G. and Prokopy, R. J. (1981) Mite predator responses to prey and predator-emitted stimuli. J. Chem. Ecol., 7, 895–904.
Hölldobler, B. K. (1976) Recruitment behavior, home range orientation, and territoriality in harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex. Behay. Ecol. Sociobiol., 1, 3–44.
Hölldobler, B. K. and Wilson, E. O. (1978) The multiple recruitment systems of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda. Behay. Ecol. Sociobiol., 3, 19–60.
Hölldobler, B. and Lumsden, C. J. (1980) Territorial strategies in ants. Science, 210, 732–9.
Hubbell, S. P. and Johnson, L. K. (1977) Competition and nest spacing in a tropical stingless bee community. Ecology, 58, 949–63.
Hurter, J., Katsoyannos, B., Boller, E. F. and Wirz, P. (1976) Beitrag zur Anreicherung and Teilweisen Reinigung des eiablageverhindernden Pheromons der Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Dipt., Trypetidae). Z. Angew. Ent., 80, 50–6.
Jaffe, K., Bazire-Benazet, M. and Howse, P. E. (1979) An integumentary pheromone-secreting gland in Atta sp: territorial marking with a colony-specific pheromone in Atta cephalotes. J. Insect Physiol., 25, 833–9.
Janzen, D. H. (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat., 104, 501–28.
Jermy, T. and Szentesi, A. (1978) The role of inhibitory stimuli in the choice of oviposition site by phytophagous insects. Ent. exp. appl., 24, 258–71.
Kay, R. (1976) Behavioral components of pheromonal aggregation in Aphis fabae. Physiol. Ent., 1, 249–54.
Kidd, N. A. C. (1977) The influence of population density on the flight behavior of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae. Ent. exp. appl., 22, 251–61.
Klomp, H. and Teerink, B. J. (1962) Host selection and number of eggs per oviposition in the egg-parasite Trichogramma embryophagum Htg. Nature, 195, 1020–1.
Lanier, G. N., Birch, M. C., Schmitz, R. F. and Furniss, M. M. (1972) Pheromones of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): Variation in response among three populations. Can. Ent., 104, 1917–23.
Lanier, G. N. and Burns, B. W. (1978) Barometric flux: effects on the responsiveness of bark beetles to aggregation attractants. J. Chem. Ecol., 4, 319–47.
Lanier, G. N., Classon, A., Stewart, T., Piston, J. J. and Silverstein, R. M. (1980) Ips pini: The basis for interpopulational differences in pheromone biology. J. Chem. Ecol., 6, 677–87.
LeRoux, E. J. and Mukerji, M. K. (1963) Notes on the distribution of immature stages of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, on apples in Quebec. Ann. Ent. Soc. Quebec, 8, 60–70.
Lewontin, R. C. (1979) Sociobiology as an adaptationist program. Behay. Sci., 24, 5–14.
Loconti, J. D. and Roth, L. M. (1953) Composition of the odorous secretion of Tribolium castaneum. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 46, 281–9.
Louskas, C., Lariopoulos, C., Canard, M. and Laudeho, Y. (1980) Early summer infestation of olives by Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Trypetidae) and its control by the parasite Eupelmus urozonus Dalm. (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) in a Greek olive grove. Z. Angew. Ent., 90, 473–81.
McKibben, G. H., McGovern, W. L. and Dickerson, W. A. (1982) Boll weevil oviposition behavior: a simulation analysis. J. Econ. Ent., 75, 928–31.
Marks, R. J. (1977) Laboratory studies of plant searching behavior by Coccinella septempunctata larvae. Bull. Ent. Res., 67, 235–41.
Maynard Smith, J. (1974) The theory of games and evolution of animal conflicts. J. Theoret. Biol., 47, 209–22.
Maynard Smith, J. (1978) Optimization theory in evolution. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 9, 31–56.
Miller, R. S. (1967) Pattern and process in competition. Adv. Ecol. Res., 4, 1–74.
Mitchell, R. (1975) The evolution of oviposition tactics in the bean weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Ecology, 56, 696–702.
Mitchell, P. L. (1980) Combat and territorial defense of Acanthocephala femorata. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 73, 404–8.
Monteith, L. G. (1960) Influence of plants other than the food plants of their host on host-finding by tachinid parasites. Can. Ent., 92, 641–52.
Mudd, A. and Corbet, S. A. (1973) Mandibular gland secretion of larvae of the stored products pests Anagasta kuehniella, Ephestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella and Ephestia elutella. Ent. exp. appl., 16, 291–3.
Mulla, M. (1979) Chemical ecology of mosquitoes: auto and transpecific regulating chemicals in nature. Proc. 47th Ann. Conf. California Mosquito and Vector Control Ass., 6, 5–8.
Myers, J. H. and Campbell, B. J. (1976) Distribution and dispersal in populations capable of resource depletion: a field study on cinnabar moth. Oecologia, 24, 7–20.
Naylor, A. F. (1959) An experimental analysis of dispersal in the flour beetle Tribolium confusum. Ecology, 40, 453–65.
Naylor, A. F. (1961) Dispersal in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Ecology, 42, 231–7.
Nicholson, A. J. (1954) An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Aust. J. Zool., 2, 9–65.
Oshima, K., Honda, H. and Yamamoto, I. (1973) Isolation of an oviposition marker from Azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis. Agric. Biol. Chem., 37, 2679–80.
Otte, D. and Joern, A. (1975) Insect territoriality and its evolution: population studies of desert grasshoppers on creosote bushes. J. Anim. Ecol., 44, 29–54.
Owens, E. D. Hauschild, K. I., Hubbell, G. L. and Prokopy, R. J. (1982) Diurnal behavior of plum curculio adults within host trees in nature. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 75, 357–62.
Palanaswamy, P. and Seabrook, W. D. (1978) Behavioral responses of the female Eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, to the sex pheromone of her own species. J. Chem. Ecol., 4, 649–55.
Park, T. (1954) Experimental studies of interspecies competition. II. Temperature, humidity, and competition in two species of Tribolium. Physiol. Zool., 27, 177–238.
Parker, G. A. (1978a) Evolution of competitive mate searching. A. Rev. Ent., 23, 173–96.
Parker, G. A. (1978b) Searching for mates. In: Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. ( Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B., eds) pp. 214–44. Sinauer Ass., Sunderland, MA.
Parker, G. A. and Knowlton, N. (1980) The evolution of territory size — some ESS models. J. Theoret. Biol., 84, 445–76.
Peters, T. M. and Barbosa, P. (1977) Influence of population density on size, fecundity and developmental rate of insects in culture. A. Rev. Ent., 22, 431–50.
Pielou, E. C. (1977) An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Pliske, T. E. (1975) Courtship behavior and use of chemical communication by males of certain species of Ithomiine butterflies. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 68, 935–42.
Pliske, T. E., Edgar, J. A. and Culvenor, C. C. J. (1976) The chemical basis of attraction of Ithomiine butterflies to plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J. Chem. Ecol., 2, 255–62.
Podoler, H. (1974) Effects of intraspecific competition in the Indian meal-moth (Plodia interpunctella Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) on populations of the moth and its parasite Nemeritis canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). J. Anim. Ecol., 43, 641–51.
Price, P. W. (1970) Trail odors: recognition by insects parasitic on cocoons. Science, 170, 546–7.
Price, P. W. (1981) Semiochemicals in evolutionary time. In: Semiochemicals: Their Role in Pest Control ( Nordlund, D. A., Jones, R. L. and Lewis, W. J., eds) pp. 251–79. Wiley Press, New York.
Price, P. W., Bouton, C. E., Gross, P., McPheron, B. A., Thompson, J. N. and Weis, A. E. (1980) Interactions among three trophic levels: Herbivores and natural enemies. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 11, 41–66.
Prokopy, R. J. (1972) Evidence for a marking pheromone deterring repeated oviposition in apple maggot flies. Env. Ent., 1, 326–32.
Prokopy, R. J. (1975) Mating behavior of Rhagoletis pomonella. V. Virgin female attraction to male odor. Can. Ent., 107, 905–8.
Prokopy, R. J. (1976) Significance of fly marking of oviposition site (in Tephritidae). In: Studies in Biological Control ( Deluchhi, V., ed.) pp. 23–7. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Prokopy, R. J. (1980) Mating behavior of frugivorous Tephritidae in nature. Proc. Symp. Fruit Fly Problems, Kyoto. Nat. Inst. Agric. Sci., Japan, pp. 37–46.
Prokopy, R. J. (1981a) Epideictic pheromones that influence spacing patterns of phytophagous insects. In: Semiochemicals: Their Role in Pest Control (Nordlund, D. A., Jones, R. L. and Lewis, W. J., eds ) pp. 181–213.
Wiley Press, New York. Prokopy, R. J. (1981b) Oviposition-deterring pheromone system of apple maggot flies. In: Management of Insect Pests with Semiochemicals. ( Mitchell, E. R., ed.) pp. 477–94. Plenum Press, New York.
Prokopy, R. J. and Koyama, J. (1982) Oviposition site partitioning in Dacus cucurbitae. Ent. exp. appl., 31, 428–32.
Prokopy, R. J., Malavasi, A. and Morgante, J. S. (1982) Oviposition-deterring pheromone in Anastrepha fraterculus. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 763–71.
Pyke, G. H., Pulliam, H. R. and Charnov, E. L. (1977) Optimal foraging: A Selective review of theory and tests. Q. Rev. Biol., 52, 137–54.
Quiring, D. T. W. (1982) An epideictic pheromone in the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella. Paper presented at the National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Toronto, Canada.
Raina, A. K. (1981) Deterrence of repeated oviposition in sorghum shootfly, Atherigona soccata. J. Chem. Ecol., 7, 785–90.
Rauscher, M. D. (1979) Egg recognition: its advantage to a butterfly. Anim. Behay., 27, 1034–40.
Raw, A. (1975) Territoriality and scent marking by Centris males in Jamaica. Behaviour, 54, 311–21.
Remund, U., Katsoyannos, B. I. and Boller, E. F. (1980) Zur Eiverteilung der Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi, im Freiland. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., 53, 401–5.
Renwick, J. A. A. and Radke, C. D. (1980) An oviposition deterrent associated with frass from feeding larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Env. Ent., 9, 318–20.
Renwick, J. A. A. and Radke, C. D. (1981) Host plant constituents as oviposition deterrents for the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Ent. exp. appl., 30, 201–4.
Renwick, J. A. A., Hughes, P. R. and Krull, I. S. (1976) Selective production of cisand trans-verbenol from (—)- and (+)- a-pinene by a bark beetle. Science, 191, 199–201.
Roberts, E. A., Billings, P. M., Payne, T. L., Richerson, J. V., Berisford, C. W., Hedden, R. L. and Edson, L. J. (1982) Seasonal variation in laboratory response to behavioral chemicals of the southern pine beetle. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 641–52.
Roitberg, B. D., Myers, J. H. and Frazer, B. D. (1979) Influence of predators on the movement of apterous aphids between plants. J. Anim. Ecol., 48, 111–22.
Roitberg, B. D. and Prokopy, R. J. (1980) Spacing chemicals in European apple sawfly. Paper presented at the Nat. Meeting of the Ent. Soc. Am., Atlanta, Ga.
Roitberg, B. D. and Prokopy, R. J. (1981) Experience required for pheromone recognition by the apple maggot fly. Nature, 292, 540–1.
Roitberg, B. D. and Prokopy, R. J. (1982) Resource assessment by adult and larval codling moths. J. NY Ent. Soc., 90, 260–6.
Roitberg, B. D. and Prokopy, R. J. (1983) Host deprivation influence on response of Rhagoletispomonella to its oviposition-deterring pheromone. Physiol. Ent., 8, 69–72.
Rosenthal, G. A. and Janzen, D. H. (eds) (1979) Herbivores: Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites. Academic Press, New York.
Rothschild, M. and Schoonhoven, L. M. (1977) Assessment of egg load by Pieris brassicae. Nature, 266, 352–5.
Rudinsky, J. A., Morgan, M. Libbey, L. M. and Michael, R. R. (1973) Sound production in Scolytidae: 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one released by the female Douglas fir beetle in response to male sonic signal. Env. Ent., 2, 505–9.
Russ, K. (1969) Beitrage zum Territorialverhalten der Raupen des Springwurmwicklers., Sparganothis pilleriana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Pflanzenschutzberichte, 40, 1–9.
Saad, A. D. and Scott, D. R. (1981) Repellency of pheromones released by females of Heliothis armigera and H. zea to females of both species. Ent. exp. appl., 30, 123–7.
Salt, G. (1934a) Experimental studies in insect parasitism. I. Introduction and technique. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B., 114, 450–4.
Salt, G. (1934b) Experimental studies in insect parasitism. II. Superparasitism. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B., 114, 455–76.
Salt, G. (1937) Experimental studies in insect parasitism. V. The sense used by Trichogramma to distinguish between parasitized and unparasitized hosts. Proc. Roy Soc. Lond. Ser. B., 122, 57–75.
Salt, G. (1961) Competition among insect parasitoids. In: Mechanisms in Biological Competition. Symp. Soc. exp. Biol., 15, 96–119.
Saxena, K. N. and Basit, A. (1982) Inhibition of oviposition by volatiles of certain plants and chemicals in the leafhopper Amrasca devastaus (Distant). J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 329–38.
Schoonhoven, L. M., Sparnaay, T., Van Wissen, W. and Meerman, J. (1981). Sevenweek persistance of an oviposition-deterring pheromone. J. Chem. Ecol., 7, 583–8.
Schurr, K. and Holdaway, F. G. (1970) Olfactory responses of female Ostrinia nubilalis. Ent. exp. appl., 13, 455–61.
Sexton, O. J. and Hess, E. H. (1968) A pheromone-like dispersant affecting the local distribution of the European house cricket, Acheta domestica. Biol. Bull., 134, 490–502.
Shapiro, A. M. (1981) Egg mimics of Streptanthus (Cruciferae) deter oviposition by Pieris sisymbrii (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Oecologia, 48, 142–3.
Sherwood, M. H., Greenway, A. R. and Griffiths, D. C. (1981) Responses of Myzus persicae to plants treated with fatty acids. Bull. Ent. Res., 71, 133–6.
Singer, M. C. and Mandracchia, J. (1982) On the failure of two butterfly species to respond to the presence of conspecific eggs prior to oviposition. Ecol. Ent., 7, 327–30.
Smith, S. D. (1969) The effects of crowding on larvae of the meal moth, Ephestia kuehniella. J. exp. Zool., 170, 193–204.
Stamp, N. E. (1980) Egg deposition patterns in butterflies: Why do some species cluster their eggs rather than deposit them singly. Am. Nat., 115, 367–80.
Suleman, M. (1982) The effects of intraspecific competition for food and space on the larval development of Culex quinquefaciatus. Mosq. News, 42, 347–56.
Suzuki, N., Kunimi, Y., Uematsu, S. and Kobayashi, K. (1980) Changes in spatial distribution pattern during the larval stage of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Res. Popul. Ecol., 22, 273–83.
Szentesi, A. (1981) Pheromone-like substances affecting host-related behavior of larvae and adults in the dry bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus. Ent. exp. appl., 30, 219–26.
Tannert, W. and Hein, B. C. (1976) Nachweis and Funktion eines repellent Pheromones der Larven von Trogoderma granarium. Zool. Jahrb. Physiol., 80, 69–81.
Tsubaki, Y. and Shiotsu, Y. (1982) Group feeding as a strategy for exploiting food resources in the burnet moth Pryeria sinica. Oecologia, 55, 12–20.
Umeya, K. (1966) Studies on the comparative ecology of bean weevils. I. On the egg distribution and the oviposition behaviors of three species of bean weevils infesting Azuki bean. Res. Bull. Plant Prot. Japan., 3, 1–11.
van Alphen, J. J. M. and Boer, H. (1980) Avoidance of scramble competition between larvae of the spotted asparagus beetle. Crioceris duodecimpunctata by discrimination between unoccupied and occupied asparagus berries. Neth. J. Zool., 30, 136–43.
van Lenteren, J. C. (1981) Host discrimination by parasitoids. In: Semiochemicals: Their Role in Pest Control ( Nordlund, D. A., Jones, R. L. and Lewis, W. J., eds) pp. 153–80. Wiley Press, New York.
van Lenteren, J. C., Nell, H. W., Sevenster-van der Lelie, L. A. and Woets, J. (1976) The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa and Trialeurodes vaporarium. I. Host finding by the parasite. Ent. exp. appl., 20, 123–30.
van der Meijden, E. (1979) Herbivore exploitation of a fugitive plant species: local survival and extinction of the Cinnabar moth and the ragwort in a heterogeneous environment. Oecologica, 42, 307–23.
Vinson, S. B. (1975) Biochemical coevolution between parasitoids and their hosts. In: Evolutionary Strategies of Parasitic Insects and Mites ( Price, P., ed.) pp. 14–48. Plenum Press, New York.
Vinson, S. B. Frankie, G. W., Blum, M. S. and Wheeler, J. W. (1978) Isolation, identification, and function of the Dufour gland secretion of Xylocopa virginica texana. J. Chem. Ecol., 4, 315–23.
Vinson, S. B. and Ables, J. R. (1980) Interspecific competition among endoparasitoids of tobacco budworm larvae (Lep.: Noctuidae). Entomophaga, 25, 357–62.
Vinson, S. B., Williams, H. J., Frankie, G. W., Wheeler, J. W., Blum, M. S. and Coville, R. E. (1982) Mandibular glands of male Centris adani, their morphology, chemical constituents, and function in scent marking and territorial behavior. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 319–27.
Vita, G. (1978) Individuazione del composto chimico the regola la deposizione delle uova del Dacus oleae. Rapporto Tecnico CNEN, RT/BIO (78) 17, 1–8.
Waage, J. K. (1979) Foraging for patchily distributed hosts by the parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens. J. Anim. Ecol., 48, 353–71.
Wasserman, S S (1981) Host-induced oviposition preferences and oviposition markers in the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 74, 242–5.
Weseloh, R. M. (1980) Behavioral changes in Apanteles melanoscelus females exposed to gypsy moth silk. Env. Ent., 9, 345–9.
Weyh, R. and Maschwitz, U. (1982) Individual trail marking by larvae of the scarce swallowtail Iphiclides podalirius L. (Lepidoptera; Papilionidae). Oecologia, 52, 415–6.
Whitham, T. G. (1979) Territorial behavior of Pemphigus gall aphids. Nature, 279, 324–5.
Whitham, T. G. (1983) Host manipulation of parasites: within-plant variation as a defense against rapidly evolving pests. In: Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems ( Denno, R. F. and McClure, M. S., eds) pp. 15–41. Academic Press, New York.
Wiklund, C. (1981) Generalist vs. specialist oviposition behavior in Papilio machaon (Lepidoptera) and functional aspects on the hierarchy of oviposition preferences. Oikos, 36, 163–70.
Williams, K. S. and Gilbert, L. E. (1981) Insects as selective agents on plant vegetative morphology: egg mimicry reduces egg laying by butterflies. Science, 212, 467–9.
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Yoshida, T. (1961) Oviposition behavior of two species of bean weevils and interspecific competition between them. Mem. Fac. Lib. Arts Educ., Miyazaki Univ., 11, 41–65.
Young, A. M. (1970) Predation and abundance in populations of flour beetles. Ecology, 51, 602–19.
Young, A. M. (1980) Over-exploitation of larval host plants by the butterflies Heliconius cydno and Heliconius sapho (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Heliconiini) in Costa Rica. J. N. Y. ent. Soc., 88, 217–27.
Young, A. M. and Moffett, M. W. (1979) Studies on the population biology of the tropical butterfly Mechanitis isthmia in Costa Rica. Am. Midl. Nat., 101, 309–19.
Zimmerman, M. (1979) Oviposition behavior and the existence of an ovipositiondeterring pheromone in Hylemya. Env. Ent., 8, 277–9.
Zimmerman, M. (1980) Selective deposition of an oviposition-deterring pheromone by Hylemya. Env. Ent., 9, 321–4.
Zimmerman, M. (1982) Facultative deposition of an oviposition-deterring pheromone by Hylemya. Env. Ent., 11, 519–22.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 William J. Bell and Ring T. Cardé
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prokopy, R.J., Roitberg, B.D., Averill, A.L. (1984). Resource Partitioning. In: Bell, W.J., Cardé, R.T. (eds) Chemical Ecology of Insects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3368-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3368-3_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-23260-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3368-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive