Abstract
The preceding chapter summarized the physiology of the cardiovascular system and suggested avenues, especially neural and hormonal mechanisms, through which behavioral or psychological factors might influence its regulation. The focus of this chapter will be to describe methodologies for observing changes in cardiac function which are particularly suitable for behavioral studies in humans due to their low risk, noninvasiveness, and for some methodologies, their unobtrusiveness.
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Suggested Readings
Cardiac Function
Berne, R. M., & Levy, M. N. (1972). Cardiovascular physiology (pp. 178–182). St. Louis: Mosby.
Jones, N. L. (1982). Mixed venous PCO2 and the measurement of cardiac output. In Clinical exercise testing. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Lewis, R. P., Rittgers, S., Forester, W. F., & Boudoulas, H. (1977). A critical review of the systolic time intervals. Circulation, 56, 146.
Rushmer, R. F., Watson, N., Harding, D., & Baker, D. (1963). Effects of acute coronary occlusion upon the performance of right and left ventricles in intact unanesthetized dogs. American Heart Journal, 66, 522.
Sagawa, K., Sanagawa, K., & Naughan, W. L. (1985). Ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relations. In H. J. Levine & W. H. Gaasch (Eds.), The ventricle: Basic and clinical aspects. The Hague: Nijhoff.
Wilson, M. F., Sung, B. H., Thadani, U., Brackett, D. J., & Burow, R. D. (1985). Efficacy of myocardial contractility index to discriminate coronary disease. Circulation, 72, III103.
Electrocardiography
Goldberger, A. L., & Goldberger, E. (1981). Clinical electrocardiography: A simplified approach (2nd ed., pp. 3–34). St. Louis: Mosby.
Goldberger, E. (1953). Unipolar lead electrocardiography. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Manion, C. V., Whitsett, T. L., & Wilson, M. F. (1980). Applicability of correcting the QT interval for heart rate. American Heart Journal, 99, 678.
Rushmer, R. F. & Guntheroth, W. G. (1976). Electrical activity of the heart. In R. F. Rushmer (Ed.), Cardiovascular dynamics (4th ed., pp. 281–350). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Wilson, F. N., Johnston, F. D., Rosenbaum, F. F., Erlanger, H., Kossmann, C. E., Hecht, H., Cotrim, N., De Oliveira, R. M., Scarsi, R., & Barker, P. S. (1944). The precordial electrocardiogram. American Heart Journal, 27, 19.
Echocardiography
Baker, D. W., Rubenstein, S. A., & Lorch, G. S. (1977). Pulsed Doppler echocardiography: Principles and applications. American Journal of Medicine, 63, 69.
Cohn, P. F., & Wynne, J. (1982). Diagnostic methods in clinical cardiology. Boston: Little, Brown.
Feigenbaum, H. (1976). Echocardiography (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Hatle, L., & Angelsen, B. (1985). Doppler ultrasound in cardiology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
Kisslo, J., Adams, D., & Mark, D. B. (1986). Basic Doppler echocardiography. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Rushmer, R. F., Baker, D. W., Johnson, W. L., & Strandness, D. E. (1967). Clinical applications of a transcutaneous ultrasonic flow detector. Journal of the American Medical Association, 199, 104.
Teague, S. M. (1986). Measurement of ventricular function using Doppler ultrasound. In J. Kisslo, D. Adams, & D. B. Mark (Eds.), Basic Doppler echocardiography (pp. 147–157). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
White, D. N. (1982). Johann Christian Doppler and his effect: A brief history. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 8, 583.
Nuclear Cardiac Imaging
Borer, J. S., Bacharach, S. L., Green, M. V., Kent, K. M., Epstein, S. E., Johnston, G. S., & Mack, B. (1977). Realtime radionuclide cineangiography in the noninvasive evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 296, 840.
Iskandrian, A. S. (1987). Nuclear cardiac imaging: Principles and applications. Philadelphia: Davis.
Pitt, B., & Strauss, H. W. (1977). Evaluation of ventricular function by radioisotopic techniques. New England Journal of Medicine, 296, 1097.
Sung, B. H., Wilson, M. F., Robinson, C., Thadani, U., Lovallo, W. R. (1988). Mechanisms of myocardial ischemia induced by epinephine: Comparison with exercise-induced ischemia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 381–393.
Wilson, M. F., Burow, R. d., Brackett, D. J., Sung, B. H., Thadani, U., & Schechter, E. (1982). Quantitative cardiac blood pool scintigraphic evaluation of responses to epinephrine infusion and exercise in normals and coronary disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 49, 992.
Impedance Cardiography
Lamberts, R., Visser, K. R., & Zijlstra, W. G. (1984). Impedance cardiography. Assen. The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
McKinney, M. E., Buell, J. C., & Eliot, R. S. (1984). Sex differences in transthoracic impedance: Evaluation of effects on calculated stroke volume index. Aviation, space, and Environmental Medicine, 55, 893–895.
Miller, J. C., & Horvath, S. M. (1978). Impedance cardiography. Psychophysiology, 15, 80.
Nijboer, J. (1970). Electrical impedance plethysmography (2nd ed.). Springfield, IL: Thomas.
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Wilson, M.F., Lovallo, W.R., Pincomb, G.A. (1989). Noninvasive Measurement of Cardiac Functions. In: Schneiderman, N., Weiss, S.M., Kaufmann, P.G. (eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Cardiovascular Behavioral Medicine. The Springer Series in Behavioral Psychophysiology and Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0906-0_2
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