Abstract
The occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), termed as prooxidants, is a characteristic of normal aerobic organisms. The term “reactive oxygen species” collectively denotes oxygen-centered radicals such as superoxide (O2·-)and hydroxyl (·OH), as well as nonradical species derived from oxygen, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (1ΔgO2) and hypochlorous acid (HOC1). Radical reactions are central to the maintenance of homeostasis in biological systems. Radical species perform a cardinal role in many physiological processes such as cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative transformation reactions, a plethora of enzymic oxidation reactions, oxidative phosphorylation, regulation of the tone of smooth muscle, and killing of microorganisms.1–3 Excessive generation of free radicals can have deleterious biological consequences.4–6 Organisms are equipped with an armamentarium of defense systems, termed antioxidants in order to safeguard them against the onslaught of ROS.1–3,7 When the generation of prooxidants overwhelms the capacity of antioxidant defense systems oxidative stress ensues. This can cause tissue damage leading to pathophysiological events. ROS play a pivotal role in the action of numerous foreign compounds (xenobiotics). Their increased production seems to accompany most forms of tissue injury.4,5 Whether sustained and increased production of ROS is a primary event in human disease progression or a secondary consequence of tissue injury has been discussed.5,6 Whatever may be the case, the formation of free radicals has been implicated in a multitude of disease states ranging from inflammatory/immune injury to myocardial infarction and cancer.
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Kandaswami, C., Middleton, E. (1994). Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity of Plant Flavonoids. In: Armstrong, D. (eds) Free Radicals in Diagnostic Medicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 366. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1833-4_25
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