Abstract
This chapter highlights issues faced by mental health professionals who operate in psychiatric settings and deliver services to children exhibiting problems consistent with the diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder (SAD; American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1987). In the first section of the chapter, diagnostic issues are briefly covered. In subsequent sections, prototypical behavioral assessment and treatment approaches are described, and the application of these practices within psychiatric settings is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C.S. (1983). Manual for the child behavior checklist. Available from T.M. Achenbach, University of Vermont, Burlington.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.; DSM-m). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.; DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: Author.
Anderson, J.C., Williams, S., McGee, R., & Silva, P.A. (1987) DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69–80.
Appelbaum, P. (1989) Admitting children to psychiatric hospitals: A controversy revived. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 334–335.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Barack, R.S. (1986) Hospitalization of emotionally disturbed children: Who gets hospitalized and why. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 317–319.
Barlow, D. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
Belsky, J., & Nezworski, T. (1990). Clinical implications of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bernstein, G.A., & Garfinkel, B.D. (1986) School phobia: The overlap of affective and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American of Child Psychiatry, 26, 527–531.
Bernstein, G.A., Svinger, P.H., & Garfinkel, B.D. (1990) School phobia: Patterns of family functioning. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 24–30.
Bird, H.R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Gould, M.S., Ribera, J., Sesman, M., Woodbury, M., Huertas-Goldman, S., Pagan, A., Sanchez-Lacay, A., & Moscoso, M. (1988). Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1120–1126.
Blagg, N.R. (1987). School phobia and its treatment. London: Croom Helm.
Blagg, N.R., & Yule, W. (1984) The behavioral treatment of school refusal: A comparative study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 22, 119–127.
Bornstein, P.H., & Knapp, M. (1981) Self-control desensitization with a multi-phobic boy: A multiple-baseline design. Journal of Experimental Psychiatry and Behavior Therapy, 12, 281–285.
Bowen, R.C., Offord, D.R., & Boyle, M.H. (1990) The prevalence of overanxious disorder and separation anxiety disorder: Results from the Ontario Child Health Study. Journal of American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 753–758.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Brewer, T., & Faitak, M.T. (1989) Ethical guidelines for the inpatient psychiatric care of children. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 142–147.
Campbell, S.B. (1986). Developmental issues in childhood anxiety. In R. Gittelman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 24–57). New York: Guilford Press.
Chambers, W.J., Puig-Antich, U., Hirsch, M., Paez, P., Ambrosini, J.J., Tabrizi, M.A., & Davies, M. (1985) The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 696–702.
Connell, H.M. (1985). Essentials of child psychiatry. Melbourne: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Costello, E.J., Edelbrock, C., & Costello, A.J. (1985) Validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for children: A comparison between psychiatric and pediatric referrals. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 579–595.
Dalton, R., & Forman, M.A. (1987) Conflict of interest associated with the psychiatric hospitalization of children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 12–14.
Dalton, R., Muller, B., & Forman, M.A. (1989) The psychiatric hospitalization of children: An overview. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 19, 231–244.
Edelbrock, C., Costello, A.J., Dulcan, M.K., Kalas, R., & Conover, N.C. (1985) Age differences in the reliability of the psychiatric interview of the child. Child Development, 56, 265–275.
Ellis, A. (1970). The essence of rational psychotherapy: A comprehensive approach to treatment. New York: Institute for Rational Living.
Francis, G., Last, C.G., & Strauss, C.C. (1987) Expression of SAD: The roles of age and gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 18, 82–89.
Garfield, S.L. (1984). Methodological problems in clinical diagnosis. In H.E. Adams & P.B. Sutker (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (pp. 27–46). New York: Plenum Press.
Garvey, W., & Hegrenes, J. (1966) Desensitization techniques in the treatment of school phobia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 36, 147–152.
Gittelman, R. (1986). Childhood anxiety disorders: Correlates and outcome. In R. Gittelman (Ed.). Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 101–125). New York: Guilford Press.
Gittelman-Klein, R., & Klein, D.F. (1971) Controlled imipramine treatment of school phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 204–207.
Gittelman-Klein, R., & Klein, D.F. (1980). Separation anxiety in school refusal and its treatment with drugs. In L. Hersov & I. Berg(Eds.), Out of school (pp. 321–341). London: Wiley.
Graziano, A.M., DeGiovanni, I.S., & Garcia, K.A. (1979) Behavioral treatment of children’s fears: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 804–830.
Hersen, M. (1968) A treatment of a compulsive and phobic disorder through a total behavioural therapy program: A case study. Psychotherapy, 5, 220–225.
Hersov, L., & Bentovim, A. (1985). In-patient and day-hospital units. In M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry (pp. 766–779). London: Blackwell.
Hodgson, R., & Rachman, S. (1974) Desynchrony in measures of fear. Behavior Research and Therapy, 12, 319–326.
Kashani, J.H,. & Orvaschel, H. (1990) A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 313–318.
Kashani, J.H., Vaidya, A.F., Soltys, S.M., Dandoy, A.C., Katz, L.M., & Reid, J.C. (1990) Correlates of anxiety in psychiatrically hospitalized children and their parents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 319–323.
Kendall, P.C., Howard, B.L., & Epps, J. (1988) The anxious child: Cognitive-behavioral treatment strategies. Behavior Modification, 12, 281–310.
Kennedy, W.A. (1965) School phobia: Rapid treatment of 50 cases. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70, 285–289.
Kennedy, W.A. (1983). Obsessive-compulsive and phobic reactions. In T.O. Ollendick & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychopathology (pp. 277–291). New York: Plenum Press.
Kielser, D. (1966) Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 110–136.
King, N.J., Hamilton, D.I., & Ollendick, T.H. (1988). Children’s phobias: A behavioral perspective. London: Wiley.
Lamb, M.E., Thompson, R.A., Gardner, W.P., Charnov, E.L., & Estes, D. (1984) Security of infantile attachment as assessment in the “strange situation”: Its study and biological interpretation. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7, 127–147.
Last, C.G., & Strauss, C.C. (1990) School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 31–35.
Last, C.G., Francis, G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A.L., & Strauss, C.C. (1987a) Separation anxiety and school phobia: A comparison using DSM-III criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 653–657.
Last, C.G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A.L., Finkelstein, R., & Strauss, C.C. (1987b) Comparison of DSM-III separation anxiety and overanxious disorders: Demographic characteristics and patterns of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 26, 527–531.
Last, C.G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A.L., Francis, G.F., & Grubb, H.J. (1987c) Psychiatric illness in the mothers of anxious children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1580–1583.
Last, C.G., Strauss, C.C., & Francis, G.F. (1987d) Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 726–730.
Lazarus, A.A. (1960). The elimination of children’s phobias by deconditioning. In H.J. Eysenck (Ed.), Behavior therapy and the neuroses (pp. 114–122). New York: Pergamon Press.
Lazarus, A.A., & Abramovitz, A. (1962) The use of emotive imagery in the treatment of children’s phobias. Journal of Mental Science, 108, 191–195.
Livingston, R., Taylor, L.J., & Crawford, L.S. (1988) Study of somatic complaints and psychiatric diagnoses in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 185–187.
Marks, I. (1969). Fears and phobias. New York: American Press.
Martin, C.A., & Korte, A.O. (1978) An application of social learning principles to a case of school phobia. School Social Work Journal, 2, 77–82.
Mash, E.J., & Terdal, L.G. (Eds.). (1981). Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
Meichenbaum, D.H. (1977). Cognitive-behavior modification. New York: Plenum Press.
Miller, L.C., Barrett, C.L., & Hampe, E. (1974). Phobias of childhood in a prescientificera. In A. Davids (Ed.), Child personality and psychopathology: Current topics (Vol. 1, pp. 89–134). New York: Wiley.
Miller, P.M. (1972) The use of visual imagery and muscle relaxation in the counterconditioning of a phobic child: A case study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 154, 457–460.
Montenegro, H. (1968) Severe separation anxiety in two preschool children: Successfully treated by reciprocal inhibition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 93–103.
Morris, R.J., & Kratochwill, T.R. (1983). Treating children’s fears and phobias. New York: Pergamon Press.
Neisworth, J.T., Madie, R.A., & Goeke, K.E. (1975) “Errorless” elimination of separation anxiety: A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 79–82.
Ollendick, T.H. (1983) Reliability and validity of the revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSS CR-R). Behavior Research and Therapy, 21, 685–692.
Ollendick, T.H., & Francis, G. (November, 1990). Behavioral assessment and treatment of childhood phobia and childhood anxiety disorders. Workshop at the 24th Annual Convention of Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco.
Ollendick, T.H., & Hersen, M. (1984). An overview of child behavioral assessment. In T.H. Ollendick & M. Hersen (Eds.), Child behavioral assessment: Principles and procedures (pp. 3–19). New York: Pergamon Press.
Ollendick, T.H., & King, N.J. (1990). School phobia and separation anxiety. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of social anxiety (pp. 179–214). New York: Plenum Press.
Ollendick, T.H., & Mayer, J.A. (1984). School phobia. In S.M. Turner (Ed.), Behavioral theories and treatment of anxiety (pp. 367–412). New York: Plenum Press.
Paterson, R.J., & Moran, G. (1988) Attachment theory, personality development, and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 611–636.
Patterson, G.R. (1965). A learning theory approach to the treatment of school phobic child. In L.P. Ullman & L. Krasner (Eds.), Case studies in behavior modification (pp. 279–285). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Phillips, D., & Wolpe, S. (1981) Multiple behavioural techniques in severe separation anxiety of a twelve-year-old. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 12, 329–332.
Quay, H.C., & Peterson, D.R. (1979). Manual for the Behavior Problem Checklist. Published by authors at 59 Fifth St., Highland Park, NJ 08904.
Rapoport, J.L., & Mikkelsen, E.J. (1978). Antidepressants. In J.S. Werry (Ed.), Psychopharmacology (pp. 208–233). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Reeves, J.C., Werry, J.S. Elkind, G.S., & Zametizin, A. (1987) Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional and anxiety disorders in children: 2. Clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 26, 144–155.
Reynolds, C.R., & Richmond, B.O. (1978) What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.
Simeon, J.G., & Ferguson, H.B. (1985) Recent developments in the use of antidepressant and anxiolytic medications. Psychiatric Clinics of North American, 8, 893–907.
Stokes, T.F., Boggs, S.R., & Osnes, P.G. (1989). Separation anxiety disorder and school phobia. In M.C. Robert & C.E. Walker (Eds.), Casebook of child and pediatric psychology (pp. 71–93). New York: Guilford Press.
Stone, L. (1979). Residential treatment. In S.I. Harrison (Ed.), Basic handbook of child psychiatry (pp. 231–262). New York: Basic Books.
Strauss, C.C., Last, C.G., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A.L. (1988) Association between anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 57–68.
Thyer, B.A., & Sowers-Hoag, K.M. (1988) Behavior therapy for separation anxiety disorder. Behavior Modification, 12, 205–233.
Van der Plog, H.M. (1975) Treatment of frequency of urination by stories competing with anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 165–166.
Waldron, S., Shrier, D.K., Stone, B., & Tobin, S. (1975) School phobia and other childhood neuroses: A systematic study of children and their families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 802–808.
Weinstein, S.R., Stone, K., Noam, G.G., Grimes, K., & Schwab-Stone, M. (1989) Comparison of DISC with clinicians’ DSM-III diagnoses in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 53–60.
Werry, J.S., Methven, R.J., Fitzpatrick, J., & Dixon, H. (1983) The interrater reliability of DSM-III in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 341–354.
Werry, J.S., Elkind, G.S., & Reeves, J.C. (1987a) Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional, and anxiety disorders in children: 1. A review of the research on differentiating characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 26, 133–143.
Werry, J.S., Elkind, G.S., & Reeves, J.C. (1987b) Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional, and anxiety disorders in children: 3. Laboratory differences. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 409–428.
Wilson, G.T., & O’Leary, K.D. (1980). Principles of behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Farris, A.M., Jouriles, E.N. (1993). Separation Anxiety Disorder. In: Bellack, A.S., Hersen, M. (eds) Handbook of Behavior Therapy in the Psychiatric Setting. Critical Issues in Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2430-8_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2430-8_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2432-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2430-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive