Abstract
As part of a general management theory, Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management (1911) marked a great turning point in our thinking about how the planning, design, and management of the workplace affects individual and organizational performance. With respect to physical design, Taylor did much more than simply suggest how factors such as office layout affect work patterns. He articulated a fundamental philosophy of office planning and design that almost 80 years later is still a powerful force influencing how offices are designed and planned in North America. Its hallmark was efficiency. Furniture and plant layouts that minimized “wasted” movement (and thus wasted time and money) were the goal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., &Silverstein, M. (1975). The Oregon experiment. New York: Oxford University Press.
Allen, T. J. (1976). The flow of technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Allen, T. J., Becker, F., &Steele, F. (1987). The Steelcase CDC: Building for innovation. Grand Rapids, MI: Steelcase, Inc.
Barnard, C. I. (1938). The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Barnes, R. M. (1944). Work methods manual. New York: Wiley.
Barnes, R. M. (1949). Motion and time study (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Baum, A., &Valins, S. (1979). Architecture and social behavior: Psychological studies of social behavior. New York: Erlbaum.
Becker, F. (1974). Design for living: The residents’ view of multi-family housing. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Program on Urban and Regional Studies.
Becker, F. (1977). Housing messages. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson &Ross.
Becker, F. (1981). Workspace: Creating environments in organizations. New York: Praeger.
Becker, F. (1982). The successful office. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Becker, F. (1982). The successful office. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Becker, F. (1986a). Work in its physical context: The politics of space and time. In M. Dolden &R. Ward (Eds.), The impact of the work environment on productivity. Washington, DC: Architectural Research Centers Consortium.
Becker, F. (1986b). Loosely coupled settings: A strategy for computer-aided work decentralizations. In B. Star &L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Becker, F. (1987, November). New facilities for architects. Architects’ Journal ,pp. 82–83.
Becker, F. (1988a). Saunas and beer: Good multinational business. Leaders, 11(2) ,82–83.
Becker, F. (1988b, February). Form follows process at dynamic Lloyd’s of London. Facility Design and Management ,pp. 54–58.
Becker, F. (1988c, January). Managing facility management. Premises Management ,pp. 18–19.
Becker, F. (1988d). The changing facilities organization. Haverhill, England: PROJECT.
Becker, F. (1988e, June). The FM performance profile. Premises Management ,pp. 17–18.
Becker, F. (1988f). Managing innovation: Computer and organizational ecology. In M. Helander (Ed.), Handbook of human-computer interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Becker, F. (in press). The total workplace: Facilities management and the elastic organization. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Becker, F., &Hoogesteger, A. (1986). Employee adjustment to an office relocation. Human Ecology Forum, 15(4) ,6–9.
Becker, F., &Spitznagel, J. (1986). Managing multi-national facilities. Report to International Facility Management Association, Houston, Texas.
Becker, F., &Steele, F. (1990). The total workplace. Facilities, 8(3) ,9–14.
Becker, F., &Syme, J. (1987). Managing an office relocation. Report to International Facility Management Association, Houston, Texas.
Berkowitz, L. (1954). Group standards, cohesiveness, and productivity. Human Relations, 7 ,509–519.
Brill, M. (1984). Using office design to increase productivity (Vol. 1). Buffalo, NY: Workplace Design and Productivity, Inc.
Briscoe, G. (1983). Health and safety aspects of office automation: The European scene. Proceedings of the world congress on the human aspects of automation. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
Brooks, M. J., &Kaplan, A. (1972). The office environment: space planning and effective behavior. Human Factors, 14 ,373–391.
Caker, A., Hart, D. J., &Stewart, T. F. M., (1980). Visual display terminals: A manual covering ergonomics, workplace designs, task organization, health and safety. New York: Wiley.
Campbell, D. E. (1979). Interior office design and visitor response. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64 ,648–653.
Clearwater, Y. (1980). Comparison of effects of open and closed office design on job satisfaction and productivity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Davis.
Coates, G. J. (Eds.). (1975). Alternative learning environments. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson &Ross.
Cohen, R., Goodnight, J. A., Poag, C. K., Cohen, S., Nichol, G. T., &Worley, P. (1986). Easing the transition to kindergarten: The affective and cognitive effects of different spatial familiarization experiences. Environment and Behavior, 18(3) ,330–345.
Cooper, C. C. (1975). Easter Hill Village. New York: Free Press.
Dainoff, M. J., &Happ, A. (1981). Visual fatigue and occupational stress in VDT operators. Human Factors ,23(4), 421–438.
Davis, G., Becker, F., Duffy, F., &Sims, W (1985). ORBIT-2: Organizations, buildings, and information technology. Norwalk, CT: The Harbinger Group.
DEGW. (January 1988). Three cities compared: London, Tokyo, New York. Report to Rosehaugh Stanhope Developers, London.
DEGW. (December 1987). The space requirements of professional firms in the City of London. Report to Rosehaugh Stanhope Developers, London.
DIO International Research Team. (1983). A contingency model of participative decision making: An analysis of 56 decisions in three Dutch organizations. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 56 ,1–18.
Dolden, M., &Ward, R. (Eds.). (1986). The impact of the work environment on productivity. Washington, DC: Architectural Research Centers Consortium.
Duffy, F., Cave, C., &Worthington, J. (Eds.). (1976). Planning office space. London: Architectural Press.
Ekuan, S. (1982). From office culture to office environment: A comparative study. Tokyo, Japan: GK Industries.
Ellis, P., Becker, F., &Jockusch, P. (1987). Achieving office quality: A report of international research on the nature of office quality and its relation to the processes of development, design, procurement, and management. London, England: Building Use Studies.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., &Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups: A study of human factors in housing. New York: Harper.
Francescato, G. (1979). Residents’ satisfaction in HUD-assisted housing: Design and management factors. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development, US Government Printing Office.
Fried, M., &Gleicher, P. (1961). Some sources of residential satisfaction in an urban “slum.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 28 ,305–315.
Frogatt, C. (1985). Analysis of innovative space and furniture allocation policies at the Union Carbide Corporation. Unpublished master’s thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Gans, H. (1961). Planning and social life: Friendship and neighbor relations in suburban communities. Journal of the American Institute of Planners ,27(2), 134–140.
Gans, H. J. (1968). People and plans. New York: Basic Books.
Glass, D., &Singer, J. (1972). Urban stress: Experiments on noise and social stressors. New York: Academic Press.
Harris, L., &Associates. (1981). The Steelcase national study of office environments: Comfort and productivity in the office of the 80s. Grand Rapids, MI: Steelcase, Inc.
Harris, L., &Associates. (1987). The office environment index. Grand Rapids, MI: Steelcase, Inc.
Hare, P., &Bales, R. (1963). Seating position and small-group interaction. Sociometry, 20, 480–486.
Hedge, A. (1989). Environmental conditions and health in offices. International Review of Ergonomics ,3, 87–110.
Homan, G. (1950). The human group. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Justa, F. C., &Golan, M. B. (1977). Office design: Is privacy still a problem? Journal of Architectural Research ,6(2), 5–12.
Leduc, N. F. (1979, September). Communicating through computers: Impact in a small business group. Telecommunications Policy ,pp. 235–244.
Lynch, K. (1972). What time is this place? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Makower, J. (1981). Office hazards: How your job can make you sick. Washington, DC: Tüden Press.
Maslow, A., &Mintz, M. (1956). Effects of aesthetic surroundings: Initial effects of three aesthetic conditions upon perceiving “energy” and “well-being” in faces. Journal of Psychology, 41 ,247–254.
McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Michelson, W. (1977). Environmental choice, human behavior, and residential satisfaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Morrow, P. C., &McElroy, J. C. (1981). Interior office design and visitor response: A constructive replication. Journal of Applied Psychology ,66(5), 646–650.
Naisbett, J. (1982). Megatrends: Ten new directions transforming our lives. New York: Warner Books.
Newman, O. (1975). Design guidelines for creating defensible space. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
Oldham, G. R., &Brass, D. J. (1979). Employee reactions to an open-plan office: A naturally-occurring experiment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24 ,267–284.
Rice, A. K. (1958). Productivity and Social Organization: The Ahmedabad experiment. London: Tanistock.
Roethlisberger, F. J., &Dickson, W. J. (1939). Management and the worker ,Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sauser, W., Arauz, C., &Chambers, R. (1978). Exploring the relationship between level of office noise and salary recommendations: a preliminary research note. Journal of Management, 4 ,57–63.
Schachter, S., Ellertson, N., McBride, D., &Gregory, D. (1951). An experimental test of cohesiveness and productivity. Human Relations, 4 ,229–238.
Sherrod, D. (1974). Crowding, perceived control, and behavioral aftereffects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4 ,171–186.
Sommer, R. (1961). Leadership and group geography. Sociometry, 24 ,99–110.
Sommer, R. (1967). Small group ecology. Psychological Bulletin, 67 ,145–152.
Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sommer, R. (1972). Design awareness. San Francisco: Rinehart Press.
Sommer, R. (1974). Tight spaces: Hard architecture and how to humanize it. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sommer, R. (1983). Social design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sommer, R. (1986). The measurement of productivity. In M. Dolan and R. Ward (Eds.), The impact of the work environment on productivity. Washington, DC: Architectural Research Center’s Consortium, American Institute of Architects.
Steele, F. (1973). Physical settings and organizational development. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Steele, F. (1977). The feel of the work place: Understanding and improving organizational climate. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Steele, F. (1986). Making and managing high quality work places. New York: Columbia University Press.
Steers, S. (1976). When is an organization effective? Organizational Dynamics, 5 ,50–63.
Steinzor, B. (1950). The spatial factor in face-to-face discussion groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45 ,552–555.
Strodbeck, F. L., &Hook, L. H. (1961). The social dimensions of a twelve-man jury table. Sociometry, 24 ,397–415.
Sundstrom, E. (1986). Work places: The psychology of the physical environment in offices and factories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sundstrom, E., Burt, R., &Kamp, D. (1980). Privacy at work: Architectural correlates of job satisfaction and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 23 ,101–117.
Taylor, F. (1911). Principles of scientific management. New York: Harper &Row.
Techau, D. A. (1987). Organizational culture and the spatial ecology of areas. Unpublished masters thesis, Department of Design and environmental analysis, New York State College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Viteles, M. S., &Smith, K. R. (1941). A psychological and physiological study of the accuracy, variability, and volume of work of young men in hot spaces with different noise levels. (ASHVE Report). Washington, DC: Bureau of Ships, U.S. Navy.
Walton, R. E., &Vittori, W. (1983). New information technology: Organizational problem or opportunity? Office Technology and People, 1 ,249–273.
Wandersman, A. (1979). User participation: A study of types of participation, effects, mediators, and individual differences. Environment and Behavior, 11 ,465–482.
Weick, K. (1978). The social psychology of organizing (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Whyte, W. F. (1948). Human relations in the restaurant industry. New York: McGraw-HilL
Working Women (1981). Warning: Health hazards for office workers-An overview of problems and solutions in occupational health in the office. Cleveland: Working Women Education Fund.
Worthington, J. ,&Konya, A. (1988). Fitting out the workplace. London: Butterworth.
Zeisel, J. (1974). Fundamental values in planning with the nonpaying client. In J. Lang, C. Burnette, W. Moleski, &D. Vachon (Eds.), Designing for human behavior (pp. 293–301). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson &Ross.
Zube, E. H., &Sell, J. L. (1986). Human dimensions of environmental change. Journal of Planning Literature, 1(2) ,162–176.
Zweigenhaft, R. L. (1976). Personal space in the faculty office: Desk placement and the student-faculty interaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64 ,529–532.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Becker, F. (1991). Workplace Planning, Design, and Management. In: Zube, E.H., Moore, G.T. (eds) Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design. Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5814-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5814-5_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5816-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5814-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive