Abstract
Mountain birch, Betula pubescens Ehrhart ssp. tortuosa (Ledebour) Nyman, forests form the tree line in northwestern Europe and are periodically defoliated by the autumnal moth, Epirrita = Oporinia autumnata (Borkhausen). This chapter analyzes the population dynamics of Epirrita, but many of our conclusions may apply to other defoliators, such as Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus), O. fagata (Scharfenberg), O. bruceata (Hu1st), and Erannis defoliaria (Clerck), which often exhibit synchronous fluctuations in the same or adjacent areas.38,62
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersson, G., and Jonasson, J. A., 1980, Relative abundance of insects on mountain birch at Ammarnäs, Swedish Lapland, Entomol. Tidskr. 1019: 61–69 (in Swedish with English summary).
Anderson, R. M., and May, R. M., 1980, Infectious diseases and population cycles of forest insects, Science 210: 658–661.
Angelstam, P., Lindström, E., and Widen, P., 1984, Role of predation in short-term population fluctuations of some birds and mammals in Fennoscandia, Oecologia (Berl.) 62: 199–208.
Arheimer, O., 1978, Choise of food and rate of feeding young in the Redwing Turdus iliacus in a subalpine birch forest at Ammarnäs in Swedish Lapland, Anser Suppl. 3:31–46 (in Swedish with English summary).
Berryman, A. A., 1978, Population cycles of the Douglas-fir tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): The time-delay hypothesis, Can. Entomol. 110: 513–518.
Berryman, A. A., 1980, Site characteristics and population dynamics: A theoretical perspective, in: Site Characteristics and Population Dynamics of Lepidopteran and Hymenopteran Forest Pests (D. Bevan and J. T. Stoaldey, eds. ), Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper 135.
Biais, J. R., 1958, The vulnerability of balsam fir to spruce budworm attack in northwestern Ontario, with special reference to the physiological age of the tree, For. Chron. 34: 405–422.
Enemar, A., and Nyström, B., 1981, Om grâsiskans Craduelis flammea bestondsväxlingar, föda ock häcking i fjällbjörkskog, södra Lappland, Var Fagelvärd 40: 409–426.
Enemar, A., Nilsson, L., and Sjöstrand, B., 1984, The composition and dynamics of the passerine bird community in a subalpine birch forest, Swedish Lapland, A 20-year study, Ann. Zool. Fenn. 21: 321–338.
Entwistle, P. F., Adams, P. H. W., and Evans, H. F., 1978, Epizootiology of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in European spruce sawfly (Gilpinia hercyniae): The rate of passage of infective virus through the gut of birds during cage tests, J. Invert. Pathol. 31: 307–312.
Hanski, I., and Otronen, M., 1985, Food quality induced variance in larval performance: comparison between rare and common pine-feeding sawflies (Diprionidae), Oikos 44: 165–174.
Hansson, L., 1969, Spring populations of small mammals in central Swedish Lapland in 1968–1968, Oikos 20: 431–450.
Hansson, L., 1984, Predation as the factor causing extended low densities in microtine cycles, Oikos 43: 255–256.
Haukioja, E., 1980, On the role of plant defences in the fluctuation of herbivore populations, Oikos 35: 202–289.
Haukioja, E., 1982, Inducible defences of white birch to a geometrid defoliator, Epirrita autumnata, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Insect—Plant Relationships ( J. H. Visser and A. K. Minks, eds.), pp. 199–203, Pudoc, Wageningen.
Haukioja, E., and Hanhimäki, S., 1985, Rapid wound-induced resistance in white birch (Betula pubescens) foliage to the geometrid Epirrita autumnata: A comparison of trees and moths within and outside the outbreak range of the moth, Oecologia (Berl.) 65: 223–228.
Haukioja, E., and Neuvonen, S., 1985, Induced long-term resistance of birch foliage against defoliators: Defensive or incidental?, Ecology 66: 1303–1308.
Haukioja, E., and Neuvonen, S., 1985, The relationship between male size and reproductive potential in Epirrita autumnata (Lep., Geometridae), Ecol. Entomol. 10: 267–270.
Haukioja, E., and Neuvonen, S., 1986, Insect population dynamics and induction of plant resistance: The testing of hypotheses, in: Insect Outbreaks ( P. Barbosa and J. Schultz, eds.), Academic, Orlando, Florida.
Haukioja, E., and Niemelä, P., 1974, Growth and energy requirements of the larvae of Dineura virididorsata (Retz.) (Hym., Tenthredinidae) and Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) (Lep., Geometridae) feeding on birch, Ann. Zool. Fenn. 11: 207–211.
Haukioja, E., and Niemelä, P., 1977, Retarded growth of a geometrid larva after mechanical damage to leaves of its host tree, Ann. Zool. Fenn. 14: 48–52.
Haukioja, E., and Niemelä, P., Iso-Iivari, L., Ojala, H., and Aro, E-M., 1978, Birch leaves as a resource for herbivores. I. Variation in the suitability of leaves, Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 14: 5–12.
Haukioja, E., Niemelä, P., and Kapiainen, K., 1983, Herbivory and tree-line birches, in: Tree-Line Ecology. Proceedings of the Northern Quebec Tree-Line Conference ( P. Morisset and S. Payette, eds.), pp. 153–158, Centre d’études nordicues, Université Laval, Quebec.
Haukioja, E., Niemelä, P., and Siren, S., 1985, Foliage phenols and nitrogen in relation to growth, insect damage, and ability to recover after defoliation, in mountain birch Betula pubescens ssp tortuosa, Oecologia (Berl.) 65: 214–222.
Haukioja, E., Suomela, J., and Neuvonen, S., 1985, Long-term inducible resistance in birch foliage: Triggering cues and efficacy on a defoliator, Oecologia (Berl.) 65: 363–369.
Henttonen, H., 1985, Predation causing extended low densities in microtine cycles: Further evidence from shrew dynamics, Oikos 45: 156–157.
Hogstad, O., 1969, Breeding bird populations in two subalpine habitats in the middle of Norway during the years 1966–68, Nytt Mag. Zool. 17: 81–91.
Hogstad, 0., 1975, Interspecific relation between Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) and Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) in subalpine forests, Norw. J. Zool. 23: 223–234.
Hustich, I., 1950, Yields of cereals in Finland and the recent climatic fluctuation, Fennia 73: 1–32.
Hustich, I., 1966, On the forest-tundra at the northern tree-lines, Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 3: 7–47.
Hömfeldt, B., 1978, Synchronous population fluctuations in voles, small game, owls and Tularemia in northern Sweden. Oecologia (Berl.) 32: 141–152.
Jussila, R., and Nuorteva, P., 1968, The ichneumonid fauna in relation to an outbreak of Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) (Lep., Geometridae) on subarctic birches, Ann. Zool. Fenn, 5: 273–275.
Kaikusalo, A., and Hanski, I., 1985, Population dynamics of Sorex araneus and S. caecutiens in Finnish Lapland, Acta Zool. Fenn. 173: 283–285.
Kalela, 0., 1962, On the fluctuations in the numbers of arctic and boreal small rodents as a problem of production biology, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A4 66: 1–38.
Kallio, P., and Lehtonen, J., 1973, Birch forest damage caused by Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) in 1965–66 in Utsjoki, N Finland. Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta., 10: 55–69.
Kallio, P., and Lehtonen, J., 1975, On the ecocatastrophe of birch forests caused by Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) and the problem of reforestation, in: Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems 2, (F. E. Wielgolaski, ed.) pp. 175–180.
Kjelvik, S., and Kärenlampi, L., 1975, Plant biomass and primary production of Fennoscandian subarctic and subalpine forests and of alpine willow and heath ecosystems in: Fennoscandian Tundra Ecosystems 1, (F. E. Wielgolaski, ed. ) pp. 111–120.
Koponen, S., 1983, Phytophagous insects of birch foliage in northernmost woodlands of Europe and eastern North America, in: Tree-Line Ecology. Proceedings of the Northern Quebec Tree-Line Conference ( P. Morisset and S. Payette, eds.), pp. 165–176, Centre d’études nordicues, Université Laval, Quebec.
Kärenlampi, L., and Kauhanen, H., 1972, A direct gradient analysis of the vegetation of the surroundings of the Kevo Subarctic Station, Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 9: 82–98.
Lahti, S., Tast, J., and Uotila, H., 1976, Fluctuations in small rodent populations in the Kilpisjärvi area in 1950–75, Luonnon Tutkija 80:97–107 (in Finnish with English summary).
Laine, K., and Henttonen, H., 1983, The role of plant production in microtine cycles in northern Fennoscandia, Oikos 40: 407–418.
Laine, K., and Niemelä, P., 1980. The influence of ants on the survival of mountain birches during an Oporinia autumnata (Lep., Geometridae) outbreak, Oecologia (Berl.) 47: 39–41.
Lehtonen, J., and Yli-Rekola, M., 1979, Field and ground layer vegetation in birch forests after Oporinia damage, Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 15: 27–32.
Lennerstedt, I., 1973, Night rest during nestling period in four passerine species under subarctic summer conditions, Orris Scand. 4: 17–23.
Neuvonen, S., and Haukioja, E., 1985, How to study induced plant resistance? Oecologia (Berl.) 66: 456–457.
Niemelä, P., 1979, Topographical delimitation of Oporinia-damages: Experimental evidence of the effect of winter temperature. Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 15: 33–36.
Niemelä, P., 1980, Dependence of Oporinia autumnata (Lep., Geometridae) outbreaks on summer ternperature, Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 16: 27–30.
Niemelä, P., Tuomi, J., and Haukioja, E., 1980, Age-specific resistance in trees: Defoliation of tamaracks (Larix laricina) by larch bud moth (Zeiraphera improbana) (Lep., Tortricidae). Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Sta. 16: 49–57.
Nuorteva, P., 1963, The influence of Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) (Lep., Geometridae) on the timber-line in subarctic conditions, Ann. Ent. Fenn. 29: 270–277.
Nuorteva, P., 1971, Decline of the parasite population of the geometrid moth Oporinia autumnata during the second year after a calamity on birches, Ann. Ent. Fenn. 37: 96.
Nuorteva, P., and Jussila, R., 1967, Seasonal and zonal distribution of Ichneumonidae (Hym.) on a subarctic fell during a calamity of the geometrid moth Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) on birches, Ann. Ent. Fenn. 33: 155–163.
Nuorteva, P., and Jussila, R., 1969, Incidence of ichneumonids on a subarctic fell after a calamity of the geometrid moth Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) on birches, Ann. Ent. Fenn. 35: 153–160.
Pulliainen, E., 1976, Birch forest damage caused by Oporinia autumnata Bkh. (Lep., Geometridae) in 1965–66 in eastern Itäkaira, northeastern Lapland, Ann. Ent. Fenn. 42: 166–170.
Sandberg, G., 1963, Växtvärlden i Abisko national park, in: Natur iLappland ( K. Curry-Lindahl, ed.), pp. 885–909, Almgvist & Wiksell, Uppsala.
Schwenke, W., 1978, Die Forstschädlinge Europas. Bd. 3: Schmetterlinge, Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin.
Seppänen, E., 1970, Suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit. (The food-plants of the larvae of the Macrolepidoptera of Finland), in: Animalia Fennica 14. Werner Söderström, Porvoo-Helsinki.
Siivonen, L., 1950, Some observations on the short-term fluctuations in numbers of mammals and birds in the sphere of the northernmost Atlantic. Papers Game Res. 4: 1–31.
Silvola, T., 1967, Changes in the bird populations in Utsjoki, Finnish Lapland in 1964–1966, caused by the mass-occurrence of the caterpillar Oporinia autumnata, Orris Fenn. 44: 65–67 (in Finnish with English summary).
Siren, G., 1958, Hajapoimintoja Lapin metsien tulevaisuudesta, Terra 70: 57–73.
Tenow, 0., 1956, Fjällbjörkmätarens härjningar i abiskodalen sommaren 1955, Sveriges Natur 6: 165–173, 184–187.
Tenow, 0., 1963, Leaf-eating insects on the mountain birch at Abisko (Swedish Lapland). With notes on bionomics and parasites, Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 35: 545–567.
Tenow, 0., 1972, The outbreaks of Oporinia autumnata Bkh. and Operophthera spp. (Lep., Geometridae), in the Scandinavian mountain chain and northern Finland 1862–1968. Zool. Bidrag Uppsala. 2 (suppl.): 1–107.
Tenow, 0., 1975, Topographical dependence of an outbreak of Oporinia autumnata Bkh. (Lep., Geometridae) in a mountain birch forest in northern Sweden, Zoon 3: 85–110.
Tenow, 0. 1983, Topoclimatic limitations to the outbreaks of Epirrita (= Oporinia) autumnata (Bkh.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) near the forest limit of the mountain birch in Fennoscandia, in: Tree-Line Ecology. Proceedings of the Northern Quebec Tree-Line Conference. ( P. Morisset and S. Payette, eds.), pp. 159–164, Centre d’études nordicues, Université Laval, Quebec.
Wallner, W. E., 1983, Gypsy moth host interactions: A concept of room and board, in: Proc. Forest Defoliator—Host Interactions: A Comparison between Gypsy Moth and Spruce Budworms pp. 5–8, USDA Forest Service Northeastern Station, Gen. Tech. Report NE-85.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haukioja, E., Neuvonen, S., Hanhimäki, S., Niemelä, P. (1988). The Autumnal Moth in Fennoscandia. In: Berryman, A.A. (eds) Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Population Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0791-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0789-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive