Abstract
Escherichia coli, in particular E. coli K-12, and the bacteriophages that multiply in E. coli became the principal model organisms of molecular biology. Since the genetic material can be exchanged easily by conjugation or introduced by phage infection, a great deal of basic knowledge on the nature and organization of genes and their regulation and expression, and about metabolic pathways in the cytoplasm and in membranes was gained and is still obtained with this organism. It was certainly wise to concentrate on one system to unravel basic features of life on the level of single cells. The theories developed led also to fruitful concepts for eukaryotes. However, the world of microbiology does not consist solely of E. coli K-12. A wealth of properties expressed by various bacteria is not contained in E. coli. But even when we only consider E. coli there are many features that cannot be studied with the K-12 strain. The K-12 strain was isolated in 1922 and has been kept in the laboratory since then. During these six decades it has lost properties that were once essential for survival in the natural habitat. E. coli is usually a harmless inhabitant of the gut but some strains cause diarrhea, some are invasive and lead to enterocolitis, certain strains distribute in the urinary tract or the kidney, or appear in the blood and elicit severe septicemia, others invade the brain and cause meningitis. Investigations aimed at unraveling the pathogenic properties of E. coli defined up to now 164 O (lipopolysaccharide), 103 K (capsular), and 56 H (flagellai) antigens. All these different antigens are exposed at the cell surface. Therefore, E. coli is a very complex species with regard to its contact with the surroundings. The antigen armory enables the organism to adhere to certain tissues and to avoid cellular and humoral defense reactions of the host. In contrast to the situation in molecular biology where insights obtained with one organism apply in principle to most organisms, ecological parameters are tailored to a single organism in a certain environment. The question of why an E. coli strain lives in a certain environment is not only of medical but also of immense biological interest. For example, studies on resistance to antibiotics opened the field to what we now call gene technology (Cohen, 1976). Recombinant DNA techniques are presently being applied to separate the various virulence factors that contribute to an infectious disease, to study them separately, and then to put them together again in various combinations with the aim of understanding the causes of a disease.
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Braun, V., Fischer, E., Hantke, K., Heller, K., Rotering, H. (1985). Functional Aspects of Gram-Negative Cell Surfaces. In: Roodyn, D.B. (eds) Subcellular Biochemistry. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1698-3_3
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