Abstract
Children from certain types of families are at particularly high risk for developing conduct disorders (CD): namely, families characterized by factors such as low income, low educational level, high levels of stress, single-parent status, lack of support, and a history of ongoing depression, criminal activity, substance abuse, or psychiatric illness (Farrington, 1992). Children whose parents’ discipline approaches are inconsistent and erratic and who are physically abusive, highly critical, or lacking in warmth (Patterson, Capaldi, & Bank, 1991; Patterson, Stouthammer-Loeber, 1984; Reid, Taplin, & Loeber, 1981) are also at high risk for conduct disorder, as are children whose parents are disengaged from their children’s school experiences and provide little instruction for prosocial behavior (for review, see Webster-Stratton, 1990). Moreover, the risk of a child developing conduct disorders seems to increase exponentially with the child’s exposure to each additional risk factor (Coie et al., 1993; Rutter, 1980).
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Webster-Stratton, C. (1998). Parent Training with Low-Income Families. In: Lutzker, J.R. (eds) Handbook of Child Abuse Research and Treatment. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2909-2_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2909-2_8
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