Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are a group of peptides involved in mammalian growth and development (37). The complete structures of two major species were first elucidated by Rinderknecht and Humbel (27,28). IGF-I is a basic peptide of 70 amino acids which mediates the growth promoting action of growth hormone and plays an important role in postnatal growth. The biological action of IGF-II, a 67 amino acids long peptide, is less obvious. It is thought to stimulate a variety of growth promoting processes in the fetus but several studies also indicate a function for IGF-II in the postnatal stage (4).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bell GI, Merryweather JP, Sanchez-Pescador R, Stempien MM, Priestley L, Scott J, Rall LB (1984) Sequence of a cDNA clone encoding human preproinsulin-like growth factor II. Nature 310:775–777
Bell GI, Gerhard DS, Fong NM, Sanchez-Pescador R, Rall LB (1985) Isolation of the insulin-like growth factor genes: Insulin-like growth factor II and insulin genes are contiguous. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:6450–6454
Brissenden JE, Ullrich A, Francke U (1984) Human chromosomal mapping of genes for insulin-like growth factors I and II and epidermal growth factor. Nature 310:781–784
D’Ercole AJ, Stiles AD, Underwood LE (1984) Tissue concentrations of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:935–939
De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Höppener JWM, Jansen M, Geurts van Kessel AHM, Van Ommen GJB, Sussenbach JS (1985) Chromosomal localization and preliminary characterization of the human gene encoding insulin-like growth factor II. Hum Genet 69:170–173
De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Van Schaik FMA, Verduijn GM, Van Ommen GJB, Bouma BN, Jansen M, Sussenbach JS (1986) Organization of the human genes for insulin-like growth factors I and II. FEBS Lett 195:179–184
De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Jansen M, Van Schaik FMA, van der Kammen RA, Oosterwijk C, Van den Brande JL, Sussenbach JS (1987) The human insulin-like growth factor II contains two development-specific promoters. FEBS Lett 214:259–264
De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Jansen M, van der Kammen RA, Van Schaik FMA, Sussenbach JS (1988) Differential expression of the human insulin-like growth factor II gene. Characterization of the IGF-II mRNAs and an mRNA encoding a putative IGF-II-associated protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 950:282–295
Dull TJ, Gray A, Hayflick JS, Ullrich A (1984) Insulin-like growth factor II precursor gene organization in relation to the insulin gene family. Nature 310:777–781
Han VKM, D’Ercole AJ, Lund PK (1987) Cellular localization of somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor) messenger RNA in the human fetus. Science 236:193–197
Han VKM, Hill DJ, Strain AJ, Towle AC, Lauder JM, Underwood LE, D’Ercole AJ (1987) Identification of somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor immunoreactive cells in the human fetus. Pediatric Res 22:245–249
Han VKM, Lund PK, Lee DC, D’Ercole AJ (1988) Expression of somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acids in the human fetus: Identification, characterization and tissue distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 66:422–429
Haselbacher GK, Irminger JC, Zapf J, Ziegler WH, Humbel RE (1987) Insulin-like growth factor II in human adrenal pheochromocytomas and Wilms tumors: expression at the mRNA and protein level. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:1104–1106
Huff KK, Kaufman D, Gabbay KH, Spencer EM, Lippman ME, Dickson RB (1986) Secretion of an insulin-like growth factor-I-related protein by human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 46:4631–4619
Höppener JWM, De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Geurts van Kessel AHM, Jansen M, Kittur SD, Antonorakis SE, Lips CJM, Sussenbach JS (1985) The human gene encoding insulin-like growth factor I is located on chromosome 12. Hum Genet 69:157–160
Höppener JWM, Steenbergh PH, Slebos RJC, De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Jansen M, Roos BA, Van den Brande JL, Sussenbach JS, Jansz HS, Lips CJM (1987) Expression of insulin-like growth factor -I and -II genes in rat medullary thyroid carcinoma. FEBS Lett 215:122–126
Höppener JWM, Mosselman S, Roholl PJM, Lambrechts, Slebos RJC, De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Lips CJM, Jansz HS, Sussenbach JS (1988) Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and -II genes in human smooth muscle tumours. EMBO J 7:1379–1385
Irminger JC, Rosen KM, Humbel RE, Vila-Komaroff L (1987) Tissue-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor II mRNAs with distinct 5′ untranslated regions. Biochemistry 84:6330–6334
Jansen M, Van Schaik FMA, Ricker AT, Bullock B, Woods KH, Gabbay DE, Nussbaum AL, Sussenbach JS, Van den Brande JL (1983) Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor. Nature 306:609–611
Jansen M, Van Schaik FMA, Van Tol H, Van den Brande JL,, Sussenbach JS (1985) Nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding precursors of human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and an IGF-II variant. FEBS Lett 179:243–246
Jansen M, De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Höppener JWM, Sussenbach JS, Van den Brande JL (1987) Somatomedin gene structure and expression. In: Highlights on endocrinology. Eds. C. Christiansen, BJ Riis, Kopenhagen.
Knowles BB, Howe CC, Aden DP (1980) Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines secrete the major plasma proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen. Science 209:497–499
Kozak M (1987) An analysis of 5′ noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 15:8125–8132
LeBouc Y, Dreyer D, Jaeger F, Binoux M, Sondermeyer P (1986) Complete characterization of the human IGF-I nucleotide sequence isolated from a newly constructed adult liver cDNA library. FEBS Lett 196:108–112
LeBouc Y, Noguiez P, Sondermeyer P, Dreyer D, Girard F, Binoux M (1987) A new 5′-non-coding region for human placental insulin-like growth factor II mRNA expression. FEBS Lett 222:181–185
Mannens M, Slater RM, Heyting C, Bliek J, De Kraker J, Coad N, De Pagter-Holthuizen P, Pearson PL (1988) Molecular nature of genetic changes resulting in loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11 in Wilms’ tumours. Hum Genet 81:41–48
Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE (1978a) The amino-acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin. J Biol Chem 253:2769–2775
Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE (1978b) Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II. FEBS Lett 89:283–286
Rotwein P (1986) Two insulin-like growth factor I messenger RNAs are expressed in human liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:77–81
Rotwein P, Folz RJ, Gordon JI (1987) Biosynthesis of human insulin-like growth factor I. The primary translation product of IGF-I mRNA contains an unusual 48 amino acid signal peptide. J Biol Chem 262:11807–11812
Rotwein P, Pollock KM, Didier DK, Krivi GG (1986) Organization and sequence of the human insulin-like growth factor I gene. J Biol Chem 261:4828–4832
Schofield PN, Tate VE (1989) Development regulation of IGF-II transcription. In press.
Shen SJ, Daimon M, Wang CY, Jansen M, Han J (1986) Isolation of an insulin-like growth factor II cDNA with a unique 5′ untranslated region from human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:1947–1951
Sussenbach JS (1989) The gene structure of the insulin-like growth factor family. Progress Growth Factor Res 1:33–48
Tricoli JV, Rall LB, Scott J, Bell GI, Shows TB (1984) Localization of insulin-like growth factor genes to human chromosomes 11 and 12. Nature 310:784–786
Ullrich A, Berman CH, Dull TJ, Gray A, Lee JM (1984) Isolation of the human insulin-like growth factor I gene using a synthetic DNA probe. EMBO J 3:361–364
Zapf J, Schmid C, Froesch ER (1984) Biological and immunological properties of insulin-like growth factors I and II. Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:3–30
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Holthuizen, P. (1989). The Structure and Expression of the Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor Genes. In: LeRoith, D., Raizada, M.K. (eds) Molecular and Cellular Biology of Insulin-like Growth Factors and Their Receptors. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5685-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5685-1_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5687-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5685-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive