Abstract
The understanding of human diseases and their treatment in terms of molecular mechanisms owes much to animal experimentation. Specifically, the induction of diseases in animals by the same pathogenetic factors that induce the disease in man has been of great value, particularly if the experimental conditions closely simulate those of the human diseases. Typical examples are infectious diseases, hypertension secondary to renal disease, coronary artery disease secondary to hyperlipemias, diabetes mellitus secondary to insulin deficiency and many others. The development of drugs for the treatment of diseases in man has often been developed empirically in animal models and the molecular mechanisms have been studied almost as an afterthought. With the rapid development of molecular pharmacology, the order of events is increasingly reversed. A classical example is the development of the cancer drug 5-fluorouracil by Heidelberger (1) based purely on predictions made from theoretical molecular pharmacology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Heidelberger, C.: Cancer chemotherapy with purine and pyrimidine analogues. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol., 7: 101–124, 1967.
World Health Organization. Report of First Session of WHO. Subcommittee on Alcoholism. Quart. J. Stud. Alc. 13: 175–182, 1952.
Lester, D. and Freed, E.X.: Criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 1: 103–107, 1973.
Mello, N.K.: A review of methods to induce alcohol addiction in animals. Pharm. Biochem. Behay. 1: 89–101, 1973.
Nachman, M., Larue, C. and Le Magnen, J.: The role of olfactory and orosensory factors in the alcohol preference of inbred strains of mice. Physiol. Behay. 6: 53–59, 1971.
Meek J.L., Majchrowicz, E. and Lipton, M.A.: Rates of C1402 production from labeled ethanol, acetate and glucose in alcohol drinking and non-drinking rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 126: 379–383, 1967.
Richter, C.P.: Production and control of alcoholic cravings in rats. In: Neuropharmacology, Transactions of the Third Conference, H.A. Abramson (ed) pp. 39–146, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, New York, 1956.
Freund, G.: Alcohol consumption and its circadian distribution in mice. J. Nutr. 100: 30–36, 1970.
Seevers, M.H. and Deneau, G.A.: Physiological aspects of tolerance and physical dependence. In: Physiological Pharmacology, W.S. Root and F. G. Hofmann (eds) pp. 565–640, Vol 1, Academic Press, London, 1963.
Isbell, H., Fraser, H.F., Wikler, A., Belleville, R.E. and Eisenman, A. J.: An experimental study of the etiology of “Rum Fits” and delirium tremens. Quart. J. Stud. Alc. 16: 1–33, 1955.
Victor, M. and Adams, R.D.: The effect of alcohol on the nervous system. Research Publications of the Association for Nervous and Mental Diseases, 526–573, 1953.
Mendelson, J.H.: Experimentally induced chronic intoxication and withdrawal in alcoholics. Quart. J. Stud. Alc. 25: Supplement #2, 1–129, 1964.
Gross, M.M., Rosenblatt, S.M., Malenowski, B., Broman, M. and Lewis, E.: Classification of alcohol withdrawal syndromes. Quart. J. Stud. Alc. 33: 400–407, 1972.
Gibbins, R.J., Kalant, H., LeBlanc, A.E. and Clark, J.W.: The effects of chronic administration of ethanol on startle thresholds in rats. Psychopharmacologia 19: 95–104, 1971.
French, S.W. and Morris, J.R.: Ethanol dependence in the rat induced by non-intoxicating levels of ethanol. Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharm. 4: 221–233, 1972.
Cicero, T.J., Snider, S.R., Perez, V.J. and Swanson, L.W.: Physical dependence on and tolerance to alcohol in the rat. Physiol. Behay. 6: 191–198, 1971.
McQuarrie, D.G. and Fingl, E.: Effects of single doses and chronic administration of ethanol on experimental seizures in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 124: 264–271, 1958.
Hunt, W.A.: Changes in the neuro-excitability of alcohol-dependent rats undergoing withdrawal as measured by the pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold. Neuropharmacol. 12: 1097–1102, 1973.
Freund, G.: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in mice. Arch. Neurol. 21: 315–320, 1969.
Freund, G.: Animal models of ethanol withdrawal syndromes and their relevance to pharmacology. In: Clinical and Experimental Approaches to Drug Dependence: Contributions from Biological and Behavioral Research, H. Cappell and A.E. LeBlanc (eds.), University of Toronto Press, 1974, ( In press).
Freund, G.: Alcohol, barbiturate, and bromide withdrawal syndrome in mice. In: Recent Advances in Studies of Alcoholism, N.K. Mello and J. H. Mendelson (eds.) pp. 453–471, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971.
Freund, G. and Walker, D.W.: Sound-induced seizures during ethanol withdrawal in mice. Psychopharmacologia 22: 45–59, 1971.
Freund, G.: Alcohol, barbiturate and bromide withdrawal syndrome in mice. Ann. New York Acad. Sciences 215: 224234, 1973.
Freund, G.: Chronic central nervous system toxicity of alcohol. Ann. Rev. Pharm. 13: 217–227, 1973.
Freund, G.: The prevention of ethanol withdrawal seizures in mice by lidocaine. Neurology 23: 91–94, 1973.
Ogata, H., Ogata, F., Mendelson, J.H. and Mello, N.K.: A comparison of techniques to induce alcohol dependence and tolerance in the mouse. In: Recent Advances in Studies of Alcoholism, N.K. Mello and J.H. Mendelson (eds.) pp. 472–507, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971 and J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 180: 216–230, 1972.
Goldstein, D.B. and Pal, N.: Alcohol dependence produced in mice by inhalation of ethanol: Grading the withdrawal reaction. Science 172: 288–290, 1971.
Branchey, M., Rauscher, G. and Kissin, B.: Modifications in the response to alcohol following the establishment of physical dependence. Psychopharmacologia 22: 314–322, 1971.
Falk, J.L., Samson, H.H. and Winger, G.: Behavioral maintenance of high concentrations of blood ethanol and physical denendence in the rat. Science 177: 811–813, 1972.
Ratcliffe, F.: Ethanol dependence in the rat: Its production and characteristics. Arch. Int. Pharm. Ther. 196: 146–156, 1972.
Hunter, B.E., Walker, D.W., Boast, C.A. and Zornetzer, S.F.: Ethanol dependence in the rat: Neural and behavioral correlates. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 1: 719–725, 1973.
Walker, D.W. and Zornetzer, S.F.: Alcohol withdrawal in mice: Electroenecephalographic and behavioral correlates. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 36: 233–244, 1974.
Mitchell, H.H. and Beadles, J.R.: The paired-feeding method in nutrition experiments and its application to the problem of cystine deficiencies in food proteins. J. Nutr. 2: 225–243, 1930.
Waddell, J., Elvehjem, C.A., Steenbock, H. and Hart, E.B.: Iron salts and iron-containing ash extracts in the correction of anemia. J. Biol. Chem. 77: 777–795, 1928.
Lieber, C.S., Jones, D.P., Mendelson, J. and DeCarli, L.M.: Fatty liver, hyperlipemia and hyperuricemia produced by prolonged alcohol consumption, despite adequate dietary intake. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 76: 289–301, 1963.
Lieber, C.S. and DeCarli, L.M.: Ethanol dependence and tolerance: A nutritionally controlled experimental model in the rat. Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharm. 6: 983–991, 1973.
Klain, G.J. and Hannon, J.P.: Gluconeogenesis in cold-exposed rats. Fed. Proc. 28: 965–968, 1969.
Platonow, N., Coldwell, B.B. and Dugal, L.P.: Rate of metabolism of radioactive ethanol in cold environment. Quart. J. Stud. Alc. 24: 385–397, 1963.
Freund, G.: Exchangeable injection port cartridge for gas chromatographic determination of volatile substances in aqueous fluids. Analyt. Chem. 39: 545–546, 1967.
Pohorecky, L.A.: Effects of ethanol on central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 189: 380391, 1974.
Wayner, M.J., Greenberg, I., Carey, R.J. and Holley, D.: Ethanol drinking elicited during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Physiol. Behay. 7: 793–795, 1971.
Marfaing-Jallat, P., Larue, C. and LeMagnen, J.: Alcohol intake in hypothalamic hyperphagic rats. Physiol. Behay. 5: 345–351, 1970.
Goldstein, D.B.: An animal model for testing effects of drugs on alcohol withdrawal reactions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 183: 14–22, 1972.
LeBlanc, A.E. and Kalant, H.: Central nervous system interaction of pyrazole and ethanol in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 51: 612–615, 1973.
Roach, M.K., Khan, M.M., Coffman, R., Pennington, W. and Davis, D.L.: Brain (NA+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity and neurotransmitter uptake in alcohol-dependent rats. Brain Research 63: 323–329, 1973.
Lester, D. and Greenberg, L.A.: The inhalation of ethyl alcohol by man. Quart. J. Stud. Alc. 12: 167–178, 1951.
Davis, J.N., Carlsson, A., MacMillian, V. and Siesjo, B.K.: Brain tryptophan hydroxylation: Dependence on arterial oxygen tension. Science 182: 72–74, 1973.
Veloso, D., Passonneau, J.V. and Veech, R.L.: The effects of intoxicating doses of ethanol upon intermediary metabolism in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 19: 2679–2686, 1972.
Weyne, J., Van Leuven, F. and Leusen, I.: Glutamate and glutamine in the brain: Influence of acute pCO2 changes in normal rats and in rats under sustained hypercapnia or hypocapnia. Life Sciences 12: 211–218, 1973.
Essig, C.F. and Lam, R.C.: Convulsions and hallucinatory behavior following alcohol withdrawal in the dog. Arch. Neurol. 18: 626–632, 1968.
Majchrowicz, E.: Induction of physical dependence on alcohol and the associated metabolic and behavioral changes in the rat. Pharmacologist 15: 159, 1973.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Freund, G. (1975). Induction of Physical Dependence on Alcohol in Rodents. In: Majchrowicz, E. (eds) Biochemical Pharmacology of Ethanol. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 56. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7529-6_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7529-6_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7531-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7529-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive