Abstract
Decades of scientific inquiry have yielded a wealth of information about normative patterns of growth in peer relationships as well as the antecedents and consequences of peer difficulties (for reviews see Asher & Coie 1990; Bukowski, Newcomb & Hartup 1996). This research has been fueled in part by evidence of a link between social disturbance in childhood and later maladjustment in adolescence and adulthood. Reviews of this research on long-term risk (e.g., Coie, Dodge & Kupersmidt 1990; Parker & Asher 1987;Parker, Rubin, Price & DeRosier 1995) converge in their conclusion that problematic peer relations forecast maladaptive developmental outcomes. These long-term difficulties are foreshadowed by problems during early and middle childhood including negative school attitudes (Ladd 1990) low self-esteem (Patterson, Kupersmidt & Griesler 1990) social anxiety (Hymel & Franke 1985) depression (Boivin, Poulin & Vitaro 1994) and loneliness (Asher, Hymel & Renshaw 1984; Cassidy & Asher 1992; Crick & Ladd 1993; Parkhurst & Asher 1992).
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Rudolph, K.D., Asher, S.R. (2000). Adaptation and Maladaptation in the Peer System. In: Sameroff, A.J., Lewis, M., Miller, S.M. (eds) Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4163-9_9
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