Summary
At least 11 enteric viruses belonging to 6 distinct families (Adenoviridae, Astro-viridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Parvoviridae, and Reoviridae) cause diarrhea in swine mainly during the nursing and immediate post-weaning period. Most infect the small intestinal enterocytes, inducing various degrees of villous atrophy and subsequently a malabsorptive, maldigestive diarrhea. In addition rotaviruses possess an enterotoxin (NSP4) which induces a secretory diarrhea in mice. These viruses have distinct predilections for different vertical (villus/crypt) and horizontal (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon) replication sites in the intestine and the diarrhea intensity is often related to the extent of viral replication at these sites. In addition concurrent infections with multiple enteric viruses can produce synergistic or additive effects leading to more extensive villous atrophy throughout the intestine and more severe and prolonged diarrhea. Knowledge of enteric viral replication sites and comparative mechanisms of diarrhea induction may lead to new or improved vaccine strategies or therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of these viral diarrheas.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Argenzio, R.A., 1997, Neuroimmune pathobiology of infectious enteric disease. In Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases, Editors: Paul, P., Francis, D., Benfield, D., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 21–30.
Armstrong, S.J. and Dimmock, N.J., 1992, Neutralization of influenza virus by low concentrations of hemagglutination-specific polymeric IgA inhibits viral fusion activity, but activation of the ribonucleoprotein is also inhibited, Virol. 66:3823–3832.
Ball, J.M., Peng, T., Zeng, C.Q.-Y., Morris, A.P, and Estes, M.K., 1996, Age-dependent diarrhea induced by a rotaviral nonstructural glycoprotein, Science 272:101–104.
Benfield, D.A., Francis, D.H., McAdaragh, J.P. Johnson, D.D., Bergeland, M.E., Rossow, K., and Moore, R., 1988, Combined rotavirus and K99 Escherichia coli infection in gnotobiotic pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49:330–337.
Benfield, D., 1990, Enteric adenoviruses of animals. In Viral Diarrheas of Man and Animals. Editor: Saif, L.J. and Theil, K.W., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 115–136.
Blikslager, A.T. and Roberts, M.C., 1997, Mechanisms of intestinal mucosal repair. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 211:1437–1441.
Bridger, J.C., 1980, Detection by electron microscopy of caliciviruses, astro viruses, and rotavirus-like particles in the feces of piglets with diarrhea, Vet. Rec. 107:532–533.
Bridger, J.C., 1990, Small viruses associated with gastroenteritis in animals. In Viral Diarrheas of Man and Animals, Editors: Saif, L.J. and Theil, K.W. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florid, pp. 161–184.
Burns, J.W., Siadat-Pajouh, M., Krishnaney, A.A., and Greenberg, H.B., 1996, Protective effect of rotavirus VP6-specific IgA monoclonal antibodies that lack neutralizing activity, Science 272:104–107.
Castilla, J., Pintado, B., Sola, L, Sanchez-Morgado, J.M., and Enjuanes, L., 1998, Engineering passive immunity in transgenic mice secreting virus-neutralizing antibodies in milk, Nature Biotech 16:349–354.
Chasey, D., Bridger, J.C., and McCrae, M.A., 1986, A new type of atypical rotavirus in pigs, Arch. Virol. 89:235–243.
Chasey, D. and Cartwright, S.F., 1978, Virus-like particles associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea, Res. Vet. Sci. 25:255–256.
Chu, R.M., Yang, P.C., and Chang, W.F., 1985, Neonatal diarrhoea of pigs in Taiwan: aetiology, epidemiology, and treatment. In Infectious Diarrhea in the Young, Editors: Tzipori, S., Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p. 151–155.
Coussement, W., Ducatelle, R., Charlier, G., and Hoorens, J., 1981, Adenovirus enteritis in pigs, Am. J. Vet. Res. 42:1905–1911.
Dong, Y.-J., Zeng, C.Q-Y., Ball, J.M., Estes, M.K., and Morris, A.P., 1997, The rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 mobilizes intracellular calcium in human intestinal cells by stimulating phospholipase C. mediated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate production, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3960–3965.
Doyle, L.P. and Hutchings, L.M., 1946, A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 108:257–259.
Flynn, W.T, Saif, L.J., and Moorhead, P.D., 1988, Pathogenesis of a porcine enteric calicivirus in gnotobiotic pigs, Am. J. Vet. Res. 49:819–828.
Homaidan, F.R., Torres, A., Donowitz, M., and Sharp, G.W.G., 1991, Electrolyte transport in piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus, Gastroenterology 101:895–901.
Kaetzel, C.S., Robinson, J.K., Chintalacharuvir, K.R., Vaerman, J.P., and Lamm, M.E., 1992, The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor secretory component mediates transport of immune complexes across epithelial cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8796–8800.
Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., deGroot, R.J., and Egberink, H.F., 1998, Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus, J. Virol. 72:3507–3511.
Lecce, J.G., Balsbaugh, R.K., Clare, D.A., and King, M.W., 1982, Rotavirus and hemolytic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in weanling diarrhea of pigs, J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:715–723.
Liprandi, F., Moros, Z., Gerder, M., Ludert, J.E., Pujol, F.H., Ruiz, M.C., Michelangeli, F., Charpilliene, A., and Cohen, J., 1997, Productive penetration of rotavirus in cultured cells induces coentry of the translator inhibitor alpha-sarcin, Virol. 237:430–438.
Marzanec, M.B., Kaetzel, C.S., Lamm, M.E., Fletcher, D., and Nerud, J.G., 1992, Intracellular neutralization of virus by IgA antibodies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6901–6905.
McGhee, J.R., Mestecky, J., Dertzbaugh, M.T., Eldridge, J.H., Hirasawa, M., and Kiyono, H., 1992, The mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to vaccine development. Vaccine 10:75–88.
Mebus, C.A. and Newman, L.E., 1977, Scanning electron, light and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with reovirus-like agent, Am. J. Vet. Res. 38:553–558.
Moon, H.W., 1978, Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diarrhea: a review, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 172:443–448.
Moon, H.W., 1994, Pathophysiology of viral diarrhea. In: Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2nd edition, Editor: Kapikian, A.Z., Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, pp. 27–52.
Morin, M., Turgeon, D., Jolette, J., Robinson, Y, Phaneuf, J.B., Sauvageau, R., Beauregard, M., Teuscher, E., Higgins, R., and Lariviere, S., 1983, Neonatal diarrhea of pigs in Quebec: infectious causes of significant outbreaks, Can. J. Comp. Med. 47:11–17.
Moxley, R.A. and Olson, L.D., 1989a, Clinical evaluation of TGE virus vaccines and vaccination procedures for inducing lactogenic immunity in sows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 50:111–118.
Moxley, R.A. and Olson, L.D., 1989b, Lesions of TGE virus infection in experimentally inoculated pigs suckling immunized sows, Am. J. Vet. Res. 50:708–716.
Nagy, B., Nagy, G.Y., Meder, M., and Moscari, E., 1996, Enterotoxigenic E. coli, rotavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, adenovirus, and calici-like virus in porcine postweaning diarrhoea in Hungary, Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 44:9–19.
Paul, P.S. and Stevenson, G.W., 1992, Rotavirus and reovirus, In: Diseases of Swine, Editors: Leman, A.D. et al., Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa, pp. 331–348.
Pensaert, M., Haelterman, E.O., and Burnstein, T., 1970, Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: virusintestinal cell interactions. I. Immunofluorescence, histopathology, and virus production in the small intestine through the course of infection, Archiv fur die Gesamte Virusforschung 31:321–334.
Pensaert, M.B. and deBouck, P., 1978, A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine, Arch. Virol. 58:243–247.
Pensaert, M.B., 1992, Porcine epidemic diarrhea, In: Diseases of Swine, Editors: Leman, A.D. et al., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 293–298.
Rhoads, J.M., Keku, E.O., Quinn, J., Wooseley, I, and Leece, J.G., 1991, L-glutamine stimulates jejunal sodium and chloride absorption in pig rotavirus enteritis, Gastroenterol. 100:683–699.
Rodger, S.M., Craven, J.A., and Williams, I., 1975, Demonstration of reovirus-like particles in intestinal contents of piglets with diarrhea, Aust. Vet. J., 51:536.
Rossen, J.W.A., Bekker, C.P.J., Strous, G.J.A.M., Horzinek, M.C., Dveksler, G.S., Holmes, K.V., and Rottier, P.J.M., 1996, A murine and a porcine coronavirus are released from opposite surfaces of the same epithelial cells, Virol. 224:345–351.
Saif, L.J., Bohl, E.H., Theil, K.W., Cross, R.E, and House, J.A., 1980, Rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like, and 23-nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhea in young pigs, J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:105–111.
Saif, L.J., Bohl, E.H., Theil, K.W., Kohler, E.M., and Cross, R.F., 1980, 30nm virus-like particles resembling astrovirus in intestinal contents of a diarrheic pig, Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Abst. 149.
Saif, L.J., 1990, Comparative aspects of enteric viral infections, In: Viral Diarrheas of Man and Animals. Editors: Saif, L.J. and Theil, K.W., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 9–31.
Saif, L.J. and Jackwood, D.J., 1990, Enteric virus vaccines:Theoretical considerations, current status, and future approaches, In: Viral Diarrheas of Man and Animals, Editors: Saif, L.J. and Theil, K.W., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 313–329.
Saif, L.J. and Wesley, R., 1992, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, In: Diseases of Swine, Editor: Leman, A.D. et al., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 293–298.
Saif, L.J. and Jiang, B.M., 1994, Nongroup A rotaviruses, In: Rotaviruses. Editor: Ramig, R.F., Current Topics in Microbiol and Immunology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 185:339–371.
Saif, L.J., Rosen, B., and Parwani, A., 1994, Animal Rotaviruses, In: Virus Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2nd edition, Editor: Kapikian, A.Z., Marcel-Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 279–367.
Saif, L.J., 1996, Mucosal immunity: an overview and studies of enteric and respiratory coronavirus infections in a swine model of enteric disease, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 54:163–169.
Saif, L.J. and Fernandez, F., 1996, Group A rotavirus veterinary vaccines, J. Infect. Dis. 171.S98–106.
Saif, L.J., Yuan, L., Ward, L., and To. T, 1997, Comparative studies of the pathogenesis, antibody immune responses, and homologous protection to porcine and human rotaviruses in gnotobiotic piglets, In: Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases. Editors: Paul, P., Francis, D, and Benfield, D, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 397–403.
Saif, L.J., 1998, Enteric viral infections of pigs and strategies for induction of mucosal immunity, In: Advances in Veterinary Science Comparative Medicine, Editor: Shultz, R., Academic Press, (in press).
Saif, L.J. and Wheeler, M.B., 1998, WAPping gastroenteritis with transgenic antibodies, Nature Biotech 16:334–335.
Scott, A.C., Chaplin, M.J., Stack, M.J., and Lund, L.J., 1987, Porcine torovirus, Vet. Rec. 120:583.
Sueyoshi, M., Tanaka, T., Tsuda, T., Sato, K., and Ogawa, T., 1996, Concurrent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus in pigs, Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Abst P37.
Theil, K.W, Saif, L.J., Bohl, E.H., et al., 1979, Concurrent porcine rotaviral and transmissible gastroenteritis viral infections in a 3-day-old conventional pig, Am. J. Vet. Res. 40:719–721.
Theil, K.W. and McCloskey, C.M., 1995, Detection of small round viruses in fecal specimens from recently weaned pigs by IEM using pooled weaned pig serum. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Abst. 110.
Theil, K.W, 1990, Group A rotaviruses, In: Viral Diarrheas of Man and Animals, Editors: Saif, L.J. and Theil, K.W, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 35–72.
Tzipori, S., Chandler, D., Makin, T, and Smith, M., 1980, Escherichia coli and rotavirus infections in four-week-old gnotobiotic piglets fed milk or dry food, Aust. Vet. J. 56:279–284.
Walker, R.I., 1994, New strategies for using mucosal vaccination to achieve more effective immunization, Vaccine 12:387–400.
Yuan, L., Ward, L.A., To, T.L., and Saif, L.J., 1997, Systemic and intestinal antibody-secreting cell responses to inactivated human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of diarrhea disease, J. Virol. 70:3075–3083.
Yasuhara, H., Matsui, O., Hirahara,T., Ohgitani, M.,Tanaka, M., Kodama, K., Nakai, M., and Sasaki, N., 1989, Characterization of a parvovirus isolated from the diarrheic feces of a pig, Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 51:337–344.
Yasuhara, H., Yamanaka, M., Izumida, A., Hirahara, T., Nakai, M., and Inaba, Y, 1995, Experimental infection of pigs with a parvovirus isolated from the diarrheic feces of a pig, Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 51:337–344.
Zhang, M., Zeng, C.Q.Y., Ball, J.M., Saif, L.J., Morris, A.P., and Estes, M.K., 1998. Mutations in rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 in associated with altered virus virulence, J. Virol. 72:3666–3672.
Zijlstra, R.T., Odle, J., Hall, WE, Petschow, B.W., Gelberg, H.B., and Litov, R.E., 1994, Effect of orally administered epidermal growth factor on intestinal recovery of neonatal pigs infected with rotavirus, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 19:382–389.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saif, L.J. (1999). Comparative Pathogenesis of Enteric Viral Infections of Swine. In: Paul, P.S., Francis, D.H. (eds) Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases 2. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 473. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6858-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4143-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive