Abstract
Phytoliths, microscopic mineral deposits in plants, have the potential for encoding significant archaeological and paleoenvironmental information. Although common throughout the plant kingdom and preserved under varied environmental conditions, only recently have phytoliths been examined in the systematic manner that yields data useful for interpretation. The most crucial area remains systematics—the description of shape and distribution data within the plant kingdom. Calcium phytoliths have been observed from the beginnings of microscopy, yet crystal and amorphous shapes are still described only in the most general of terms. Opal phytoliths have received much recent attention, but many plant taxa are yet to be carefully examined. A wide variety of approaches has been taken towards phytolith classification, often based on specific applications of the data. This volume presents some of the current research on various topics within phytolith systematics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrejko, MJ, Cohen, AD and Raymond, R, Jr 1983 Origin of mineral matter in peat. In Raymond, R, Jr and Andrejko, MJ, eds, Mineral Matter in Peat. Los Alamos, New Mexico, Los Alamos National Laboratory: 3–24.
Arnott, HJ 1976 Calcification in higher plants. In Watabe, N and Wilbur, KM, eds, The Mechanisms of Mineralization in the Invertebrates and Plants. Columbia, South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press: 55–78.
Baker, G 1959a Fossil opal-phytoliths and phytolith nomenclature. Australian Journal of Science 21: 305–306.
Baker, G 1959b Opal phytoliths in some Victorian soils and “red rain” residues. Australian Journal of Botany 7: 64–87.
Baker, G 1960 Phytolitharien. Australian Journal of Science 22: 392–393.
Bartoli, F and Wilding, LP 1980 Dissolution of biogenic opal as a function of its physical and chemical properties. Soil Science Society of America, Journal 44: 873–878.
Brown, DA 1984 Prospects and limits of a phytolith key for grasses in the central United States. Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 345–368.
Bryant, VM, Jr 1974 The role of coprolite analysis in archaeology. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 45: 1–28.
Brydon, JE, Dore, WG and Clark, JS 1963 Silicified plant asterosclerids preserved in soil. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 27: 476–477.
Bukry, D 1979 Comments on opal phytoliths and stratigraphy of Neogene silico-flagellates and coccoliths at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 397 off northwest Africa. In Shamback, JD, ed, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 49: 977–1009. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office.
Bukry, D 1987 North Atlantic Quaternary silicoflagellates, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94. In Orlfsky, S, ed, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 94(2): 779–783. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office.
Carbone, VA (ms) 1977 Environment and prehistory in the Shenandoah Valley. PhD dissertation, The Catholic University of America: 227 p.
Chattaway, MM 1953 The occurrence of heartwood crystals in certain timbers. Australian Journal of Botany 1: 27–38.
Chattaway, MM 1955 Crystals in woody tissues: Part I. Tropical Woods 102: 55–74.
Chattaway, MM 1956 Crystals in woody tissues: Part II. Tropical Woods 104: 100–124.
Cummings, L Scott (ms) 1989 Coprolites from medieval Christian Nubia: An interpretation of diet and nutritional stress. PhD dissertation, University of Colorado: 204 p.
Dimbleby, GW 1978 Plants and Archaeology. Atlantic Heights, New Jersey, Humanities Press, Inc: 190 p.
Dormaar, JF and Lutwick, LE 1969 Infrared spectra of humic acids and opal phytoliths as indicators of paleosols. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 49: 29–37.
Dumitrica, P 1973 Phytolitharia. In Kaneps, AG, ed, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 13(2): 940–943. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office.
Ehrenberg, CG 1854 Mikrogeologie, 2 volumes. Leipzig, Leopold Voss: 374 p.
Folger, DW, Burckle, LH and Heezen, BC 1967 Opal phytoliths in a North Atlantic dust fall. Science 155: 1243–1244.
Franceschi, VR and Horner, HT, Jr 1980 Calcium oxalate crystals in plants. Botanical Review 46: 361–427.
Fredlund, GG, Johnson, WC and Dort, W, Jr 1985 A preliminary analysis of opal phytoliths from the Eustis Ash Pit, Frontier County, Nebraska. Institute for Tertiary-Quaternary Studies, TER-QUA Symposium Series 1: 147–162.
Fujiwara, H, Jones, R and Brockwell, S 1985 Plant opals (phytoliths) in Kakadu archaeological sites: A preliminary report. In Jones, R, ed, Archaeological Research in Kakadu National Park. Australian National Parks and Wildlife, Special Publication 13, Canberra, Australian National University: 155–164.
Gross, ER (ms) 1973 Buried soils of the drainageways in the driftless area of the upper Mississippi Valley. PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota: 195 p.
Haberlandt, G 1914 Physiological Plant Anatomy. London, Macmillan and Co: 777 p.
Hayward, DM and Parry, DW 1980 Scanning electron microscopy of silica deposits in the culms, floral bracts, and awns of barley (Hordeum sativum Jess.). Annals of Botany 46: 541–548.
Helbaek, H 1961 Studying the diet of ancient man. Archaeology 14: 95–101.
Iler, RK 1979 The Chemistry of Silica. New York, John Wiley & Sons: 866 p.
Jones, LHP and Handrek, KA 1967 Silica in soils, plants, and animals. Advances in Agronomy 19: 107–149.
Jones, RL 1964 Note on occurrence of opal phytoliths in some Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. Journal of Paleontology 38: 773–775.
Jones, RL and Beavers, AH 1964 Variation of opal phytolith content among some great soil groups in Illinois. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 28: 711–712.
Jones, RL and Hay, WW 1975 Bioliths. In Giesking, JE, ed, Soil Components. II. New York, Springer-Verlag: 481–496.
Kaufman, PB, Dayanandan, P, Takeoka, Y, Bigelow, WC, Jones, JD and Iler, R 1981 Silica in shoots of higher plants. In Simpson, TL and Volcani, BE, eds, Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems. New York, Springer-Verlag: 409–449.
Lanning, FC 1961 Calcite in Lesquerella ovalifolia trichomes. Science 133: 380.
Lewis, RO 1981 Use of opal phytoliths in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Journal of Ethnobiology 1: 175–181.
Locker, S and Martini, E 1986 Phytoliths from the southwest Pacific, site 591. In Blakeslee, JH, ed, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90(2): 1079–1084. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office.
MacDonald, LL (ms) 1974 Opal phytoliths as indicators of plant succession in North-Central Wyoming. MS thesis, University of Wyoming: 71 p.
McNair, JB 1932 The interrelation between substances in plants: Essential oils and resins, cyanogen and oxalate. American Journal of Botany 19: 255–271.
Melia, MB 1984 The distribution and relationships between palynomorphs in aerosols and deep-sea sediments off the coast of northwest Africa. Marine Geology 58: 345–371.
Metcalfe, CR 1960 Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. I. Gramineae. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 731 p.
Metcalfe, CR 1971 Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. II. Cyperaceae. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 597 p.
Mulholland, SC 1989 Phytolith shape frequencies in North Dakota grasses: A comparison to general patterns. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 489–511.
Netolitzky, F 1929 Die kieselkorper. In Linsbauer, K, ed, Hanbuch der Pflanzenanatomie 3(1a): 1–19. Berlin, Gebruder Borntraeger.
Norgren, JA (ms) 1973 Distribution, form and significance of plant opal in Oregon soils. PhD dissertation, Oregon State University: 165 p.
Ollendorf, AL, Mulholland, SC and Rapp, G, Jr 1987 Phytoliths from some Israeli sedges. Israel Journal of Botany 36: 125–132.
Pearsall, DM 1978 Phytolith analysis of archaeological soils: Evidence for maize cultivation in Formative Ecuador. Science 199: 177–178.
—(ms) 1979 The application of ethnobotanical techniques to the problem of subsistence in the Ecuadorian Formative. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois: 267 p.
Pearsall, DM and Trimble, MK 1984 Identifying past agricultural activity through soil phytolith analysis: A case study from the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 119–133.
Piperno, DR 1984 A comparison and differentiation of phytoliths from maize and wild grasses: Use of morphological criteria. American Antiquity 49: 361–383.
Piperno, DR 1985a Phytolith analysis and tropical paleo-ecology: Production and taxonomic significance of siliceous forms in New World plant domesticates and wild species. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 45: 185–228.
Piperno, DR 1985b Phytolith analysis of geological sediments from Panama. Antiquity 59: 13–19.
Piperno, DR 1988 Phytolith Analysis: An Archaeological and Geological Perspective. New York, Academic Press: 280 p.
Prat, H 1936 La systematique des Graminees. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Series 10, 18: 165–258.
Rosen, AM 1987 Phytolith studies at Shiqmim. In Levy, TE, ed, Shiqmim I: Studies concerning Chalcolithic societies in the Northern Negev Desert, Israel (1982–1984), British Archaeological Reports International Series 356: 243-249.
Rovner, I 1971 Potential of opal phytoliths for use in paleoecological reconstruction. Quaternary Research 1: 343–359.
—(ms) 1983a Multi-disciplinary sense and nonsense: Is a science of phytoliths really necessary? Paper presented at the 149th AAAS Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan.
Rovner, I 1983b Plant opal phytolith analysis: Major advances in archaeobotanical research. In Schiffer, M, ed, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 6: 225–266. New York, Academic Press.
Rovner, I 1988 Macro-and micro-ecological reconstruction using plant opal phytolith data from archaeological sediments. Geoarchaeology 3: 155–163.
Russ, JC and Rovner, I 1989 Stereological identification of opal phytolith populations from wild and cultivated Zea. American Antiquity 54: 784–792.
Sangster, AG and Parry, DW 1981 Ultrastructure of silica deposits in higher plants. In Simpson, TL and Volcani, BE, eds, Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems. New York, Springer-Verlag: 383–407.
Scurfield, G, Michell, AJ and Silva, SR 1973 Crystals in woody stems. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London 66: 277–289.
Simkiss, K and Wilbur, KM 1989 Plant mineralization—Ions, silicification, and the transpiration stream. In Simkiss, K and Wilbur, KM, Biomineralization: Cell Biology and Mineral Deposition. New York, Academic Press: 106–130.
Smithson, F 1958 Grass opal in British soils. Journal of Soil Science 9: 148–155.
Terrell, EE and Wergen, WP 1981 Epidermal features and silica deposition in lemmas and awns of Zizania (Gramineae). American Journal of Botany 68: 697–707.
Tomlinson, PB 1969 Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. II. Palmae. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 453 p.
Turner, BL, II and Harrison, PD 1981 Prehistoric raised-field agriculture in the Maya lowlands. Science 213: 399–405.
Twiss, PC, Suess, E and Smith, RM 1969 Morphological classification of grass phytoliths. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 33: 109–115.
Wilding, LP and Drees, LR 1973 Scanning electron microscopy of opaque opaline forms isolated from forest soils in Ohio. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 37: 647–650.
Wilding, LP and Drees, LR 1974 Contributions of forest opal and associated crystalline phases to fine silt and clay fractions of soils. Clays and Clay Minerals (Clay Mineral Society, Proceedings of the Conference) 22: 295–306.
Witty, JE and Knox, EG 1964 Grass opal in some chestnut and forested soils in north central Oregon. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 28: 685–688.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mulholland, S.C., Rapp, G. (1992). Phytolith Systematics: An Introduction. In: Rapp, G., Mulholland, S.C. (eds) Phytolith Systematics. Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1155-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1157-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1155-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive