Abstract
Traditionally, the superior colliculus (SC) has been considered a center for producing reflexive movements of the eyes and head in response to visual stimuli. But the suggestion that the SC is a critical or necessary structure for voluntary or involuntary eye movements has been vigorously disputed (Pasik et al., 1966). In recent years, evidence has accumulated which supports earlier suggestions that the SC is involved in coding the location of an object relative to the fovea and in eliciting saccadic movements which produce foveal acquisition of the object. An alternative hypothesis, that the SC is concerned with shifting attention to specific areas of the visual field, has received experimental support as well.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrahams, V. C. and Rose, P. K. Projections of extraocular, neck muscle and retinal afferents to superior colliculus in the cat: Their connections to cells of origin of tectospinal tract. J. Neurophysiol., 38: 10–18, 1975.
Adamuk, E. Über angeborene and erworbene association. von F. C. Donders. v. Graefes Arch. Ophthal., 18;153–164, 1972.
Anderson, K. V., and Symmes, D. The superior colliculus and higher visual functions in the monkey. Brain Res., 13: 37–52, 1969.
Angaut, P. The fastigio-tectal projections: An anatomical experimental study. Brain Res., 13: 186–189, 1969.
Apter, J. T. Eye movements following strychninization of the superior colliculus of cats. J. Neurophysiol., 9: 73–86, 1946.
Astruc, J. Corticofugal connections of area 9 (frontal eye field) in Macaca mulatta. Brain Res., 33: 241–256, 1971.
Barnes, W. T., Magoun, H. W. and Ranson, S. W. The ascending auditory pathway in the brain stem of the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 79: 129–152, 1943.
Benevento, L. A. and Fallon, J. H. The ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 169: 339–362, 1975.
Benevento, L. A., and Rezak, M. The cortical projections of the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): An autoradiographic study. Brain Res., 108: 1–24, 1976.
Bizzi, E. Discharge of frontal eye field neurons during saccadic and following eye movements in unanesthetized monkeys. Exp. Brain Res., 10: 69–80, 1968.
Bizzi, E. and Schiller, P. H. Single unit activity in the frontal eye fields of unanesthetized monkeys during eye and head movement. Exp. Brain Res., 10: 151–158, 1970.
Black, P. and Myers, R. E. Connections of occipital lobe in monkey. Anat. Rec., 142: 216–216, 1962.
Bunt, A. H., Hendrickson, A. E., Lund, J. S., Lund, R. D., and Fuchs, A, F. Monkey retinal ganglion cells: Morphometric analysis and tracing of axonal projections, with a consideration of the peroxidase technique. J. Comp. Neurol., 164: 265–286, 1975.
Burton, H. and Jones, E. G. The posterior thalamic region and its cortical projection in new world and old world monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol., 168: 249–302, 1976.
Butter, C. M. Effects of superior colliculus, striate, and prestriate lesions on visual sampling in Rhesus monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 87: 905–917, 1974.
Cajal, S. R. Histologie du systeme nerveux de l’homme et des vértebrés. II. Maloine, Paris, 1954.
Campos-Ortega, J. A. and Hayhow, W. R. On the organization of the visual cortical projection to the pulvinar in Macaca mulatta. Brain Behav. Evol., 6: 394–423, 1972.
Cardu, B., Ptito, M., Dumont, M., and Lepore, E. Effects’ of ablations of the superior colliculi on spectral sensitivity in monkeys. Neuropsychol., 13: 297–306, 1975.
Carpenter, M. B., Harbison, J. W., and Peter, P. Accessory oculomotor nuclei in the monkey: Projections and effects of discrete lesions. J. Comp. Neurol., 140: 131–153, 1970.
Carpenter, M. B., and McMasters, R. E. Lesions of the substantia nigra in the rhesus monkey: Efferent fiber degeneration and behavioral observations. Amer. J. Anat., 114: 293–312, 1964.
Casagrande, V. A., Harting, J. J., Hall, W. C. and Diamond, I. T. Superior colliculus of the Tree Shrew: A structural and functional subdivision into superficial and deep layers. Science, 177: 444–447, 1972.
Casagrande, V. A. and Diamond, I. T. Ablation study of the superior colliculus in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis). J. Comp. Neurol. 156: 207–238, 1974.
Cynader, M. and Berman, N. Receptive field organization of monkey superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 35: 187–219, 1972.
Denny-Brown, D. and Fischer, E. G. Physiological aspects of visual perception. II. The subcortical visual direction of behavior. Arch. Neurol., 33: 228–242, 1976.
Denny-Brown, D. The midbrain and motor integration. Proc. Roy Soc. Med., 55: 527–538, 1962.
Dräger, U. C. and Hubel, D. H. Responses to visual stimulation and relationship between visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs in mouse superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 38: 690–713, 1975.
Dräger, U. C. and Hubel, D. H. Topography of visual and somatosensory projections to mouse superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 39: 91–101, 1976.
Finlay, B. L., Schiller, P. H., and Volman, S. F. The receptive field properties of corticotectal cells in striate cortex of the Rhesus monkey. Personal Communication.
Garey, L. J., Jones, E. G., and Powell, T. P. S. Interrelationships of striate and extrastriate cortex with the primary relay sites of the visual pathway. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 31: 135–157, 1968.
Gilbert, D. C. and Kelly, J. P. The projections of cells in different layers of the cat’s visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 163: 81–106, 1975.
Goldberg, M. E., and Wurtz, R. H. Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey. I. Visual receptive fields of single neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 35: 542–559, 1972.
Gordon, B. Receptive fields in deep layers of cat superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 36: 157–178, 1973.
Grantyn, A. A. and Grantyn, R. Synaptic actions of tectofugal pathways on abducens motoneurons in the cat. Brain Res., 105: 269–285, 1976.
Graybiel, A. M. Evidence for banding of the cat’s ipsilateral retinotectal connection. Brain Res., 114: 318–327, 1976.
Hamilton, B. L. Projections of the nuclei of the periaqueductal gray matter of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol., 152: 45–58, 1974.
Harting, J. K. Descending pathways from the monkey superior colliculus. Soc. Neurosci. 6th Ann. Meet., abstract, 1976.
Harting, J. K., Hall, W. C., Diamond, I. T., and Martin, G. F. Anterograde degeneration study of the superior colliculus in Tupaia glis: Evidence for a subdivision between superficial and deep layers. J. Comp. Neurol., 148: 361–386, 1973.
Hendrickson, A., Wilson, M. E., and Toyne, M. L. The distribution of optic nerve fibers in Macaca mulatta. Brain Res., 23: 425–427, 1970.
Hess, W. R., Burgi, S., and Bucher, V. Motorische Funktion des Tektal-und Tegmental-gebietes. Monats. Psychiatr. Neurol., 112: 1–52, 1946.
Highstein, S. M., Mackawa, K., Steinacker, A., and Cohen, B. Synaptic input from the pontine reticular nuclei to abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons in the cat. Brain Res., 112: 162–167, 1976.
Hirasawa, K., Okano, S. and Kamio, S. Beitrag zur kenntnis über die corticalen extra-pyramidalen fäsern aus der area temporalis superior (area 22) beim affen. Z. Mikr. Anat. Forsch., 44: 74–84, 1938.
Hoyt, W. F. and Daroff, R. M. Supranuclear disorders of ocular control systems in man. In: The Control of Eye Movements. ed. Bach-y-Rita and Collins, C. C., Academic Press, N.Y.: 175–235, 1971.
Hubel, D. H., LeVay, S. and Wiesel, T. M. Mode of termination of retinotectal fibers in macaque monkey; an autoradiographic study. Brain Res., 96: 25–40, 1975.
Ingle, D. and Sprague, J. M. (Eds) Sensorimotor Function of the midbrain tectum. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull., Vol. 13, No. 2 1975.
Keating, E. G. Impaired orientation after primate tectal lesions. Brain Res., 67: 538–541, 1974.
Keating, E. G. Effects of tectal lesions on peripheral field vision in the monkey. Brain Res., 104: 316–320, 1976.
Keller, E. L. Participation of medial pontine reticular formation in eye movement generation in monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 37: 316–331, 1974.
Kurtz, D., and Butter, C. M. Deficits in visual discrimination performance and eye movements following superior colliculus ablations in rhesus monkeys. Soc. Neurosci. 6th Ann. Meet., abstract, 1976.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., and Lawrence, D. G. Cortical projections to the red nucleus and the brain stem in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res., 4: 151–188, 1967.
Langer, T., and Lund, R. D. The upper layers of the superior colliculus of the rat. A Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol., 158: 405–436, 1974.
Langer, T. Cellular patterns in the superior colliculus of the rat. A Golgi study. Masters thesis. U. Wash., Seattle, Washington 1971.
Latto, R. and Cowey, A. Fixation changes after frontal eye-field lesions in monkeys. Brain Res., 30: 25–36, 1971.
Lund, J. S., Lund, R. D., Hendrickson, A. E., Bunt, A. H. and Fuchs, A. F. The origin of efferent pathways from the primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp Neurol., 164: 287–304, 1975.
Lund, J. S. and Boothe, R. G. Interlaminar connections and pyramidal neuron organization in the visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 159: 305–334, 1975.
Lund, R. D. Terminal distribution in the superior colliculus of fibers originating in the visual cortex. Nature, 204: 1283–1285, 1964.
Lund, R. D. Synaptic patterns in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the monkey, Macaca mulatta. Exp. Brain Res., 15: 194–211, 1972.
Luschei, E. S. and Fuchs, A. F. Activity of brain stem neurons during eye movements of alert monkeys. J. Neurophysiol., 35: 445–461, 1972.
MacKinnon, D. A., Gross, C. G., and Bender, D. G. A visual deficit after superior colliculus lesions in monkeys. Acta. Neurobiol. Exp., 36: 169–180, 1976.
Magalhaes-Castro, H. H., Murata, L. A., and Magalhaes-Castro, B. Cat retinal ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus as shown by the horseradish peroxidase method. Exp. Brain Res., 25: 541–549, 1976.
Malpeli, J. G. and Schiller, P. H. Properties of monkey retinal ganglion cells and their tectal projections. Soc. Neurosci. 6th Ann. Meet., abstract, 1976.
Mandl, G. The influence of visual pattern combinations on responses of movement sensitive cells in the cat’s superior colliculus. Brain Res., 75: 215–240, 1974.
Marrocco, R. T. and Li, R. Retinotectal input to monkey superior colliculus. Soc. Neurosci. 6th Ann. Meet., abstract, 1976.
Matin, L. Eye movements and perceived visual direction. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. VII/4 Visual psychophysics. ed. Jameson, D. and Hurvich, L. M. Springer-Verlag, N.Y.: Pp. 331–380, 1972.
Mcllwain, J. T. Visual receptive fields and their images in superior colliculus of the cat. J. Neurophysiol., 38: 219–230, 1975.
Mettler, F. A. Corticofugal fiber connections of the cortex of Macaca mulatta. The parietal region. J. Comp. Neurol., 62: 263–291, 1935.
Mohler, C. W., Goldberg, M. E. and Wurtz, R. H. Visual receptive fields of frontal eye field neurons. Brain Res., 61: 385–389, 1973.
Mohler, C. W. and Wurtz, R. N. Organization of monkey superior colliculus; intermediate layer cells discharging before eye movements. J. Neurophysiol., 39: 722–744, 1976.
Mohler, C. W. and Wurtz, R. H. Role of striate cortex and superior colliculus in visual guidance of saccadic eye movements in monkey. Soc. Neurosci. 4th Ann. Meet., abstract, 1974.
de Monasterio, S. M. Properties of linear and non-linear ganglion cells in monkey retina. Personal Communication.
Moore, R. Y. and Goldberg, J. M. Ascending projections of the inferior colliculus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol., 121: 109–136, 1963.
Mountcastle, V. B., Lynch, J. C., Georgopoulos, A., Sakata, H., and Acuna, C. Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: Command functions for operations within extrapersonal space. J. Neurophysiol., 38: 871–908, 1975.
Myers, R. E. Striate cortex connections in the monkey. Fed. Proc., 21: 352, 1962.
Myers, R. E. Cortical projections to midbrain in monkey. Anat. Rec. 145: 337–338, 1963.
Nimi, K., Miki, M. and Kawamura, S. Ascending projections of the superior colliculus in the cat. Okjimas Folia Anat. Jap., 269-287, 1970.
Ogren, M. and Hendrickson, A. Connections between extrastriate cortex and thalamus in squirrel monkey. Soc. Neurosci. 6th Ann. Meet., abstract, 1976.
Palmer, L. A., Rosenquist, A. C., and Sprague, J. M. Corticotectal systems in the cat: Their structure and function. In: Corticothalamic Projections and Sensorimotor Activities. eds, Frigyesi, T. L., Rinvik, E., and Yahr, M. D., Raven Press: N.Y., pp. 491–522, 1972.
Pasik, T., Pasik, P., and Bender, M. B. The superior colliculus and eye movements. Arch. Neurol., 15: 420–436, 1966.
Paula-Barbosa, M. M. and Sousa-Pinto, A. Auditory cortical projections to the superior colliculus in the cat. Brain Res., 50: 47–61, 1973.
Petras, J. M. Connections of the parietal lobe. J. Psychiat. Res., 8: 189–201, 1971.
Poirier, L. J. and Bertrand, C. Experimental and anatomical investigation of the lateral spino-thalamic and spinotectal tracts. J. Comp. Neurol., 102: 745–758, 1955.
Pola, J. The relation of the perception of visual direction to eye position during and following a voluntary saccade. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1974.
Powell, E. W., and Hatton, J. B. Projections of the inferior colliculus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol., 136: 183–192, 1969.
Precht, W., Schwindt, P. C. and Magherini, P. C. Tectal influences on cat ocular motoneurons. Brain Res., 82: 27–40, 1974.
Raczkowski, D., Casagrande, V. A., Diamond, I. T. Visual neglect in the Tree Shrew after interruption of the descending projections of the deep superior colliculus. Exp. Neurol., 50: 14–29, 1976.
Robinson, D. A. Eye movements evoked by collicular stimulation in the alert monkey. Vision Res., 12: 1795–1808, 1972.
Robinson, D. L. and Jarvis, D. C. Neurons of single units in superior colliculus of the alert rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 34: 925–936, 1971.
Robson, J. A. and Hall, W. C. Projections from the superior colliculus to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Brain Res., 113: 379–385, 1976.
Rosvold, H, E., Mishkin, M. and Szwarcbart, M. K. Effects of subcortical lesions in monkeys on visual discrimination and single alternation performance. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 51: 437–444, 1958.
Roucoux, A. and Crommelinck, M. Eye movements evoked by superior colliculus stimulation in the alert cat. Brain Res., 106: 349–363, 1976.
Santos-Anderson, R., Rezak, M., and Benevento, L. A. An autoradiographic study of the projections of the pretectum in the macaque monkey. Soc. Neurosci. 6th Ann. Meet., abstract, 1976.
Schaefer, K. P. Unit analysis and electrical stimulation in the optic tectum of rabbits and cats. Brain Behav. Evol., 3: 222–240, 1970.
Schiller, P. H. Some functional characteristics of the superior colliculus of the rhesus monkey. In: Cerebral Control of Eye Movements and Motion Perception, ed. Dichgans, J., and Bizzi, E. Basel: S. Karger, pp. 122–129, 1972.
Schiller, P. H. and Koerner, F. Discharge characteristics of single units in superior colliculus of the alert rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 34: 920–924, 1971.
Schiller, P. H., Stryker, M., Cynader, M., and Berman, N. Response characteristics of single cells in the monkey superior colliculus following ablation or cooling of visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 37: 181–194, 1974.
Schiller, P. H. and Stryker, M. Single-unit recording and stimulation in superior colliculus of the alert rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 35: 915–924, 1972.
Schneider, G. E. Two visual systems. Science, 163: 895–902, 1969.
Sparks, D. L., and Travis, R. P., Jr., Firing patterns of reticular formation neurons during horizontal eye movements. Brain Res., 90: 147–152, 1975.
Sparks, D. L., Holland, R. and Guthrie, B. L. Size and distribution of movement fields in the monkey superior colliculus. Brain Res., 113: 21–34, 1976.
Sprague, J. M. Mammalian Tectum: intrinsic organization, afferent inputs, and integrative mechanism. In: Sensorimotor Function of the Midbrain Tectum. ed. Ingle, D., and Sprague, J. M. NRP Bull., 13: 204–213, 1975.
Sprague, J. M., Berlucchi, G., and Rizzolatti, G. The role of the superior colliculus and pretectum in vision and visually guided behavior. In: R. Jung (Ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. VII/3 Central processing of visual information. Part B. Visual centers in the brain. Springer-Verlag: N.Y., pp. 27–101, 1973.
Stein, B. E., Magalhaes-Castro, B. and Kruger, L. Relationship between visual and tactile representation in cat superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol., 39: 401–419, 1976.
Sterling, P. Receptive fields and synaptic organization of the superficial gray layer of the cat superior colliculus. Vision Res. Suppl., 3: 309–328, 1971.
Stryker, M. P. and Schiller, P. H. Eye and head movements evoked by electrical stimulation of monkey superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res., 23: 103–112, 1975.
Thomas, D. M., Kaufman, D. P., Sprague, J. M., and Chambers, W. N. Experimental studies of the vermal cerebellar projections in the brain stem of the cat (fastigio-bulbar tract). J, Anat. Lond., 90: 371–385, 1956.
Thompson, W. H. Degenerations resulting from lesions of the cortex of the temporal lobe. J. Anat. Physiol., 35: 147–165, 1900.
Tokunaga, A. Neuronal structure of the superior colliculus of the rat. Chiba Igakkai Zasshi, 46: 298–299, 1970.
Tokunaga, A. and Otani, K. Dendritic patterns of neurons in the rat superior colliculus. Exp. Neurol., 52: 189–205, 1976.
Truex, R. C. and Carpenter, M. B. Human Neuroanatomy, Williams and Wilkins Co: Baltimore, Maryland, 1969.
Updyke, B. V. Characteristics of unit responses in superior colliculus of the cebus monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 37: 896–909, 1974.
Valverde, F. The neuropil in superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the mouse. Z. Anat. Entwicki.-Gesch., 142: 117–147, 1973.
Victorov, I. V. Neuronal structure of the superior colliculus in the cat. Arch. Anat., 2: 45–55, 1968.
Victorov, I. V. Neuronal structure of the anterior corpora bigemina in Insectivora and rodents. Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Empriol., 8: 82–89, 1966.
Walls, G. L. The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation, Hafner Publishing Co.: New York, 1967.
Wilson, M. E. and Toyne, M. J. Retinotectal and corticotectal projections in Macaca mulatta. Brain Res., 24: 395–406, 1970.
Wurtz, R. H. and Goldberg, M. E. Activity of superior colliclus in behaving monkey. III. Cells discharging before eye movement. J. Neurophysiol., 35: 575–586, 1972.
Wurtz, R. H. and Goldberg, M. E. Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey. IV. Effects of lesions on eye movement. J. Neurophysiol., 35: 587–596, 1972.
Wurtz, R. H. and Mohler, C. W. Organization of monkey superior colliculus; Enhanced visual response of superficial layer cells. J. Neurophysiol., 89: 745–764, 1976.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sparks, D.L., Pollack, J.G. (1977). The Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements: The Role of the Superior Colliculus. In: Brooks, B.A., Bajandas, F.J. (eds) Eye Movements. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2424-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2424-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2426-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2424-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive