Abstract
This article will attempt to discuss those factors which influence the overall rates of electrochemical reactions, a subject that has been treated several times elsewhere.1–4,83 It is hoped that the question will be approached from somewhat different points of view from those expressed previously. In particular, concentration will be on the fundamental aspects of the rate equation for electron transfer as a function of the substrate, together with their experimental consequences, which will involve a discussion and review of the mechanism of the elementary act of electron transfer. Particular emphasis will be placed on the electrocatalytic case, i.e., that involving adsorbed reaction intermediates. This has been the subject of much dispute in the recent literature.5 The reasoning will be applied to a discussion of those reactions that have been most studied with respect to the dependence of rate on the nature of the substrate: namely hydrogen evolution, oxygen reduction and evolution, and, to a lesser extent, hydrocarbon oxidation. Emphasis will be particularly on the oxygen electrode reaction, which has been reviewed elsewhere.83,163,189
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. H. Young and R. B. Rozelle, in Fuel Cells, Ed. by G. H. Young, Reinhold, New York, 1960, Vol. 1, p. 23.
J. O’M. Bockris and H. Wroblowa, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 428.
A. J. Appleby, Catalysis Reviews 4 (2) (1970) 221.
S. Srinivasan, H. Wroblowa, and J. O’M. Bockris, Adv. Catalysis 17 (1967) 351.
V. G. Levich, in Advanced Treatise of Physical Chemistry-“Electrochemistry Ed. by H. Eyring, D. Henderson, and Y. Jost, Academic Press, New York, 1970.
R. W. Gurney, Proc. Roy. Soc. A134 (1931) 137.
W. Libby, J. Phys. Chem. 56 (1952) 852.
J. Weiss, Proc. Roy. Soc. A222 (1954) 128.
A. J. Appleby, B. E. Conway, J. O’M. Bockris, and R. Sen, MTP Internat. Rev. Sci., Phys. Chem. Series, Vol. 6, Chapter 1, Butterworths, London, 1973.
A. N. Frumkin, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 394.
R. Parsons, Surface Sci. 2 (1964) 418
J. A. V. Butler, Proc. Roy. Soc. A157 (1936) 423.
H. Gerischer, Z. Phys. Chem. 26 (1960) 223.
H. Gerischer, Z. Phys. Chem. 26 (1960) 325.
R. Parsons and J. O’M. Bookris, Trans. Farad. Soc. 47 (1951) 914.
B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Chem. Phys. 26 (1956) 532.
B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, Proc. Roy. Soc. A248 (1958) 1394;
B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, Electrochim Acta 3 (1961) 340.
B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, Can. J. Chem. 35 (1957) 1124.
B. E. Conway, Can. J. Chem. 37 (1959) 178.
J. O’M. Bockris and D. B. Matthews, J. Chem. Phys. 44 (1966) 298;
J. O’M. Bockris and D. B. Matthews, Proc. Roy. Soc. A292 (1966) 479;
M. Salomon and B. E. Conway, J. Chem. Phys. 41 (1964) 3169.
J. O’M. Bockris, S. Srinivasan, and D. B. Matthews, Disc. Faraday Soc. 39 (1965) 239.
J. Horiuti and M. Polanyi, Acta Physicochim. URSS 2 (1935) 505.
H. Eyring, J. Chem. Phys. 3 (1935) 107.
M. G. Evans and M. Polanyi, Trans. Faraday Soc. 31 (1935) 875.
S. Glasstone, K. J. Laidler, and H. Eyring, Theory of Rate Processes, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
R. Parsons, Trans. Farad. Soc. 54 (1958) 1053.
N. F. Mott and R. W. Gurney, Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals, Oxford University Press, New York, 1940.
L. Landau, Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 3 (1933) 664.
S. I. Pekar, Investigations of the Electronic Theory of Crystals, Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1951.
R. Platzman and J. Franck, Z. Physik. 138 (1954) 411.
L. Landau, Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 1 (1932) 88; 2 (1932) 46.
C. Zener, Proc. Roy. Soc. A137 (1932) 696; A140 (1933) 660.
R. J. Marcus, B. J. Zwolinski, and H. Eyring, J. Phys. Chem. 58 (1954) 432.
E. Sacher and K. J. Laidler, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 3, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Butterworth, London, 1964.
K. J. Laidler, Can. J. Chem. 37 (1959) 138.
E. Sacher and K. J. Laidler, Trans. Faraday Soc. 59 (1963) 396.
R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 24 (1956) 966.
R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 26 (1957) 867; 38 (1963) 1858; 39 (1963) 1734.
R. A. Marcus, Can. J. Chem. 37 (1959) 138;
R. A. Marcus, Trans. Symp. Electrode Processes, Ed. by E. Yeager, Wiley, New York, 1961, p. 239.
N. S. Hush, J. Chem. Phys. 28 (1958) 962;
N. S. Hush, Z. Elektrochem. 61 (1957) 734;
N. S. Hush, Trans. Faraday Soc. 57 (1961) 557;
N. S. Hush, Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Ed. by F. A. Cotton, Interscience, New York, 1967, Vol. 8, p. 391.
P. P. Schmidt and H. B. Mark, J. Chem. Phys. 43 (1965) 3291.
P. P. Schmidt, Aust. J. Chem. 22 (1969) 673.
J. Halpern and L. Orgel, Disc. Faraday Soc. 29 (1961) 32.
R. A. Marcus, Disc. Faraday Soc. 29 (1961) 21;
R. A. Marcus, J. Phys. Chem. 67 (1963) 853, 2889;
R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 43 (1965) 679.
J. Jortner, Rad. Res. Suppl. 4 (1964) 24.
V. G. Levich and R. R. Dogonadze, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 124 (1959) 123; 133 (1960) 158.
R. R. Dogonadze, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 133 (1960) 1368; 142 (1962) 1108.
V. G. Levich and R. R. Dogonadze, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 26 (1962) 193.
R. R. Dogonadze and Y. A. Chizmadshov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 144 (1962) 1077; 145 (1962) 849; 150 (1963) 333.
R. R. Dogonadze, A. M. Kuznetzov, and Y. A. Chizmadshov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 38 (1964) 1195.
A. M. Kuznetzov and R. R. Dogonadze, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 15, 10 (1964) 1885; 12 (1964) 2140.
R. R. Dogonadze and A. M. Kuznetzov, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 742, 1008; 3 (1967) 380.
R. R. Dogonadze, A. M. Kuznetzov, and A. A. Chernenko, Usp. Khim. 34 (1965) 1779.
V. G. Levich, in Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Ed. by P. Delahay and C. W. Tobias, Interscience, New York, 1966, Vol. 4, p. 249.
F. Fröhlich, Adv. Phys. 3 (1954) 325.
G. R. Alcock, Ann. Phys. 5 (1956) 412.
T. Holstein, Ann. Phys. (N.Y) 8, (1959) 343.
H. Gerischer, in Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Ed. by P. Delahay and C. W. Tobias, Interscience, New York, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 139.
R. R. Dogonadze, in Reactions of Molecules at Electrodes, Ed. by N. S. Hush, Wiley, New York, 1971.
R. R. Dogonadze, A. M. Kuznetzov, and V. G. Levich, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1025.
V. G. Levich, R. R. Dogonadze, E. D. German, A. M. Kuznetzov, and Y. I. Kharkats, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 353.
B. E. Conway, J. O’M. Bockris, and H. Linton, J. Chem. Phys. (1956) 834.
F. P. Bowden and K. E. W. Grew, Disc. Faraday Soc. 1 (1947) 86.
J O’M. Bockris, M. A. V. Devanathan, and K. Müller, Proc. Roy. Soc. A274 (1963) 55.
B. E. Conway and H. P. Dhar, Croatica Chem. Acta 45 (1973) 109.
D. H. Everett and W. F. K. Wynne Jones, Trans. Faraday Soc. 35 (1939) 1380.
R. A. More O’Ferrall, G. W. Koeppl, and A. J. Kresge, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93 (1971) 1.
R. A. Marcus, J. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) 891;
R. A. Marcus and A. Cohen, J. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) 4249.
M. Salomon, C. G. Enke, and B. E. Conway, J. Chem. Phys. 43 (1965) 3989.
H. S. Johnston, Adv. Chem. Phys. 3 (1960) 131.
L. Van Hove, Physica 22 (1955) 517.
R. Kubo, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 12 (1957) 570.
X. de Hemptinne, Soc. Chim. Belge (Memoires) 5th Ser., (1964) 2328.
M. Temkin, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 15 (1941) 296.
E. Gileadi and B. E. Conway, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, ed. By J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Butterworth, London, 1964, Vol. 3, p. 347.
J. Horiuti and G. Okamoto, Sci. Pap. Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Tokyo 28 (1936) 231.
G. Okamoto, J. Horiuti, and K. Hirota, Sci. Pap. Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Tokyo 29 (1936) 213.
J. Horiuti, J. Res. Inst. Catal. Hokkaido 4 (1956) 55;
J. Horiuti, in Transactions of the Symposium on Electrode Processes, Ed. by E. Yeager, Wiley, New York, 1961, p. 17.
M. Boudart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72 (1952) 1531, 3556.
J. O’M. Bockris and D. A. J. Swinkels, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 736, 743.
J. O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, and K. Müller, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 1301.
A. A. Balandin, The Problems of Chemical Kinetics, Catalysis and Reactivity, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1955, p. 462.
H. Gerischer, Bull. Chim. Soc. Belge 67 (1958) 506.
V. S. Bagotskii, L. N. Nekrasov, and N. A. Shumilova, Usp. Khim. 34 (1965) 1697.
M. A. Vorotyntsev and A. M. Kuznetsov, Electrokhimiya 6 (1970) 208.
T. P. Hoare, in Proc. 8th Meeting CITCE, Madrid, 1956, Butterworth, London, 1958, p. 439.
H. Mauser, Z. Elektrochem. 62 (1958) 419.
A. Damjanovic, A. Dey, and J. O’M. Bockris, Electrochem. Acta 11 (1966) 791.
J. O’M. Bockris, J. Chem. Phys. 24 (1956) 817.
A. Damjanovic and V. Brusic, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 615.
B. E. Conway, N. Marincic, D. Gilroy and E. Rudd, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 1144.
A. N. Frumkin, Z. Phys. Chem. A164 (1933) 121.
J. O’M. Bockris, R. J. Mannan, and A. Damjanovic, J. Chem. Phys. 5 (1968) 1898.
H. Gerischer, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1467.
C. Kittell, Introduction to Solid State Physics, Wiley, New York, 1956.
W. Mehl and F. Lohmann, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 1459, 1467.
M. Green, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris, Butterworth, London, 1959, Vol. 2, p. 343.
G. Feuillade, J. Bouet, and B. Chenaux, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 1527.
G. C. Bond, Catalysis by Metals, Academic Press, New York, 1962.
M. Breiter, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 101 (Art 3) (1963) 709.
L. I. Krishtalik and V. M. Tsionsky, J. Electroanal. Chem. 31 (1971) 363;
B. E. Conway and L. G. M. Gordon, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 3609.
K. F. Bonhoeffer, Z. Phys. Chem. A113 (1924) 199.
H. Leidheiser, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71 (1949) 3634.
E. N. Khomatov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 24 (1950) 1201.
N. Ontani, Sci. Reps. Inst. Tokuko Univ. A8 (1956) 399.
S. G. Christov and N. A. Pargarov, Z. Electrochem. 61 (1957) 113.
H. Fischer, Z. Electrochem. 52 (1948) 111.
G. I. Volkov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 29 (1955) 390.
N. I. Kobozev, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 26 (1952) 112.
A. K. Lorents, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 27 (1953) 317.
J O’M. Bockris, Trans. Farad. Soc. 43 (1947) 417.
J. O’M. Bockris, Chem. Rev. 43 (1948) 525.
J. O’M. Bockris and E. C. Potter, J. Electrochem. Soc. 99 (1952) 169.
P. Ruetschi and P. Delahay, J. Chem. Phys. 23 (1955) 195.
P Ruetschi and P. Delahay, J. Chem. Phys. 23 (1955) 1167.
J. O’M. Bockris and R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 44 (1948) 860.
J. O’M. Bockris and S. Ignatowicz, Trans. Faraday Soc. 44 (1948) 520.
A. Hickling and F. W. Salt, Trans. Faraday Soc. 36 (1940) 1226.
J. O’M. Bockris and A. M. Azzam, Trans. Faraday Soc. 48 (1952) 145.
F. B. Bowden, Proc. Roy. Soc. Al28 (1930) 317.
B. Kabanov and S. Iofa, Acta Physicochim. URSS 10 (1939) 17.
L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York, 1948.
R. C. L. Bosworth, Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales 74 (1941) 538.
D. D. Eley, J. Phys. Coll. Chem. 55 (1961) 1017.
G. C. Bond, Surf Sci. 18 (1969) 11.
L. Pauling, Proc. Roy. Soc. A196 (1949) 343.
B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, Naturwiss. 43 (1956) 446.
B. E. Conway and J. O’M. Bockris, Nature 178 (1956) 488.
L. Pauling, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 (1947) 542.
P. Delahay, Double Layer and Electrode Kinetics, Interscience, New York, 1965.
F. Ludwig and E. Yeager, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 1109.
J. O’M. Bockris and D. F. A. Koch, J. Phys. Chem. 65 (1961) 1941.
B. E. Conway, Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 54 (1960) 19.
J. O’M. Bockris, I. A. Ammar, and A. K. M. S. Huq, J. Phys. Chem. 61 (1967) 879.
S. Schuldiner, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106 (1959) 891; 107 (1960) 452.
R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 59 (1960) 1340.
B. E. Conway, Proc. Roy. Soc. A247 (1958) 400; A256 (1960) 128;
B. E. Conway, in Transactions of the Symposium on Electrode Processes, Ed. by E. Yeager, Wiley, New York, 1961, p. 267.
R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 47 (1951) 1332.
J. Horiuti and M. Ikusima, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo 15 (1939) 39.
S. G. Christov, Z. Elektrochem. 62 (1958) 567; 64 (1960) 840;
S. G. Christov, Electrochim. Acta 4, (1961) 194, 306; 9 (1964) 575;
S. G. Christov, J. Res. Inst. Catalysis (Tokkaido) 16 (1968) 169.
B. E. Conway, E. M. Beatty, and P. A. D. DeMaine, Electrochim. Acta 7, (1962) 39.
K. Gossner and U. Freyer. Z. Phys. Chem. N. F. 63 (1969) 132;
K. Gossner and F. Mansfeld, Z. Phys. Chem. N.F. 63 (1969) 143.
J. J. O’ M. Bockris and E. C. Potter, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 614.
J. O’M. Bockris and N. Pentland, Trans. Farday Soc. 48 (1952) 833.
J. O’M. Bockris, A. Damjanovic, and R. J. Mannan, J. Electroanal. Chem. 18 (1968) 349.
P Ruetschi and P. Delahay, J. Chem. Phys. 23 (1955) 556.
A. Hickling and S. Hill, Disc. Faraday Soc. 1 (1947) 236.
J. O’M. Bockris and A. K. M. S. Huq, Proc. Roy. Soc. A237 (1956) 277.
H. Dahms and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1964) 727.
A. T. Kuhn, H. Wroblowa, and J. O’M. Bockris, Trans. Faraday Soc. 63 (1967) 1458.
J. Wojtowitz, D. Gilroy, and B. E. Conway, Electrochim. Acta 14 (1969) 1119.
H. Kita, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 1095.
C. F. Heath, Proc. Am. Power Sources. Conf. 18 (1964) 33;
C. F. Heath, in Proc. SERAI., Brussels, 1963, Vol. 1, p. 92;
H. Binder, A. Kohling, and G. Sandstede, in Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell ‘Technology, Ed. by B. Baker, Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 91;
L. W. Niedrach and D. W. McKee, Proc. Am. Power Sources Conf. 21 (1967) 6.
G. A. Frysinger, in Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Technology, Ed. by B. Baker, Academic Press, New York, 1965, p. 9;
L. W. Niedrach and L. B. Wienstock, Electrochem. Tech. 3, (1965) 270.
B. S. Hobbs and A. C. C. Tseung, Nature 222 (1969) 556.
M. Fleischmann, J. Koryta, and H. R. Thirsk, Trans. Faraday Soc. 63 (1967) 1261.
J. W. E. Coenen, Sur. Sci. 18 (1969) 158.
J. N. Butler, J. Giner, and J. M. Parry, Surf. Sci. 18 (1969) 140.
W. M. Vogel and J. T. Lundquist, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 1512.
J. O’M. Bockris, A. Damjanovic, and J. McHardy, in Proc. 3rd Im. Symp. on Fuel Cells, 1969, p. 15.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electroanal. Chem. 24 (1970) 97.
H. A. Laitinen and C. G. Enke, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1960) 733.
A. K. N. Reddy, M. A. Genshaw, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Chem. Phys. 48 (1968) 671.
T. Biegler and R. Woods, J. Electroanal. Chem. 20 (1969) 73.
J. Horiuti, J. Res. Inst. Catalysis Hokkaido 4 (1956) 55;
J. Horiuti, in Transactions of the Symposium on Electrode Processes, Ed. by E. Yeager, Wiley, New York, 1961, p. 17.
A. Damjanovic, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. No. 5. Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, p. 369
H. Wroblowa, M. L. B. Rao, A. Damjanovic, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electroanal. Chem. 15 (1967) 139.
D. Gilroy and B. E. Conway, Can. J. Chem. 46 (1968) 875.
A. Damjanovic and J. O’M. Bockris, Electrochim. Acta 11 (1966) 376.
V. I. Tikhomirova, A. I. Oshe, V. S. Bagotskii, and V. I. Luk’yanycheva, Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 159 (1964) 644.
A. J. Appleby and A. Borucka, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 1212.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 328.
H. A. Kozlowska, B. E. Conway, and W. B. A. Sharp, J. Electroanal. Chem. 43 (1973) 9.
B. E. Conway and S. Gottesfeld, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., I, 69 (1973) 1090.
W. M. Latimer, Oxidation Potentials, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961.
V. S. Bagotskii and I. E. Yablokova, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 27 (1953) 1663.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electroanal. Chem. 27 (1970) 325.
J. Giner, J. M. Parry, and L. Swette, in Fuel Cell Systems II, Ed. by B. Baker (Advances in Chemistry Series, 90), American Chemical Society. Washington, D.C., 1969, p. 102.
D. Sepa, M. Vojnovic, and A. Damjanovic, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 1335.
A. Damjanovic, M. A. Genshaw, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electroanal. Chem., 15 (1967) 173.
A. Damjanovic and V. Brusic, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 1171.
J. P. Hoare, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109 (1962) 858.
W. G. Berl, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 83 (1943) 253.
J. O’M. Bockris and L. F. Oldfield, Trans. Faraday Soc. 51 (1955) 249.
S. Schuldiner and R. M. Roe, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110 (1963) 1142.
A. Damjanovic and V. Brusic, J. Electroanal. Chem. 22 (1969) App. 1.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electroanal. Chem. 35 (1972) 193.
F. P. Bowden, Proc. Roy. Soc. Al26 (1929) 107.
T. P. Hoar, Proc. Roy. Soc. A142, (1933) 628.
J. P. Hoare, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110 (1963) 1019.
N. Watanabe and M. A. V. Devanathan, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 615.
J. O’M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, Trans. Faraday Soc. 45 (1949) 989;
W. Visscher and M.A.V. Devanathan, J. Electroanal. Chem. 8 (1964) 127;
N. P. Berezina and N. V. Nikolaeva-Fedorovich, Electrokhimiya 3 (1967) 3. See also Refs. 89, 135, 146, 158, 175, 244, 256, and 281.
B. E. Conway, H. A. Kozlowska, and E. Criddle, Anal. Chem. 45 (1973) 1331.
J. O’M. Bockris, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 1, Ed. by J. O’M. Bockris, Butterworths, London, 1954, p. 139.
J. P. Hoare, The Electrochemistry of Oxygen, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1968.
J. O’M. Bockris, E. Gileadi, and G. F. Stoner, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 427.
A. C. Riddiford, Electrochim. Acta 4 (1961) 170.
A. I. Krasil’shchikov, in Proceedings of the Electrochemical Conference, Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1953, p. 71.
V. I. Luk’yanycheva and V. S. Bagotskii, Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR 155 (1964) 160.
J. P. Hoare, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 849;
J. P. Hoare, Nature 211 (1966) 703.
Y. Yoneda, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 22 (1949) 266.
H. P. Stout, Disc. Faraday Soc. 1 (1947) 246.
R. Audubert, Disc. Faraday Soc. 1 (1947) 72.
A. Damjanovic, A. Dey, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 739.
J. P. Hoare, Electrochim. Acta 11 (1966) 203, 311.
J. P. Hoare, J. Electroanal. Chem. 18 (1968) 251.
S. Barnartt, J. Electroanal. Chem. 106 (1959) 991.
A. K. M. S. Huq, Final Report, AD 414800, Contract DA-49–186-ORD-982, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1963.
J. J. MacDonald and B. E. Conway, Proc. Roy. Soc. A269 (1962) 419.
P. Ruetschi and B. D. Cahan, J. Electrochem. Soc. 104 (1957) 406; 105 (1958) 369.
W H. Wade and N. Hackerman, Trans. Faraday Soc. 53 (1957) 1636.
J. P. Hoare, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 1129.
R. E. Meyer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1960) 847.
B. E. Conway and P. Bourgault, Can. J. Chem. 37 (1959) 292; 40 (1962) 1690;
B. E. Conway and P. Bourgault, Trans. Faraday Soc. 58 (1962) 593.
A. I. Krasilshchikov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 37 (1963) 531.
Y A. Tur’yan and I. A. Gershkovich, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 34 (1960) 2654.
A. L. Lvov and A. V. Fortunatov, in Electrochemical Cont., Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1953, p. 71.
M. Salomon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 922.
R. Kollrack, J. Catalysis 12 (1968) 321.
K. I. Rozenthal and V. I. Veselovskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 111 (1956) 637.
D. S. Gnanamuthu and J. V. Petrocelli, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 1036.
F. T. Bacon, in Fuel Cells, Ed. by G. H. Young, Reinhold, New York, 1960, Vol. 1, p. 51;
E. Yeager and A. Kozawa, in Proc. 6th AGARD Combustion and Propulsion Colloquium, Cannes, France, Pergamon, New York, 1964.
G. Magner and M. Savy, Compt. Rend. 267 (1968) 944.
O. K. Davtyan, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 38 (1964) 5.
E. G. Misyuk, O. K. Davtyan, R. N. Stupichenko, and E. A. Kalyuzhnaya, Elektrokhimiya 2 (1966) 788.
A. C. C. Tseung, B. S. Hobbs, and A. D. S. Tantram, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 473.
E. R. S. Winter, J. Catalysis 6 (1966) 35.
D. B. Meadowcroft, Magnetism and the Chemical Bond, Interscience, New York, 1963, p. 236.
A. C. C. Tseung and H. L. Beban, unpublished; presented at Fall 1970 Electrochemical Society Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey.
J Giner, Z. Electrochem. 63 (1956) 386.
K. J. Vetter, Electrochemische Kinetik, Springer, Berlin, 1961.
D. T. Sawyer and L. V. Interrante, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2 (1961) 310.
J. J. Lingane, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2 (1961) 296.
D. T. Sawyer and R. J. Day, Electrochim. Acta 8 (1963) 589.
W. Vielstich, Z. Instrumentenkunde 71 (1963) 29.
N. W. Breiter, Electrochim. Acta 9 (1964) 441.
C. C. Liang and A. L. Juliard, J. Electroanal. Chem. 3 (1965) 930.
E. I. Krushcheva, N. A. Shumilova, and M. R. Tarasevich, Elektrokhimiya 1 (1965) 730.
L. Muller and L. N. Nekrasov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 157 (1964) 416.
L. Muller and L. N. Nekrasov, J. Electroanal. Chem. 9 (1965) 282.
J. P. Hoare, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 602.
G. Bianchi and T. Mussini. Electrochim. Acta 10 (1965) 455.
W. Böld and M. Breiter, Electrochim. Acta 5 (1961) 145.
J. O’M. Bockris and T. Emi, to be published.
H. Margenau and W. G. Pollard, Phys. Rev. 60 (1941) 128.
J. Bardeen, Phys. Rev. 58 (1940) 727.
I. Higuchi, T. Ree, and H. Eyring, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 1330.
A. Damjanovic and M. Genshaw, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 1281.
L. Muller and L. M. Nekrasov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 154 (1964) 437.
A. Damjanovic, M. Genshaw, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 466.
A. Damjanovic, M. Genshaw, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Chem. Phys. 45 (1966) 4057.
J. O’M. Bockris, B. D. Cahan, and G. E. Stoner, Chem. Instrumentation 1 (1969) 273.
L. Formaro and S. Trasatti, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 729.
J. P. Hoare, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 610.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 1373.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electroanal. Chem. 27 (1970) 335.
W. Bold and M. Breiter, Electrochim. Acta 5 (1961) 169.
F. G. Will and C. A. Knorr, Z. Elektrochem. 64 (1960) 258, 270.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electroanal. Chem. 27 (1970) 325.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 1157.
G. Bianchi, F. Mazza, and T. Mussini, Electrochim. Acta 11 (1966) 1509.
M. Genshaw, A. Damjanovic, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electroanal. Chem. 15 (1967) 163.
M. Bonnemay, C. Bernard, G. Magner, and M. Savy, Compt. Rend. 270 (1970) 1556.
Krasil’shchikov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 23 (1949) 332; 26 (1952) 216.
A. U. Akopyan, Izv. Akad. Nauk Arm. SSR, Khim. Nauki 11 (1958) 441.
V N. Nikulin, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 35 (1961) 84.
G. Bianchi, Corrosion Anti-Corrosion 5 (1957) 146.
G. Bianchi, G. Caprioglio, F. Mazza, and T. Mussini, Electrochim. Acta 4 (1961) 232.
S. Palous and R. Buvet, Bull. Soc. Chim. France (1962) 1606.
E.I. Kruscheva, L. N. Nekrasov, N.A. Shumilova, and M. R. Tarasevich, Elektrokhimiya 3 (1967) 831.
M. L. B. Rao, A. Damjanovic, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Phys. Chem. 67 (1963) 2508.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electroanal. Chem. 27 (1970) 347.
W. Gordy and W. J. O. Thomas, J. Chem. Phys. 24 (1956) 439.
R. Parsons, Surf. Sci. 18 (1969) 28.
J. P. Hoare, Electrochim. Acta 14 (1969) 797.
A. J. Appleby, in course of publication.
P. Zweitering and J. J. Roukens, Trans. Faraday Soc. 50 (1954) 178.
D. H. Everett, Trans. Faraday Soc. 46 (1950) 957.
S. Glasstone, Theoretical Chemistry, Van Nostrand, New York, 1944.
A. J. Appleby, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 641.
A. Damjanovic, T. H. V. Setty, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 113 (1966) 746.
D. B. Sepa, A. Damjanovic, and J. O’M. Bockris, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 746.
A. Damjanovic, D. Sepa, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Res. Inst. Catalysis, Hokkaido Univ. 16 (1968) 1.
J. McHardy, B. Lovrecek, A. Damjanovic, and J. O’M. Bockris, Rep. No. 3, U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia, Contract No. DA-44–009-AMC-469(T).
R. Jasinski, Nature 201 (1964) 1212;
H. Jahnke, Preprints 19th CITCE Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, 1968.
M. Genshaw, V. Brusic, and A. Damjanovic, Report No. 11, Contract Da 36–039-SC 88921 (AD 459568 ), U.S. Army Electronics Research and Development, Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey, 1965.
A. Damjanovic, M. Genshaw, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 1107.
M. E. Peover and B. S. White, Electrochim. Acta 11 (1966) 1061.
P. G. Zambonin and J. Jordan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 2225.
P. G. Zambonin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 24 (1970) App. 25.
T. Biegler and R. Woods, J. Electroanal. Chem. 20 (1969) 347.
A. J. Appleby, Surface Science 27 (1971) 225.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Appleby, A.J. (1974). Electrocatalysis. In: Conway, B.E., Bockris, J.O. (eds) Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7443-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7443-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7445-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7443-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive