Abstract
Toxic oxygen radicals (collectively called reactive oxygen species, ROS) are intricately related to a vast number of disease processes including a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders1. It is difficult to directly measure ROS because of their extremely short half-life. However, the reactions in which they participate often leave measurable markers (“footprints”) that reflect oxidant activity. Primarily four strategies have evolved to detect oxidant activity for diagnostic purposes:1) measuring products of oxidation, for example lipid peroxides or oxidized glutathione (GSSG); 2) measuring the release of products from damaged cells, for example the release of hepatic enzymes during acute hepatitis; 3) measuring antioxidant enzyme activities which may reflect the systemic compensation to oxidant stress; 4) ROS can be directly measured although the technology is complex and imperfect, the methodology somewhat complicated, and the equipment cost often prohibitive. In this review, I will discuss sources of selected oxidant markers, methodologies involved in their measurement, and their relevance to the diagnosis and management of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient
- Synovial Fluid
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
- Septic Patient
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
C.E. Cross, Oxygen radicals and human disease, Ann. Intern. Med. 107:526–545 (1987).
H. Aebi, Catalase in Vitro, in: “Methods in Enzymology: Oxygen radicals in biological systems. Volume 105”, L. Packer., ed., Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, pp. 121–126 (1984).
J.A. Leff, M.A. Oppegard, L.S. Terada, E.C. McCarty, and J.E. Repine, Human serum catalase decreases endothelial cell injury from hydrogen peroxide, J. Appl. Phvsiol. 71(5): 1903–1906 (1991).
L. Goth, Origin of serum catalase activity in acute pancreatitis, Clin. Chim. Acta 186:39–44 (1989).
L. Goth, H. Nemeth, and I. Meszaros, Serum catalase activity for detection of hemolytic diseases [letter], Clin. Chem. 29:741–743 (1983).
J.A. Leff, P.E. Parsons, C.E. Day, E.E. Moore, F.A. Moore, M.A. Oppegard, and J.E. Repine, Increased serum catalase activity in septic patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:985–989 (1992).
P.A. Sandstrom and T.M. Buttke, Autocrine production of extracellular catalase prevents apoptosis of the human CEM T-cell line in serum-free medium, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90:4708–4712 (1993).
J.M. McCord and I. Fridovich, Superoxide dismutase: an enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein), J. Biol. Chem. 244:6049–6055 (1969).
S.L. Marklund, Human copper-containing superoxide dismutase of high molecular weight, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:7634–7638 (1982).
B.B. Keele, Jr., J.M. McCord, and I. Fridovich, Superoxide dismutase from escherichia coli B: A new manganese-containing enzyme, J. Biol. Chem. 245:6176–6181 (1970).
N. Taniguchi, Clinical significances of superoxide dismutases: changes in aging, diabetes, ischemia, and cancer. Adv. Clin. Chem. 29:1–59 (1992).
T. Kawaguchi, K. Suzuki, Y. Matsuda, T. Nishiura, T. Uda, M. Ono, C. Sekiya, M. Ishikawa, S. Iino, Y. Endo, and N. Taniguchi, Serum Mn-superoxide dismutase: Normal values and increased levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction and several malignant diseases determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody, J. Immunol. Meth. 127:249–254 (1990).
B. Frei, Y. Yamamoto, D. Niclas, and B.N. Ames, Evaluation of an isoluminol chemiluminescence assay for the detection of hydroperoxides in human blood plasma, Anal. Biochem. 175:120–130 (1988).
Y. Yamamoto, B. Frei, and B.N. Ames, Assay of lipid hydroperoxides using high-performance liquid chromatography with isoluminol chemiluminescence, Methods Enzvmol. 186:371–380 (1990).
A. Nahum, L.D.H. Wood, and J.I. Sznajder, Measurement of hydrogen peroxide in plasma and blood, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 6:479–484 (1989).
S.D. Varma and P.S. Devamanoharan, Excretion of hydrogen peroxide in human urine, Free Rad. Res. Comms. 8:73–78 (1990).
S.R. Baldwin, R.H. Simon, C.H. Grum, L.H. Ketai, L.A. Boxer, and L.J. Devall, Oxidant activity in expired breath of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 1:11–14 (1986).
M.D. Williams and B. Chance, Spontaneous chemiluminescence of human breath: spectrum, lifetime, temporal distribution and correlation with peroxide, J. Biol. Chem. 258:3628–3631 (1983).
J.I. Sznajder, A. Fraiman, J.B. Hall, W. Sanders, G. Schmidt, G. Crawford, A. Nahum, P. Factor, and L.D.H. Wood, Increased hydrogen peroxide in the expired breath of patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, Chest 96:606–612 (1989).
J.A. Leff, C.P. Wilke, B.M. Hybertson, P.F. Shanley, C.J. Beehler, and J.E. Repine, Post-insult treatment with N-acetylcysteine decreases interleukin-1-induced lung neutrophil sequestration and oxidative lung leak in rats, Am. J. Physiol. 265:L501–L506 (1993).
J.J. Hageman, A. Bast, and N.P.E. Vermeulen, Monitoring of oxidative free radical damage in vivo: Analytical aspects, Chem. Biol. Interactions 82:243–293 (1992).
J.E. Repine, Scientific perspectives on adult respiratory distress syndrome, Lancet 339:466–469 (1992).
J.A. Leff, P.E. Parsons, C.E. Day, N. Taniguchi, M. Jochum, H. Fritz, F.A. Moore, E.E. Moore, J.M. McCord, and J.E. Repine, Serum antioxidants as predictors of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with sepsis, Lancet 341:777–780 (1993).
W.C. Wilson, J.F. Swetland, J.L. Benumof, P. Laborde, and R. Taylor, General anesthesia and exhaled breath hydrogen peroxide, Anesthesiology 76:703–710 (1992).
G.R. Bernard, B.B. Swindell, M.J. Meredith, F.E. Carroll, and S.B. Higgins, Glutathione (GSH) repletion by N-acetylcysteine in patients with the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 139:A221 (1989) (Abstract).
E.R. Pacht, A.P. Timerman, M.G. Lykens, and A.J. Merola, Deficiency of alveolar fluid glutathione in patients with sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome, Chest 100:1397–1403 (1991).
E. Bunnell and E.R. Pacht, Oxidized glutathione is increased in the alveolar fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 148:1174–1178 (1993).
C. Richard, F. Lemonnier, M. Thibault, M. Couturier, and P. Auzepy, Vitamin E deficiency and lipoperoxidation during adult respiratory distress syndrome, Crit. Care. Med. 18:4–9 (1990).
C.G. Cochrane, R.G. Spragg, and S.D. Revak, Pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome: evidence of oxidant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J. Clin. Invest. 71:754–758 (1983).
B. Halliwell and C.E. Cross, Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Sense or speculation? Arch. Intern. Med. 151:29–31 (1991).
R. Buhl, K.J. Holroyd, A. Mastrangeli, A.M. Cantin, H.A. Jaffe, F.B. Wells, C. Santini, and R.G. Crystal, Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-seropositive individuals, Lancet 2:1294–1298 (1989).
J.J. Javier, M.K. Fodyce-Baum, R.S. Beach, M. Gavancho, C. Cabrejos, and E. Mantero-Atienza, Antioxidant micronutrients and immune function in HIV-1 infection, FASEB Proc. 4:A940 (1990).
B.M. Dworkin, W.S. Rosenthal, G.P. Wormser, and L. Weiss, Selenium deficiency in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, J. Parenter. Ent. Nutr. 10:405–407 (1986).
J.A. Leff, M.A. Oppegard, T.J. Curiel, K.S. Brown, R.T. Schooley, and J.E. Repine, Progressive increases in serum catalase activity in advancing human immunodeficiency virus infection. Free Radical Biol. Med. 13:143–149 (1992).
Y. Ozaki, T. Ohashi, and S. Kume, Potentiation of neutrophil function by recombinant DNA-produced interleukin-1a, J. Leukocyte Biol. 42(6):621–627 (1987).
B. Halliwell, J.R. Hoult, and D.R. Blake, Oxidants, inflammation, and anti-inflammatory drugs. FASEB J. 2:2867–2873 (1988).
J. Unsworth, J. Outhwaite, D.R. Blake, C.J. Morris, J. Freeman, and J. Lunec, Dynamic studies of the relationship between intraarticular pressure, synovial fluid oxygen tension and lipid peroxidation in the inflamed knee: an example of reperfusion injury, Annu. Clin. Biochem. 25:8S–11S (1988).
J. Lunec, S.P. Halloran, A.G. White, and T.L. Dormandy, Free-radical oxidation (peroxidation) products in serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis, J. Rheumatol. 8:233–245 (1981).
D. Rowley, J.M.C. Gutteridge, D. Blake, M. Farr, and B. Halliwell, Lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: thiobarbituric acid-reactive material and catalytic iron salts in synovial fluid from rheumatoid patients, Clin. Sci. 66:691–695 (1984).
U. Ambanelli, A. Spisni, and G.F. Ferraccioli, Serum antioxidant activity and related variables in rheumatoid arthritis. Behaviour during sulphydrylant treatment. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 11:203–207 (1982).
A. Imadaya, K. Terasawa, H. Tosa, M. Okamoto, and K. Toriizuka, Erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes are reduced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, J. Rheumatol. 15:1628–1631 (1988).
P. Scudder, J. Stocks, and T.L. Dormandy, The relationship between erthrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and erythrocyte copper levels in normal subjects and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Chem. Acta 69:397–403 (1976).
J.C. Banford, D.H. Brown, R.A. Hazelton, C.J. McNeil, R.D. Sturrock, and W.E. Smith, Serum copper and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in rheumatoid disease. Ann. Rheum Dis. 41:458–462 (1982).
R.D. Situnayake, D.I. Thurnham, S. Kootathep, S. Chirico, J. Lunec, M. Davis, and B. McConkey, Chain breaking antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and laboratory correlates. Ann. Rheum Dis. 50:81–86 (1991).
J. Lunec, D.R. Blake, S.J. McCleary, S. Brailsford, and P.A. Bacon, Self-perpetuating mechanisms of immunoglobulin G aggregation in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 76:2084–2090 (1985).
M. Grootveld, E.B. Henderson, A. Farrell, D.R. Blake, H.G. Parkes, and P. Haycock, Oxidative damage to hyaluronate and glucose in synovial fluid during exercise of the inflamed rheumatoid joint. Detection of abnormal lowmolecular-mass metabolites by proton-n.m.r. spectroscopy, Biochem. J. 273:459–467 (1991).
M. Grootveld and B. Halliwell, Measurement of allantoin and uric acid in human body fluids — A potential index of free radical reactions in vivo? Biochem. J. 243:803–808 (1987).
M. Ono, C. Sekiya, M. Ohhira, M. Namiki, Y. Endo, K. Suzuki, Y. Matsuda, and N. Taniguchi, Elevated level of serum Mn-superoxide dismutase in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: possible involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis in primary biliary cirrhosis, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 118:476–483 (1991).
T. Matsubara and M. Ziff, Increased superoxide anion release from human endothelial cells in response to cytokines. J. Immunol. 137:3295–3298 (1986).
S.J. Klebanoff, M.A. Vadas, J.M. Harlan, L.H. Sparks, J.R. Gamble, J.M. Agosti, and A.M. Waltersdorph, Stimulation of neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 136:4220–4225 (1986).
L. Goth, I. Meszaros, and H. Nemeth, Serum catalase enzyme activity in liver diseases, Acta. Biol. Hung. 38:287–290 (1987).
I. Meszaros, L. Goth, and G. Vattay, The value of serum catalase activity determinations in acute pancreatitis. Digestive Diseases 18:1035–1041 (1973).
J.A. Leff, L.K. Burton, E.M. Berger, B.O. Anderson, C.P. Wilke, and J.E. Repine, Increased serum catalase activity in rats subjected to thermal skin injury. Inflammation 17:199–204 (1993).
T. Nishiura, K. Suzuki, T. Kawaguchi, H. Nakao, N. Kawamura, M. Taniguchi, Y. Kanayama, T. Yonezawa, S. Iizuka, and N. Taniguchi, Elevated serum manganese superoxide dismutase in acute leukemias. Cancer Lett. 62:211–215 (1992).
M. Ishikawa, Y. Yaginuma, H. Hayashi, T. Shimizu, Y. Endo, and N. Taniguchi, Reactivity of a monoclonal antibody to manganese superoxide dismutase with human ovarian carcinoma, Cancer Res. 50:2538–2542 (1990).
P. Suryaprabha, U.N. Das, G. Ramesh, K.V. Kumar, and G.S. Kumar, Reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxides and essential fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty. Acids 43:251–255 (1991).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Leff, J.A. (1994). Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. In: Armstrong, D. (eds) Free Radicals in Diagnostic Medicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 366. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1833-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1833-4_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5742-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1833-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive