Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Interaction of Nest Predation and Food Limitation in Reproductive Strategies

  • Chapter
Current Ornithology

Part of the book series: Current Ornithology ((CUOR,volume 9))

Abstract

Heritable reproductive strategies that yield the greatest lifetime production of surviving offspring are favored by natural selection. I consider a reproductive strategy to be the complement of behaviors and traits associated with reproduction that influence lifetime reproductive success. Trade-offs among standard life history traits (e.g., clutch size, growth rate, juvenile and adult mortality) influence success of reproductive strategies (see reviews by Stearns, 1976; Martin, 1987). In addition, energy allocation between reproduction and other activities can influence expression of traits such as clutch size (Cody 1966). However, for organisms that care for their young, success of traits is also strongly affected by the amount of energy and time allocated to care of young by parents (Trivers, 1972, 1974; Low, 1978; Clutton-Brock, 1984). In other words, allocation of energy and time among different activities within reproduction can be as important as allocation between reproduction and other activities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andersson, M., Wiklund, C. G., and Rundgren, H., 1980, Parental defense of offspring: A model and an example, Anim. Behav. 28:536–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arcese, P., and Smith, J. N. M., 1988, Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in Song Sparrows, J. Anim. Ecol. 57:119–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashkenazie, S., and Safriel, U. N., 1979, Time-energy budget of the semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla at Barrow, Alaska, Ecology 60:793–799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austad, S. N., and Rabenold, K. N., 1985, Reproductive enhancement by helpers and an experimental inquiry into its mechanism in the Bicolored Wren, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 17:19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bain, M. B., and Helfrich, L. A., 1983, Role of male parental care in survival of larval bluegills, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112:47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barash, D. P., 1975, Evolutionary aspects of parental behavior: Distraction behavior of the alpine accentor, Wilson Bull. 87:367–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belles-Isles, J. C., and Picman, J., 1986, Nesting losses and nest site preferences in House Wrens, Condor 88:483–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Best, L. B., 1978, Field Sparrow reproductive success and nesting ecology, Auk 95:9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Best, L. B., and Stauffer, D. F., 1980, Factors affecting nesting success in riparian bird communities, Condor 82:149–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedenweg, D. W., 1983, Time and energy budgets of the Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) during the breeding season, Auk 100:149–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biermann, G. C., and Robertson, R. J., 1981, An increase in parental investment during the breeding season, Anim. Behav. 29:487–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blancher, P. J., and Robertson, R. J., 1982, Kingbird aggression: Does it deter predation? Anim. Behav. 30:929–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, L. S., 1979, Male aprental care in the bony fishes, Q. Rev. Biol. 54:149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brawn, J. D., and Balda, R. P., 1988, Population biology of cavity nesters in northern Arizona: Do nest sites limit breeding densities? Condor 90:61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitwisch, R., 1988, Sex differences in defense of eggs and nestlings by Northern Mockingbirds Mimus polyglottus, Anim. Behav. 36:62–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitwisch, R., Gottlieb, N., and Zaias J., 1989, Behavioral differences in nest visits between male and female Northern Mockingbirds, Auk 106:659–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buitron, D., 1983, Variability in the responses of Black-billed Magpies to natural predators, Behaviour 88:209–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulmer, M. G., 1984, Risk avoidance and nesting strategies, J. Theor. Biol. 106:529–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrkjedal, I., 1987, Antipredator behavior and breeding success in Greater Golden-Plover and Eurasian Dotterel, Condor 89:40–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrkjedal, I., 1989a, Time constraints and vigilance: breeding season diet of the Dotterel (Charadrius morinellus, J. Ornithol. 130:293–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrkjedal, I., 1989b, Nest defense behavior of Lesser Golden-Plovers, Wilson Bull. 101:579–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Case, T. J., 1978, On the evolution and adaptive significance of postnatal growth rates in the terrestrial vertebrates, Q. Rev. Biol. 53:243–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov, E. L., and Krebs, J. R., 1974, On clutch size and fitness, Ibis 116:217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T. H., 1984, Reproductive effort and terminal investment in iteroparous animals, Am. Nat. 123:212–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cody, M. L., 1966, A general theory of clutch size, Evolution 20:174–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colgan, P. W., and Brown, J. A., 1988, Dynamics of nest defense by male centrarchid fish, Behav. Proc. 17:17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collias, N. E., and Collias, E. C., 1971, Ecology and behaviour of the spotted-backed weaverbird in the Kruger National Park, Koedoe 14:1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curio, E., 1975, The functional organization of antipredator behavior in the Pied Flycatcher. A study of avian visual perception, Anim. Behav. 23:1–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curio, E., 1987, Brood defense in the Great Tit: The influence of age, number and quality of young, Ardea 75:35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, J., 1990, Females choose vigilant males: An experiment with the monogamous Grey Partridge, Perdix perdix, Anim. Behav. 39:646–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, E., 1977, Predation by weasels (Mustela nivalis) on breeding tits (Parus spp.) in relation to the density of tits and rodents, J. Anim. Ecol. 46:633–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyrcz, A., 1983, Breeding ecology of the clay-colored robin Turdus grayi in lowland Panama, Ibis 125:287–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • East, M., 1981, Alarm calling and parental investment in the robin Erithacus rubecula, Ibis 123:223–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, M. O. G., and Gotmark, F., 1982, Habitat selection: Do passerines nest in association with Lapwings Vanellus vanellus as defense against predators? Ornis Scand. 13:189–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikstad, K. E., Blom, R., and Myrberget, S., 1982, Territorial hooded crows as predators on willow ptarmigan nests, J. Wildl. Manage. 46:109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger, A. O., and King, J. R., 1980, Time and energy budgets of the Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) during the breeding season, Auk 97:533–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, D. M., 1984, Parental expenditure of time and energy in the Abert’s Towhee (Pipilo aberti), Auk 101:473–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, D. M., 1989, Relationships of surrounding riparian habitat to nest-box use and reproductive outcome in House Wrens, Condor 91:848–859.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, D. H., 1981a, Factors affecting the reproductive success of the northern Mockingbird in south Texas, Southwest, Nature 26:289–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, D. H., 1981b, Breeding biology of Curve-billed Thrashers and Long-tailed Thrashers in southern Texas, Condor 82:392–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogden, M. P. L., 1972, The seasonality and population dynamics of equatorial forest birds in Sarawak, Ibis 114:307–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S. A., and Ploch, S., 1990, Determinants of variation in antipredator behavior of territorial male threespine stickleback in the wild, Ethology 84:281–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freed, L. A., 1981, Breeding Biology of House Wrens: New Views of Avian Life History Phenomena, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freed, L. A., 1987, The long-term pair bond of tropical house wrens: Advantage or constraint? Am. Nat. 130:507–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geer, T. A., 1978, Effects of nesting Sparrowhawks on nesting tits, Condor 80:419–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geer, T. A., 1982, The selection of the tits Parus spp. by sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus, Ibis 124:159–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goransson, G., Karlsson, J., Nilsson, S. G., and Ulfstrand, S., 1975, Predation on birds’ nests in relation to antipredator aggression and nest density: An experimental study, Oikos 26:117–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotmark, F., and Andersson, M., 1984, Colonial breeding reduces nest predation in the common gull (Larus canus), Anim. Behav. 32:485–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, B. M., 1979, Anti-predator aggression in birds nesting in old field habitats: An experimental analysis, Condor 81:251–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, B. M., Andrews, K., and Haug, M., 1985, Breeding robins and nest predators: Effect of predator type and defense strategy on initial vocalization patterns, Wilson Bull. 97:183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig-Smith, P. W., 1980, Parental investment in nest defense by Stonechats (Saxicola torquata), Anim. Behav. 28:604–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M. R., and MacMillian, M. A., 1981, Predation and the evolution of colonial nesting in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochiru), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8:163–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, V., 1985, Colonial and single breeding in fieldfares, Turdus pilaris L.: A comparison of nesting success in early and late broods, Behav. Ecol. Sociohiol. 16:119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadow, H. H., 1976, Growth and development of nestling Downy Woodpeckers, N. Am. Bird Bander 1:155–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannon, S. J., 1984, Factors limiting polygyny in the Willow Ptarmigan, Anim. Behav. 32:153–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. H., and Greenwood, P. H., 1978, Antipredator defense strategies: Some evolutionary problems, in: Behavioral Ecology (J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds.), Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 129–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, P. A., and Robertson, R. J., 1989, The impact of male parental care on female Eastern Kingbird reproductive success, Wilson Bull. 101:462–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hegner, R. E., and Wingfield, J. C., 1987, Effects of brood-size manipulations on parental investment, breeding success, and reproductive endocrinology of House Sparrows, Auk 104:470–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. A., 1984, Factors affecting nest success in the Mallard and Tufted Duck, Ornis Scand. 15:115–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogstedt, G., 1980a, Evolution of clutch size in birds: Adaptive variation in relation to territory quality, Science 210:1148–1150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogstedt, G., 1980b, Prediction and test of the effects of inter-specific competition, Nature 283:64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogstedt, G., 1981a, Effect of additional food on reproductive success in the Magpie ica pica), J. Anim. Ecol. 50:219–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogstedt, G., 1981b, Should there be a positive or negative correlation between survival of adults in a bird population and their clutch size? Am. Nat. 118:568–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, H. F., 1978, Initial investment, clutch size, and brook reduction in the Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula L.), Ecology 59:1109–1122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussell, D. J. T., 1972, Factors affecting clutch size in arctic passerines, Ecol. Monogr. 42:317–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. A., 1977, How to determine the status of a woodpecker nest, Living Bird 15:205–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalina, J., 1989, Nest intruders, nest defence and foraging behavior in the Black-and-White Casqued Hornbill Bycanistes suhcylindricus, Ibis 131:567–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilham, L., 1960, Reproductive behavior of Hairy Woodpecker. II. Nesting and Habitat, Wilson Bull. 80:286–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilham, L., 1979, Courtship and the pair bond of Pileated Woodpeckers, Auk 96:587–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klomp, H., 1970, A determination of clutch-size in birds. A review, Ardea 58:1–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. L., and Temple, S. A., 1986a, Nest defense in the American Goldfinch, Anim. Behav. 34:887–897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. L., and Temple, S. A., 1986b, Why does intensity of avian nest defense increase during the nesting cycle? Auk 103:318–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. L., and Temple, S. A., 1988, Nest-defense behavior in the Red-winged Blackbird, Condor 90:193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. L., Kim, S., and Temple, S. A., 1985, Predation of Red-winged Blackbird nests by mink, Condor 87:304–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, J. R., 1970, Regulation of numbers in the great tit (Aves: Passeriformes), J. Zool. 162:317–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruuk, H., 1964, Predators and anti-predator behavior of the black-headed gull, Behaviour (Suppl.) 11:1–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lack, D., 1948, The significance of clutch size. Part 3, Ibis 90:25–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lack, D., 1954, The National Regulation of Animal Numbers, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lack, D., 1968, Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds, Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, R., 1979, Optimal life histories under age-specific predation, Am. Nat. 114:399–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, L. De K., 1966, A comparative life-history of four species of woodpecker, Ornithol. Monogr. 5:1–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, J., and Inglis, I. R., 1978, The breeding behavior of the Pink-footed Goose: Parental care and vigilant behavior during the fledging period. Behaviour 65:62–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, P., and Martin, T. E., 1991, Nest site selection and nesting success of cavity-nesting birds in high elevation snow-melt forests, Auk 108:405–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima, S. L., 1987, Clutch size in birds: A predation perspective, Ecology 68:1062–1070.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M., 1988, Reproductive trade-off between first and second clutches in the Great Tit Parus major: An experimental study, Oikos 51:285–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, M., and Møller, A. P., 1989, Cost of reproduction and covariation of life history traits in birds, Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:367–371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loiselle, B. A., and Hoppes, W. G., 1983, Nest predation in insular and mainland lowland rainforest in Panama, Condor 85:93–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loman, J., 1980, Brood size optimization and adaptation among Hooded Crows Corvus corone, Ibis 122:494–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, B. S., 1978, Environmental uncertainty and the parental strategies of marsupials and placentals, Am. Nat. 112:197–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, I. G., Smith, J. N. M., and Stewart, K. G., 1986, Mobbing behavior, nest exposure, and breeding success in the American Robin, Behaviour 96:171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, K., 1984, Reproductive defence priorities of male Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus): Enhancing mate survival or extending parternity options? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 16:57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1986, Competition in breeding birds: On the importance of considering processes at the level of the individual, Curr. Ornithol. 4:181–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1987, Food as a limit on breeding birds: A life-history perspective, Annu. Bev. Ecol. Syst. 18:453–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1988a, Processes organizing open-nesting bird assemblages: Competition or nest predation? Evol. Ecol. 2:37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1988b, Area and habitat effects on structure of forest bird assemblages: Is nest predation an underlying influence? Ecology 69:74–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1988c, On the advantage of being different: Nest predation and the coexistence of bird species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2196–2199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1988d, Nest placement: Implications for selected life history traits, with special reference to clutch size, Am. Nat. 132:900–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1991, Breeding productivity considerations: What are the appropriate habitat features for management? in: Hagan, J. M., and Johnston, D. W. (eds)., Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrants, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., 1992, Nest predation, nest sites, and birds: New perspectives on old patterns, Bioscience, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, T. E., and Li, P., 1992, Life-history traits of open-versus cavity-nesting birds, Ecology, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, S., 1982, Nest defense and central place foraging: A model and experiment, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol 10:85–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, S., 1983, Foraging patterns of nesting Gila Woodpeckers, Ecology 64:888–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marzluff, J. M., 1985, Behavior at a Pinyon Jay nest in response to predation, Condor 87:559–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomerie, R. D., and Weatherhead, P. J., 1988, Risks and rewards of nest defense by parent birds, Q. Rev. Biol. 63:167–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mora, G., 1990, Parental care in a neotropical harvestman, Zygopachylus albomarginis (Arachnida, Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), Anim. Behav. 39:582–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, D. H., 1987, Attendance patterns, prey capture, changes in mass, and survival of crab spiders Misumena vatia (Araneae, Thomisidae) guarding their nests, J. Arachnol. 15:193–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, D. H., 1988, Relationship between crab spider Misumena vatia nesting success and earlier patch-choice decisions, Ecology 69:1970–1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, M. T., 1983, Nest success and nesting habits of Eastern Kingbirds and other flycatchers, Condor 85:208–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakazono, A., Hamada, H., and Sakurai, M., 1989, Predation on eggs by conspecific males in two Japanese damselfishes, Pomacentrus nagasakiensis and Chromis notatus notatus, after removal of egg-guarding males, J. Ethol. 7:97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nice, M. M., 1957, Nesting success in altricial birds, Auk 74:305–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, S. G., 1984a, The evolution of nest-site selection among hole-nesting birds: The importance of nest predation and competition, Ornis Scand. 15:167–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, S. G., 1984b, Clutch size and breeding success of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in natural tree-holes, Ibis 126:407–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, S. G., 1986, Evolution of hole-nesting in birds: On balancing selection pressures, Auk 103:432–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, R. J., 1978, Growth strategies in nestling passerines, Living Bird 16:209–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oniki, Y., 1979, Is nesting success of birds low in the tropics? Biotropica 11:60–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orians, G. H., and Pearson, D. E., 1979, On the theory of central place foraging, in: Analysis of Ecological Systems (D. J. Horn, R. Mitchell, and G. R. Stair, eds.), Ohio State University Press, Columbus, pp. 155–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. F., 1977, Latitudinal gradients in clutch size: An extension of Lack’s theory, in: Evolutionary ecology, (B. Stonehouse and C. Perrins, eds.), MacMillan, New York, pp. 171–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parr, S. J., 1985, The breeding ecology and diet of the hobby Falco subbuteo in southern England, Ibis 127:60–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, T. L., Petrinovich, L., and James, D. K., 1980, Reproductive value and appropriateness of response to predators by White-crowned Sparrows, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7:227–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrins, C. M., 1965, Population fluctuations and clutch-size in the Great Tit, Parus major L., J. Anim. Ecol. 34:601–647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrins, C. M., 1977, The role of predation in the evolution of clutch size, in: Evolutionary Ecology (B. Stonehouse and C. Perrins, eds.), MacMillan, New York, pp. 181–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrone, M., Jr., and Zaret, T. M., 1979, Parental care patterns in fishes, Am. Nat. 113:351–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, R. A., Perrins, C. M., and McCleery, R. H., 1988, Individual optimization of clutch size in Great Tits, Nature 336:160–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D. R. C., and Middleton, A. L. A., 1988, Feeding-time minimization and the territorial behavior of the Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax trailli), Auk 105:17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabenold, K. N., 1984, Cooperative enhancement of reproductive success in tropical wren societies, Ecology 65:871–885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raphael, M. G., and White, M., 1984, Use of snags by cavity-nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada, Wildl. Monogr. 86:1–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redondo, T., and Carranza, J., 1989, Offspring reproductive value and nest defense in the Magpie (Pica pica), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:369–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyer, H. U., 1984, Investment and relatedness: A cost/benefit analysis of breeding and helping in the pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis), Anim. Behav. 32:1163–1178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R. T., and Meslow, E. C., 1984, Partitioning of food and niche characteristics of coexisting Accipiter during breeding, Auk 101:761–779.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1968, Patterns of growth in birds, Ibis 110:419–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1969a, An analysis of nesting mortality in birds, Smithsonian Contr. Zool. 9:1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1969b, Preliminary models for growth rates of altricial birds, Ecology 50:1031–1039.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1976, Growth rates of birds in the humid New World tropics, Ibis 118:179–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. W., 1977, On the evolution of reproductive strategies in birds: Reproductive effort, Am. Nat. 111:453–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. W., 1979a, Patterns of growth in birds. V. A comparative study of development in the starling, common tern, and Japanese quail, Auk 96:10–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1979b, Adaptation, constraint, and compromise in avian postnatal development, Bio. Rev. 54:269–290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1980, Geographical variation in clutch size among passerine birds: Ashmole’s hypothesis, Auk 97:38–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1983, Avian postnatal development, in: Avian Biology, Volume VII (D. S. Farner and J. R. King, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., 1984, The optimization of growth rate in altricial birds, Ecology 65:1602–1616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E., and Bloom, G., 1977, Components of avian breeding productivity, Auk 94:86–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley, M., 1978, Paternal care, Anim. Behav. 26:904–932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritchison, G., 1983, Breeding biology of the Black-headed Grosbeak in northern Utah, West. Birds 14:159–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S. K., 1985, Coloniality in the yellow-rumped cacique as a defense against nest predators, Auk 102:506–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S. K., 1986, Three-speed foraging during the breeding cycle of Yellow-rumped Caciques (Icterinae: Cacicus cela), Ecology 67:394–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schifferli, L., 1978, Experimental modification of brood size among House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Ibis 120:365–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, M., and Lamprecht, J., 1987, Increase of parental effort with brood size in a nidifugous bird, Auk 104:688–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, V. E., 1979, Bird response to snag removal in ponderosa pine, J. For. 77:26–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipley, F. S., 1979, Predation on Red-winged Blackbird eggs and nestlings, Wilson Bull. 91:426–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, L. S., 1988, Experimental Studies in the Reproductive Ecology of Cactus Wrens, Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, L. S., and Martin, T. E., 1990, Food limitation of avian reproduction: An experiment with the Cactus Wren, Ecology 71:869–876.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skutch, A. F, 1949, Do tropical birds rear as many young as they can nourish? Ibis 91:430–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skutch, A. F., 1966, A breeding bird census and nesting success in Central America, Ibis 108:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slack, R. D., 1976, Nest guarding behavior by male Gray Catbirds, Auk 93:292–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold, T., 1980a, Habitat selection in birds: On the presence of other species with special regard to Turdus pilaris, J. Anim. Ecol. 49:523–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold, T., 1980b, Egg predation in woodland in relation to the presence and density of breeding Fieldfares Turdus pilaris, Ornis Scand. 11:92–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold, T., 1982, Clutch size variation in passerine birds: The nest predation hypothesis, Oecologia 54:159–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold, T., 1984, Clutch size variation in birds in relation to nest predation: On the cost of reproduction, J. Anim. Ecol. 53:945–953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slatkin, M., 1974, Hedging one’s evolutionary bets, Nature 250:704–705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. C., and Fretwell, S. D., 1974, The optimal balance between size and number of offspring, Am. Nat. 108:499–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. W, 1962, A field study of the black and white manakin, Manacus manacus, in Trinidad, Zoologica 47:65–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. W, and Snow, B. K., 1963, Breeding and the annual cycle in three Trinidad thrushes, Wilson Bull 75:27–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearns, S. C., 1976, Life-history tactics: A review of the ideas, Q. Rev. Biol. 51:3–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, M. L., 1984, Interspecific aggressive behavior of the polyandrous northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa), Auk 101:508–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, K. A., 1989, Predation and starvation: Age-specific mortality in juvenile Juncos (Junco phaenotus), J. Anim. Ecol. 58:275–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamm, S., 1985, Breeding territory quality and agonistic behavior: Effects of energy availability and intruder pressure in hummingbirds, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 16:203–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terres, J. K., 1980, The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds, Knopf, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiollay, J.-M., 1988, Comparative foraging success of insectivorous birds in tropical and temperate forests: Ecological implications, Oikos 53:17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, R., 1989, Nest defense by Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) hens: The roles of renesting potential, parental experience and brood reproductive value, Ethology 83:31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen, J. M., 1987, Costs of reproduction in the Great Tit: Intraseasonal costs associated with brood size, Ardea 75:111–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L., 1972, Parental investment and sexual selection, in: Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (B. Campbell, ed.), Aldine, Chicago, pp. 136–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L., 1974, Parent-offspring conflict, Am. Zool. 14:249–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veen, J., 1977, Functional and causal aspects of nest distribution in colonies of the sandwich tern (Sterna s. sandvicensis Lath.), Behaviour (Suppl.) 20:1–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, J. R., 1982, Parental behavior in lapwings (Charadriidae) and its relationship with clutch sizes and mating systems, Evolution 36:1030–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, J. R., 1990, Anti-predatory behavior of Lapwings: Field evidence of discriminative abilities, Wilson Bull. 102:49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherhead, P. J., 1979, Do Savannah Sparrows commit the Concorde fallacy? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 5:373–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherhead, P. J., 1989, Nest defense by Song Sparrows: Methodological and life history considerations, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:129–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weatherhead, P. J., 1990, Nest defense as shareable paternal care in Red-winged Blackbirds, Anim. Behav. 39:1173–1178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westneat, D. F., 1988, Male parental care and extra-pair copulations in the Indigo Bunting, Auk 105:149–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whoriskey, F. G., and Fitzgerald, G. J., 1985, Nest sites of the threespine stickleback: Can site characters alone protect the nest against egg predators and are nest sites a limiting resource? Can. J. Zool. 63:1991–1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund, C. G., 1982, Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) breeding success in relation to colony size, nest position and association with Merlins (Falco columbarius), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11:165–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund, C. G., and Andersson, M., 1980, Nest predation selects for colonial breeding among Fieldfares Turdus pilaris, Ibis 122:363–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, G. C., 1966, Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack’s principle, Am. Nat. 100:687–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, E. O., 1961, A study of nesting ant-tanagers in British Honduras, Condor 63:479–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, E. O., 1974, Populations and local extinctions of birds on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Ecol. Monogr. 44:153–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolfenden, G. E., and Fitzpatrick, J. W., 1984, The Florida Scrub Jay: Demography of a Cooperative Breeding Bird, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ydenberg, R. C., 1984, The conflict between feeding and territorial defense in the Great Tit, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 15:103–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yom-Tov, Y., 1974, The effects of food and predation on breeding density and success, clutch size and laying date of the crow (Corvus corone L.), J. Anim. Ecol. 43:479–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaias, J., and Breitwisch, R., 1989, Intra-pair cooperation, fledgling care, and renesting by Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), Ethology 80:94–110.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA

    Thomas E. Martin

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA

    Thomas E. Martin

Authors
  1. Thomas E. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    Dennis M. Power

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Martin, T.E. (1992). Interaction of Nest Predation and Food Limitation in Reproductive Strategies. In: Power, D.M. (eds) Current Ornithology. Current Ornithology, vol 9. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9921-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9921-7_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9923-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9921-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation