Skip to main content

Assessment, Diagnosis, and Intervention

  • Chapter
The Mental Health Consequences of Torture

Abstract

The consequences of torture and other extreme interpersonal trauma show many similarities across groups of survivors. Thus, data about assessment and intervention approaches with other traumatized populations are potentially valuable for survivors of torture. However, determining with accuracy the generalizability of findings from one group to another is challenging. The differences in the physical, psychological, sociocultural, and economic variables, both within and between disparate groups, have significant implications for assessment approaches, diagnostic validity, and treatment interventions. Because of the scarcity of empirical data specifically on the assessment and treatment of torture survivors, little consensus exists about which assessment and intervention approaches are best to use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agger, I., & Jensen, S. B. (1996). Trauma and healing under state terrorism. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allodi, F. (1991). Assessment and treatment of torture victims: A critical review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 4–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allodi, F. (1998). The physician’s role in assessing and treating torture and the PTSD syndrome. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 89–106). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., pp. 427–428). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basoglu, M. (1992a). Behavioural and cognitive approach in the treatment of torture-related psychological problems. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 402–429). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basoglu, M. (Ed.). (1992b). Torture and, its consequences: Current treatment approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basoglu, M. (1998). Behavioral and cognitive treatment of survivors of torture. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 131–148). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basoglu, M., & Aker, T. (1996). Cognitive—behavioural treatment of torture survivors: A case study. Torture, 6(3), 61–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basoglu, M., Marks, I. M., & Sengun, S. (1992). Amitriptyline for PTSD in a torture survivor: A case study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(1), 77–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basoglu, M., Paker, M., Ozmen, E., Tasdemir, O., & Sahin, D. (1994). Factors related to long-term traumatic stress responses in survivors of torture in Turkey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 357–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bensheim, H. (1960). Die K. Z. Neurose den rassischen verfolgtern: Ein beitrag zur psychopathologie der neurosen [The concentration camp neurosis of the racially persecuted: A contribution on the psychopathology of neuroses]. Der Nervenarzt, 31, 462–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, R. D. (1993). Disruption and reconstitution of family, network, and community systems following torture, organized violence, and exile. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 733–741). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, A. S., Jr. (1995). A biopsychosocial review of the pharmacotherapy of PTSD. Presented at the Fourth European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boehnlein, J. K., Kinzie, J. D., Rath, B., & Fleck, J. (1985). One year follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 956–959.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bøjholm, S., & Vesti, P. (1992). Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of torture survivors. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and. its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 299–309). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, P., Greenberg, D., Dasberg, H., & Lerer, B. (1990). Core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder unimproved by alprazolam treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 236–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bustos, E. (1992). Psychodynamic approaches in the treatment of torture survivors. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Toiture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 333–347). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casella, L., & Motta, R. W. (1990). Comparison of characteristics of Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Reports, 67, 595–605.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, A. (1991). Culture, colonialism, and psychiatry. Lancet, 337, 1204–1207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, B., & Holtan, N. (1992). Working with refugee survivors of torture. Western Journal of Medicine, 157, 301–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, B., & Jaranson, J. (1994). The context of survival and destruction: Conducting psychotherapy with survivors of torture. National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Newsletter, 4(1), 17–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wind, E. (1971). Psychotherapy after traumatization caused by persecution. International Psychiatric Clinics,8, 93–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, L. B., & Lehman, A. F. (1995). Family interventions for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21, 631–643.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowdall, T. (1992). Torture and the helping profession in South Africa. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 452–471). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drees, A. (1989). Guidelines for a short-term therapy of a torture depression. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 549–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckhart, A. L. (1988). Forgiveness and repentance: Some contemporary considerations and questions. In Bauer, Y., Eckhart, A., Litteil, F., Franklin, H., Maxwell, E., Maxwell, R., & Patterson, D. (Eds.). Remembering for the future: Working papers and addenda (pp. 571–583). New York: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischman, Y, & Ross, J. (1990). Group treatment of exiled survivors of torture. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(1), 135–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M.J. (1991). Biological approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4, 67–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M.J. (1996). Biological alterations in PTSD: Implications for pharmacotherapy. In E. Giller & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Bailliere’s clinical psychiatry: international practice and research: Posttraumatic stress disorder (Vol. 2, Part 2, pp.245–262). London: Bailliere Tindall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M.J., & Jaranson, J. (1994). The applicability of the posttraumatic concept to refugees. In T. Marsella, T. Bornemann, S. Ekblad, & J. Orley (Eds.), Amidst peril and pain: The mental health and well-being of the world’s refugees (pp. 207–227). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M.J., & Southwick, S. M. (1995). Towards pharmacotherapy for PTSD. In M.J. Friedman, D. S. Charney, & A. Y Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD (pp. 465–481). Philadelphia: Lippincott—Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M.J., & Yehuda, R. (1995). PTSD and co-morbidity: Psychobiological approaches to differential diagnosis. In M.J. Friedman, D. S. Charney, & A. Y. Deutsch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD (pp. 429–446). Philadelphia: Lippincott—Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Peltoniemi, R., & Jaranson, J. (1989). A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of torture victims. Abstract and presentation at the Second International Conference of Centres, Institutions and Individuals Concerned with the Care of Victims of Organized Violence, San Jose, Costa Rica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genefke, I., & Vesti, P. (1998). The diagnosis of governmental torture. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 43–59). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, H. (1993). A preliminary trial of nalmefane for the treatment of emotional numbing in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Science 30, 255–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. (1992). Trauma, and recovery. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. (1993). Sequelae of prolonged and repeated trauma: Evidence for a complex posttraumatic syndrome (DESNOS). In J. Davidson & E. Foa (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM-IV and beyond (pp. 213–228). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiegel, J. P. (1994). Use of indigenous concepts and healers in the care of refugees: Some experiences from the Thai border camps. In T Marsella, T. Bornemann, S. Ekblad, &J. Orley (Eds.), Amidst peril and pain: The mental health and, well-being of the world’s refugees (pp. 293–309). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Holtan, N. (1998). How medical assessment of victims of torture relates to psychiatric care. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 107–113). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablensky, A., Marsella, A., Ekblad, S., Janason, B., Levi, L., & Bornemann, T. (1994). Refugee mental health and well-being: Conclusions and recommendations. In T. Marsella, T. Bornemann, S. Ekblad, &J. Orley (Eds.), Amidst peril and pain: The mental health and well-being of the world’s refugees (pp. 327–339). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, L., & Vesti, P. (1989). Treatment of torture survivors and their families: The nurse’s function. International Nursing Review, 36, 75–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaranson, J. (1991). Psychotherapeutic medication. In J. Westermeyer, C. L. Williams, & A. N. Nguyen (Eds.), Mental health services for refugees (pp. 132–145). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaranson, J. (1993, June—July). Torture, PTSD, and culture. Presented at the Scientific Institute on Ethnocultural Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress and Related Stress Disorders: Issues, Research, and Directions, Honolulu, HI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaranson, J. (1998). The science and politics of rehabilitating torture survivors: An overview. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 15–40). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane, T. M., Albano, A. M., & Blake, D. D. (1992). Current trends in the treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 363–401). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. D. (1985). Overview of clinical issues in the treatment of Southeast Asian refugees. In T. Owan (Ed.), Southeast Asian mental health: Treatment, prevention, services, training, and research (pp. 113–135). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. D. (1989). Therapeutic approaches to traumatized Cambodian refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 75–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J., Boehnlein, J., Leung, P., Moore, L., Riley, C., & Smith, D. (1990). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 913–917.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J., & Leung, P. (1989). Clonidine in Cambodian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 546—550.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. D., Leung, P. K., Bui, A., Keopraseuth, K. O., Rath, B., Riley, C., Fleck, J., & Ades, M. (1988). Group therapy with Southeast Asian refugees. Community Mental Health Journal, 24, 157–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. D., Sack, R. L., & Riley, C. M. (1994). The Polysomnographic effects of Clonidine on sleep disorders in posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study with Cambodian patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,182, 585–587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kluznik, J. C., Speed, N., VanValkenberg, C., & Magraw, R. (1986). Forty-year follow-up of United States prisoners of war. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1443–1446.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, L. C., Burris, B. C., & Griffiths, S. (1984). Propranolol and Clonidine in the treatment of the chronic post-traumatic stress disorders of war. In B. A. van der Kolk (Ed.), Post-traumatic stress disorder: Psychological and biological sequelae (pp. 97–107). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroll, J., Habenicht, M., Mackenzie, T., Yang, M., Chan, S., Vang, T, Nguyen, T., Ly, M., Phommesouvanh, B., Nguyen, H., Vang, Y., Souvannasoth, L., & Cabugao, R. (1989). Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in Southeast Asian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(12), 1592–1597.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krystal, J., Bennett, A., Bremner, J., Southwick, S., & Charney, D. (1995). Toward a cognitive neuroscience of dissociation and altered memory functions in post-traumatic stress disorder. In M.J. Friedman, D. S. Charney, & A. Y. Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 239–269). Philadelphia: Lippincott—Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagos, D. (1988). Professional ethics—social ethics—mental health and impunity. In Psychological Assistance to Mothers of “Plaza de Mayo” Group (Ed.), Psychological effects of political repression (pp. 157–162). Buenos Aires, Brazil: Sudamericana/Planeta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagos, D. (1994). Argentina: Psychosocial and clinical consequences of political repression and impunity in the medium term. Toiture, 4(1), 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, K., Poland, R., & Anderson, D. (1995). Psychopharmacology, ethnicity, and culture. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 32, 3–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, K., Poland, R., & Nagasaki, G. (Eds.). (1993). Psychopharmacology and psychobiology of ethnicity. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I. M., Lovell, K., Noshirvani, H., Livanou, M., & Thrasher, S. (1998). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(4), 317–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J., Friedman, M.J., & Spain, E. H. (1993). Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. M. Oldham, M. B. Riba, & A. Tasman (Eds.), Review of psychiatry 12 (pp. 157–181). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, W. R., Lukens, E., Link, B., Dushay, R., Deakins, S. A., Newmark, M., Dunne, E. J., Horen, B., & Toran, J. (1995). Multiple family group and psychoeducation in the treatment of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 679–687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, D., Lorden, R., & Lord, J. (1994). Drunken driving victim impact panels: Victim outcomes. Report funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, Grant #1-R01-MH48987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollica, R. (1988). The trauma story: The psychiatric care of refugee survivors of violence and torture. In F. M. Ochberg (Ed.), Post-traumatic therapy and victims of violence (pp. 295–314). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, P., & Silove, D. (1992). Cultural influence in psychotherapy with refugee survivors of torture and trauma. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43, 820–824.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mott, F. W. (1919). War neurosis and shell shock. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortmann, J., Genefke, I., Jakobsen, L., & Lunde, I. (1987). Rehabilitation of torture victims: An interdisciplinary treatment model. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 7(3), 161–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostwald, P., & Bittner, E. (1968). Life adjustment after severe persecution. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124(10), 1393–1400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parong, A. (1998). Caring for survivors of torture: Beyond the clinics. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for- victims of torture (pp. 229–242). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parong, A., Protacio-Marcelino, E., Estrado-Claudio, S., Pagaduan-Lopez, J., & Cabildo, M. (1992). Rehabilitation of survivors of torture and political violence under a continuing stress situation: The Philippine experience. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 483–510). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, R. M., Weiss, S. R. B., & Smith, M. A. (1995). Sensitization and kindling: Implications for the evolving neural substrates of posttraumatic stress disorder. In M.J. Friedman, D. S. Charney, & A. Y. Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to posttraumatic stress disorder (pp. 203–224). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prip, K., Amris, K., & Marcussen, H. (Eds.). (1994). Physiotherapy to torture survivors. Torture Quarterly, Supplementum No. 1. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prip, K., Tivold, L., & Holten, N. (Eds.). (1995). Physiotherapy for torture survivors: A basic introduction. Copenhagen: International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, G., & Lutz, E. (1991). Serving survivors of torture. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, O. V. (1990). Medical aspects of torture. Danish Medical Bulletin, 37, 1–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. E., & Dixon, L. B. (1995). Assertive community treatment and case management for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21, 657–668.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, J. J. (1998). Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: A metaanalysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(3), 413–435.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skylv, G. (1992). The physical sequelae of torture. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 38–55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M., Cartaya, O., Mendoza, R., Lesser, I., & Lin, K. (1998). Conceptual models and psychopharmacologic treatment of torture victims. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 149–169). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S., Gerrity, E., & Muff, A. (1992). Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 633–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somnier, F., & Genefke, I. (1986). Psychotherapy for victims of torture. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 323–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick, S. M., Yehuda, R., Giller, E. L., & Charney, D. S. (1994). Use of tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of PTSD: A quantitative review. In M. M. Murburg (Ed.), Catecholamine function in post-traumatic stress disorder: Emerging concepts (pp. 293–305). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steel, Z., & Silove, D. (in press). The psychosocial cost of seeking asylum. In A. Y. Shalev, R. Yehuda, A. C. McFarlane (Eds.), International handbook of human response to trauma. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, S. C., Kilts, C. D., & Nemeroft, C. B. (1995). Neuropeptides and stress: Preclinical findings and implications for pathophysiology. In M.J. Friedman, D. S. Charney, & A. Y Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD (pp. 103–123). Philadelphia: Lippincott—Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swiss, S., & Giller, J. E. (1993). Rape as a crime of war: A medical perspective. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 612–615.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S., & Goest-Unsworth, C. (1990). Psychological sequelae of torture: A descriptive model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 475–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbreit, M. S. (1994). Victim meets offender: The impact of restorative justice and mediation. Monesy, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (1989). Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment. In United Nations (Ed.), Methods of combating torture (p. 17). Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Centre for Human Rights.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk, B. A., Dreyfuss, D., Michaels, M., Shera, D., Berkowitz, R., Fisler, R. & Saxe, G. (1994). Fluoxetine in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,55, 517–522.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varvin, S., & Hauff, E. (1998). Psychotherapy with patients who have been tortured. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 117–129). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venzlaff, U. (1967). Die Psychoreaktiven störungen nach entschädigungspflichtigen ereignissen: Die sogenannten unfallneurosen [Psychoreactive disturbances following compensable events: The so-called accident neuroses]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • VerEllen, P., & van Kammen, D. P. (1990). The biological findings in post-traumatic stress disorder: A review. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1789–1821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vesti, P., & Kastrup, K. (1992). Psychotherapy for torture survivors. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 348–362). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermeyer, J. (1989). Cross-cultural care for PTSD: Research, training and service needs for the future. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(4), 515–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westermeyer, J., & Williams, M. (1998). Three categories of victimization among refugees in a psychiatric clinic. In J. Jaranson & M. Popkin (Eds.), Caring for victims of torture (pp. 61–86). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, R., & McFarlane, A. C. (Eds.). (1997). Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jaranson, J.M. et al. (2001). Assessment, Diagnosis, and Intervention. In: Gerrity, E., Tuma, F., Keane, T.M. (eds) The Mental Health Consequences of Torture. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1295-0_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1295-0_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5483-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1295-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics