Abstract
Glial cells, particularly astroglia, are thought to play an essential role in regulating the levels of many components in the extracellular space of the central nervous system 59. Changes in extracellular potassium concentration which accompany neuronal cell activity for example, have been shown to trigger a number of activities, such as uptake of potassium chloride and water into astroglia during simultaneous increase in glial cell oxygen consumption22. Thus a tight coupling of neuronal firing with glial supportive activity has been suggested on the basis of work done in the fields of ultrastructure, neurophysiology and biochemistry. Closely connected with water and ion fluxes is the transport of amino acids into and within the central nervous system. The microdistribution of amino acids may well influence the composition of brain proteins. A different aspect concerns the so-called transmitter amino acids, namely, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, aspartate, glycine, taurine, etc., in which case amino acid transport may influence more directly neuronal electrical activity. Virtually all interest to date has been directed toward nerve-endings as regulators of extracellular transmitter amino acid levels through reuptake in analogy with amine transmitter systems 26, 28, 29. But during the last few years increasing evidence has appeared through widely different approaches that astroglial cells may be important regulators of transmitter amino acid uptake, release and metabolism 11,19,24,25,27.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altman, J., Differences in the utilization of tritiated leucine by single neurons in normal and exercised rats: an autoradiographic investigation with microdensitometry, Nature (Lond.), 199 (1963) 777–780.
Balazs, R., Patel, A.J., and Richter, D., Metabolic compartments in the brain: their properties and relation to morphological structures. In R. Balazs and I.E. Cremer (Eds.), Metabolic Com- partmentation in the Brain, The Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 1973, pp. 167–184.
Baldessarini, R.J.,and Yorke, C., Uptake and release of possible false transmitter amino acids by rat brain tissue, J.Neurochem., 23 (1974) 839–848.
Beart, P.M., Kelly, J.S.,and Schon, F., γ-aminobutyric acid in the rat peripheral nervous system, pineal and posterial pituitary, Biochem. Soc.Trans., 2 (1974) 266–268.
Bennet, J.P., Logan, W.J., and Snyder, S-M., Amino acids as central nervous transmitters: The influence of ions, amino acid analogues, and ontogeny on transport systems for L-glutamic and L-aspartic acids and glycine into central nervous synaptosomes of the rat, J.Neurochem., 21 (1973) 1533–1550.
Berl, S., Glutamine synthetase. Determination of its distribution in brain during development, J.Biochem., 5 (1966) 916–922.
Berl, S.,and Clarke, D.D., Compartmentation of amino acid metabolism. In A. Lajtha (Ed.), Handbook of Neurochemistry, Vol. II., 1969, Plenum, N.Y., pp. 447–469.
Bradford, M., and Thomas, A.J., Metabolism of glucose and glu- tamate by synaptosomes from mammalian cerebral cortex, J.Neurochem. 16 (1969) 1495–1504.
Dennis, M.J., and Miledi, R., Electrically induced release of acetylcholine from denervated Schwann cells, J.Physiol. 237 (1974) 431–452.
Diamonds, M.C., Law, F., Rhodes.,Lindner, B., Rosenzweig, M.R., Krech, D., and Bennet, E.L., Increases in cortical depth and glia numbers in rats subjected to enriched environment, J.Comp.Neurol. 128 (1966) 117–125.
Ehinger, B., and Falck, B., Autoradiography of some suspected neurotransmitter substances: GABA, glycine, glutamic acid, histamine, dopamine and L-DOPA., Brain Res. 33 (1971) 157–172.
Gilman, A.G., and Nirenberg, M., Effect of catecholamines on the adenosine 3’:5’-cyclic monophosphate concentrations of clonal satellite cells of neurons, Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 68 (1971) 2165–2168.
Glees, P., The neuroglial compartments at light microscopic and electron microscopic levels. In Metabolic Compartmentation in the Brain, R. Balazs and J.E. Cremer (Eds.), The Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 1973, pp. 209–244.
Haber, B., Werrbach, K., Vance, C., and Hutchison, H.T., Uptake of y-aminobutyric acid and norepinephrine by clonal astrocytoma and neuroblastoma cell lines in culture, Abstr. 4th Int.Meeting of Neurochemistry, Tokyo, 1973, p. 294.
Haljamäe, H., and Hamberger, A., Potassium accumulation by bulk- prepared neuronal and glial cells, J.Neurochem., 18 (1971) 1903–1912.
Hamberger, A., Amino acid uptake in neuronal and glial cell fractions from rabbit cortex. Brain Res. 31 (1971) 169–178.
Hamberger, A., and Henn, F., Some aspects of differential biochemistry and functional relationships between neurons and glia, In R. Balazs and J. Cremer (Eds.) Metabolic Compartmentation in the Brain, The Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 1973, pp. 305–318.
Hamberger, A. and Sellström, Å., Techniques for separation of neurons and glia and their application to metabolic studies. In S.Berl (Ed.) Metabolic Compartmentation and Neurotransmission, Plenum (in press).
Henn, F. and Hamberger, A., Glial cell function: Uptake of transmitter substances, Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci. 68 (1971) 2686–2690.
Henn, F.A., Goldstein, M.N., and Hamberger, A., Uptake of the neurotransmitter candidate glutamate by glia. Nature, 249 (1974) 663–664.
Henn, F.A., Haljamäe, H., and Hamberger, A., Glial cell function: Active control of extracellular K+ concentration. Brain Res. 43 (1972) 437–443.
Hertz, L., Ion effects on metabolism in the adult mammalian brain in vitro. Evidence of a potassium-induced stimulation of active uptake of KCl into neuroglial cells. Thesis, 1973, University of Copenhagen.
Hyden, H., Quantitative assay of compounds in isolated, fresh nerve cells and glial cells from control and stimulated animals. Nature 184(1959) 433–435.
Hökfelt, T., and Ljungdahl, Ä., Cellular localization of labeled gamma- aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) in rat cerebellar cortex: an autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 22 (1970) 391–396.
Hösli, L., and Hösli, E., Autoradiographic localization of the uptake of glycine in cultures of rat medulla oblongata. Brain Res. 45 (1972) 612–616.
Iversen, L.L., and Bloom, F.E., Studies of the uptake of H-GABA and 3H-glycine in slices and homogenates of rat brain and spinal cord by electron microscopic autoradiography. Brain Res. 41 (1972) 131–143.
Iversen, L.L., Dick, F., Kelly, J.S., and Schon, F., Uptake and localisation of transmitter amino acids in the nervous system. In S.Berl (Ed.) Metabolic Compartmentation and Neurotransmission Plenum (in press).
Iversen, L.L., and Kravitz, E.A., The metabolism of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the lobster nervous system - uptake of GABA in nerve-muscle preparations, J.Neurochem. 15 (1968) 609–620.
Iversen, L.L., and Neal, M.J., The uptake of (3h) GABA by slices of rat cerebral cortex, J.Neurochem. 15 (1968) 1141–1149.
Iversen, L.L. and Snyder, S.M., Synaptosomes: different populations storing catecholamines and gamma-aminobutyric acid in homogenates of rat brain. Nature 220 (1968) 796–798.
Katz, R.I., Chase, T.N., and Kopin, I.J., Effects of ions on stimulus-induced release of amino acids from mammalian brain slices, J,Neurochem.,16 (1969) 961–967.
Kuriyama, K., Weinstein, M., and Roberts, E., Uptake of y-amino- butyric acid by mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions from mouse brain. Brain Res.,16 (1969) 479–492.
Kvamme, E., and Torgner, I. Aa., The effect of acetyl-coenzyme A on phosphate-activated glutaminase from pig kidney and brain, Biochem.J., 137 (1974) 525–530.
Levi, G., and Raiteri, M., Exchange of neurotransmitter amino acid of nerve-endings can stimulate high affinity uptake. Nature,250 (1974) 735–737.
Logan, W.I. and Snyder, S.M., Glycine, glutamic and aspartic acids: Unique high-affinity uptake systems in central nervous tissue of the rat. Nature,234(1971) 297–299.
Logan, W.J. and Snyder, S.M., High-affinity uptake systems for glycine, glutamate and aspartic acids in synaptosomes of rat central nervous tissue. Brain Res.,42 (1972) 413–431.
Lowry, O.H., The quantitative histochemistry of the brain: Histological sampling, J.Histochem.Cytochem.,1 (1953) 420–428.
Medzihradsky, F., Sellinger, O.Z., Maudhasri, P.S., and Santiago, J.C., ATPase activity in glial cells and in neuronal perikarya of rat cerebral cortex during early postnatal development, J.Neurochemistry 19 (1972) 543–545.
Minchin, M.C.W. and Iversen, L.L., Release of (H) gamma-amino- butyric acid from glial cells in rat dorsal root ganglia, J. Neurochem., 21 (1974) 533–541.
Nagata, Y., Mikoshiba, K., and Tsukada, Y., Neuronal cell body enriched and glial cell enriched fractions from young and adult rat brains: preparation and morphological and biochemical properties, J.Neurochem. 22 (1974) 493–503.
Orkand, P.M., Bracho, M., and Orkand, R.K., Glial metabolism: alteration by potassium levels comparable to those during neural activity. Brain Res., 55 (1973) 467–471.
Pamiljans, V., Krishnaswamy, P.R., Dumville, G. and Meisler, A., Studies on the mechanism of glutamine synthesis: Isolation and properties of the enzyme from sheep brain, J.Biochem., 1 (1962) 153–158.
Poduslo, S.E., and Norton, W.T., Isolation and some chemical properties of Oligodendroglia from calf brain, J.Neurochem.,19 (1972) 727–736.
Roberts, P.J., and Keen, P., C-glutamate uptake and compartmen- tation in glia of rat dorsal sensory ganglion, J.Neurochem., 23 (1974) 201–209.
Roberts, P.J., and Keen, P., High-affinity uptake system for glutamine in rat dorsal roots but not in nerve-endings. Brain Res., 67 (1974) 352–357.
Rose, S.P.R., Neurons and glia: Separation techniques and biochemical interrelationships. In A. Lajtha (Ed.) Handbook of Neuro- chemistry, Plenum, Vol. 2, 1969, pp. 183–193.
Salganicoff, L., and DeRobertis, E., Subcellular distribution of the enzymes of the glutamic acid, glutamine and y-aminobutyric acid cycles in rat brain, J.Neurochem.,12 (1965) 287–309.
Schon, F.E., Beart, P.M., Chapman, D., and Kelly, J.S., On GABA metabolism in the gliocyte cells of the rat pineal gland. Brain (in press).
Schon, F., and Kelly, J.S., The characterization of H-GABA uptake into the satellite glial cells of rat sensory ganglia. Brain Res., 66 (1974) 289–350.
Schrier, B.K., Thompson, E.J., On the role of glial cells in the mammalian nervous system, J.biol.Chem., 249 (1974) 1769–1780.
Sellinger, O.Z., and Azcurra, J.M., Bulk separation of neuronal cell bodies and glial cells in the absence of added digestive enzymies. In N. Marks and R. Rodnight (Eds.) Research Methods in Neurochemistry, Plenum, Vol. 2,1974, pp. 3–38.
Sellinger, O.Z., and DeBalbian Verster, F., Glutamine synthetase of rat cerebral cortex: Intracellular distribution and structural latency, J.biol.Chem., 237 (1962) 2836–2844.
Seilström, Ä., and Hamberger, A., Neuronal and glial cells system for y-aminobutyric acid transport, J.Neurochem. 24 (1975) 847–852.
Seilström, Ä., and Hamberger, A., γ-aminobutyric acid release from neurons and glia. Neurobiology (in press).
Sellström, Ä., and Hamberger, A., Potassium-stimulated y-aminobutyric acid release from neurons and glia. Brain Res, (in press)
Sellström, Ä., Sjöberg, L.-B., and Hamberger, A., Neuronal and glial systems for y-aminobutyric acid metabolism, J.Neurochem. (in press).
Snyder, S.M., Young, A.B., Bennet, J.P., and Mulder, A.M., Synaptic biochemistry of amino acids, Fed.Proc., 32 (1973) 2039–2047.
Svenneby, G., Pig brain glutaminase: Purification and identification of different enzyme forms, J.Neurochem. ,17 (1970) 1591–1599.
Trachtenberg, M.C., and Pollen, D.A., Neuroglia: biophysical properties and physiologic function. Science, 167 (1970)1248–1251
Wofsey, A.R. Kuhar, M.J. and Snyder, S.R., A unique synaptosomal fraction which accumulates glutamic and aspartic acids in brain tissue, Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA, 68 (1971) 1102–1106.
Woiler, C.T., Nyström, B., Sellström, Ä., and Hamberger, A., Aspartate, glutamate and glutamine uptake and metabolism in neurons and glia. In preparation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hamberger, A., Nyström, B., Sellström, Å., Woiler, C.T. (1976). Amino Acid Transport in Isolated Neurons and Glia. In: Levi, G., Battistin, L., Lajtha, A. (eds) Transport Phenomena in the Nervous System. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 69. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3264-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3264-0_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3266-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3264-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive